Exam 2 Flashcards
Obsessions
Persistent, invasive thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images
Fear of being contaminated by touching objects others have touched
Compulsions
Actions that people feel they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
Excessive or ritualized hand washing, showering, brushing teeth, or toileting
Behavioral Perspective on OCD
Associations among fearful situations and particular acts
Cognitive Perspective on OCD
Self blame and irrational expectancies
Biological Perspective on OCD
Abnormal serotonin
Acute stress disorder Symptoms
Symptoms begin immediately or soon after the traumatic event and last for less than one month
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Symptoms
- A disorder in which a person has difficulty recovering after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event.
- Symptoms may begin either shortly after the event, or months or years afterward
Treatments for Trauma-
Related Disorders
- Medications
- Therapy
Mood Disorders
disturbances in emotion that interfere with normal functioning
What Are the Symptoms of
Depression?
Emotional symptoms
· Cognitive symptoms
· Behavioral symptoms
· Physiological symptoms
Major Depressive Episode
A major depressive episode is a period of two or more weeks marked by five or more symptoms of depression
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Symptoms are present most of the day for more days than not for a two-year period
Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder
Serious symptoms of depression, irritability, and tension appearing the week before menstruation and remit soon after the onset of menses
MDD with a Seasonal Pattern
Some individuals with MDD report seasonal patterns to depressive episodes
Biological Causes (Depression)
-Genetic factors
-Biochemical factors
-Endocrine system – cortisol
-Immune system
Biological Treatments (Depression)
- Antidepressants – MAOIs, Tricyclics, SSRIs
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- Vagus nerve stimulation
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Deep brain stimulation
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
is a procedure that can change brain chemistry and reverse symptoms associated with some mental disorders
Seligman’s learned helplessness
feelings of helplessness can lead to depression
Beck’s cognitive triad
individuals experiencing depression tend to have a negative self-schema or way of looking at themselves
Overgeneralization
Holding extreme belief on a basis of a single incident and applying it to other situations
Example: A woman who does not get along with her father believes she will fail in all relationships with men.
arbitrary inference
Concluding oneself or the world without sufficient and relevant information.
Example: A man not hired by a potential employer concludes that he is “totally worthless” and that he will never find a job
Selective abstraction
Drawing conclusions from very isolated details and events without considering the larger context.
Example: A student who receives a C on an exam stops attending classes and considers dropping out of school despite having A’s and B’s in all other courses
Magnification and exaggeration
overestimating the significance of negative events
Example: A woman misses an important social event at work and concludes that all of her co-workers are criticizing her for not attending
Rumination
continually thinking about upsetting topics or repeatedly reviewing distressing events, often occurs during a depressive episode.
Cognitive Behavioral Treatments (Depression)
- Increase pleasurable activities (Behavioral activation
therapy) - Learned optimism
- Cognitive therapy
Family-Social & Multicultural Causes (Depression)
- Interpersonal stressors
- Lack of social support/ targeted rejection
- Attachment
- Gender - Artifact theory, Life stress theory, Body
dissatisfaction, Lack-of-control, Rumination - Discrimination
Treatments Family-Social & Multicultural Causes (Depression)
- IPT(Interpersonal psychotherapy)
- Couples and family therapy
- Feminist & multicultural therapies
Bipolar Disorders
People with bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania
What Are the Symptoms of
Mania?
People are considered to be in a full manic
episode when, for at least one week, they
display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity or energy, and at least three other symptoms of mania
hypomanic episode
hen symptoms are less severe, the person is said to be experiencing hypomanic episode
Bipolar I disorder
Full manic and major depressive episodes
Bipolar II disorder
Hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes
Rapid Cycling
Four or more episodes within one year are classified as rapid cycling
Cyclothymic disorder
Numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild
depression
What Causes Bipolar
Disorders?
- Overactivity of norepinephrine; low serotonin activity
- Irregularities in Ion activity
- Abnormalities in the basal ganglia and cerebellum
- Genetic Factors
Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
- Lithium & other mood stabilizers
- Psychotherapy used as an adjunct to lithium
- Therapy focuses on medication management, social skills, and relationship issues
Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms
- Do not maintain more than 85% of normal body weight
- Intense fears of becoming overweight
- Distorted view of weight and shape
- Amenorrhea
Two Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa
- Restricting type
- Binge-eating/purging type
Anorexia Nervosa Main symptoms
- Do not maintain more than 85% of normal body weight
- Intense fears of becoming overweight
- Distorted view of weight and shape
- Amenorrhea
Anorexia Nervosa:
Medical Problems
- Amenorrhea
- Low body
temperature - Low blood pressure
- Body swelling
- Reduced bone
density
Bulimia Nervosa
an eating disorder in which a large quantity of food is consumed in a short period of time,
- followed by self-induced vomiting or purging
Binge Eating Disorder
- Engage in repeated eating binges during
which they feel no control - Do not perform inappropriate compensatory
behaviors
What Causes Eating Disorders?
Biological Factors
- Genetic vulnerability
- Dysfunction of the hypothalamus
- Weight set point
What Causes Eating Disorders?
Psychological & Family Factors
- Disturbed parent-child interactions
- Entangled family patterns
What Causes Eating Disorders?
Societal Pressures
- Western standards of beauty & a thin ideal
- Socially accepted prejudice against
overweight people
Racial and Ethnic Differences (Eating Disorders)
1995 study found that eating behaviors and
attitudes of young African American women
were more positive than those of young White
American women
Gender (Eating Disorders)
Men account for only 5% to 10% of all cases of eating disorders
Treatments for
Anorexia Nervosa
- Biopsychosocial approaches
- Behavioral weight-restoration approaches
- Cognitive & behavioral techniques
- Feminist therapy & “Health at Every Size”
- Family therapy
Treatments for
Bulimia Nervosa
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Interpersonal Process therapy
- Group therapy
- Antidepressants
Substance use disorder symptoms
Substances may cause temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought
substance intoxication symptoms
urred speech, unsteady gait, inappropriate sexual or aggressive behavior
DEPRESSANT SUBSTANCES
Depressants slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)
Alcohol as depressant impact
- Damages physical health
- Liver (cirrhosis)
- Major nutritional problems
- Korsakoff’s syndrome
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and increased risk of
miscarriage
ALCOHOL USE DISORDER
For many individuals, alcohol use disorder includes the symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal reactions
Delirium tremens
Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms such as shaking, confusion, and hallucinations
Cage Assessment
It’s a set of questions that are used to show you may have a substance abuse dependency in adults. The letters CAGE stand for Cut down, Annoyed by someone else, Guilty about your drinking, and Eye-opener (a drink, first thing in the morning).
Opioid Use Disorder
- Opioids depress the CNS
- Bind to the receptors in the brain that ordinarily receive endorphins
“Opioid Epidemic” causes
A pattern of liberal prescribing, combined with the highly addictive nature of these medications, resulted in their widespread misuse and the resultant deaths and addiction
STIMULANTS
Stimulants are substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)
Hallucinogens
psychoactive drugs. Produce delusions, hallucinations, and other sensory changes
Cannabis
Produces sensory changes, but also has both depressant and stimulant effects
