Exam 1 Flashcards
Deviance
From behaviors, thoughts and emotions that differ markedly from a society’s ideas about proper functioning
Distress
According to many clinical theorists,
behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have
to cause distress before they can be
labeled disordered
Dysfuction
Behavior tends to be dysfunctional if it
interferes with daily functioning (Relationships, work, hygiene)
Danger
Behavior may become dangerous to
oneself or others
Szasz (1960) criticism
-Critiqued the concept of mental
illness
-Emphasized sociopolitical
ramifications
Rosenhan Criticism
“On Being Sane in Insane Places”
Trephination
in which part of the skull was chipped away to provide an opening through which the evil spirits could escape, in hopes that the person would return to his or her normal state
Demonology
Certain symptoms and behaviors, from simple headaches to convulsions, were ascribed to evil spirits residing within a person’s body
Hippocrates
-believed that, because the brain was the central organ of intellectual activity, deviant behavior was caused by brain pathology, that is, a dysfunction or disease of the brain.
Weyer
-founded study of Psychopathology
-asserted that many people who were tortured, imprisoned, and burned as witches were mentally disturbed, not possessed by demons
Moral treatment
a shift to more humane care for people who were mentally disturbed.
Biological VS Psychological Perspectives
- including genetics and other physiological explanations
-His problems are likely due to a genetic predisposition to depression and related abnormalities in brain functioning. - rooted in the invisible complexities of the human mind
- early childhood experiences that created resentment and loneliness
Kraepelin
-proposed that mental disorders could be directly linked to biologically based brain disorders
Deinstitutionalization
-the process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services
Current trends & problems
(a) the influence of multicultural psychol-ogy, (b) the focus on resilience and positive psychology, (c) the recovery movement, and (d) changes in the therapeutic landscape such as psychiatric medications, managed health care and health care reform, evidence-based treatments, and the increased use of technology in treatment.
One-dimensional Model
Views psychological abnormality as an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism
Biopsychosocial Model
suggests that interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors cause mental disorders
Multipath Models
It provides an organizational framework for understanding the numerous circumstances that increase risk for the development of a mental disorder.
Functions of neurons & neurotransmitters
A chemical, called a
neurotransmitter (NT), travels
across the synaptic space to
receptors on the dendrites of
neighboring neurons
Role of genetics
Abnormalities in brain anatomy or
chemistry are sometimes the result of
genetic inheritance
Psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology is the study of how psychotropic medications affect psychiatric symptoms, including thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
Electroconvulsive therapy
is a procedure that can change brain chemistry and reverse symptoms associated with some mental disorders.
The Psychodynamic Model
view mental disorders as the result of childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts.
How Did Freud Explain
Psychological Distress?
- Id – guided by the Pleasure
Principle - Ego – guided by the Reality
Principle - Superego – guided by the Morality
Principle
Theory of personality and development
-Activate Event
-Belief
-Emotional Response and Consequence
Defense mechanisms
to distance ourselves from uncomfortable feelings associated with unpleasant thoughts or other internal conflicts.
Psychoanalysis and modern therapies
-Short-term psychodynamic therapies
-Relational or Interpersonal therapy
The Behavioral Model
Bases explanations and treatments on
principles of learning
Classical Conditioning
the process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with specific stimuli
-dog and bell
Operant conditioning
is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition of reward or aversive stimuli
- if hot, you could simply walk out of the uncomfortably warm room—an operant behavior
Exposure
can involve graduated exposure, gradually introducing a person to feared objects or situations, or flooding, which involves rapid exposure to produce high levels of anxiety.
systematic desensitization
involves having the extinction process occur while the client is in a competing physiological state, such as relaxation
The Cognitive Model
This model proposes that we can best understand psychological distress by looking to cognition – particularly rigid thinking
The humanist view
Emphasis on capacity for self actualization
The existentialist view
Emphasis on self-determination and choice
Rogers’ Client-Centered
Therapy
- Unconditional positive regard
- Accurate empathy
- Genuineness
therapeutic focus on developing a strong therapist–client relationship is increasingly incorporated into contemporary psychological therapies
Sociocultural
Factors
Emphasizes the importance of multicultural and intersectional factors in relation to disorder (Race, Gender, Religious Preference)
Multicultural approach
· Multicultural psychologists seek to
understand how culture, race, ethnicity,
gender, and similar factors affect behavior
and mental processes
Emphasis on:
· Cultural context
· Prejudice & discrimination
Process of Psychological
Assessment
- Referral Question
- Data Collection
- Interpretation
Projective tests
Require that clients interpret vague or
ambiguous
Personality inventories
Designed to measure broad personality
characteristics
* Most widely used:
* Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Response inventories
Focus on one specific area of functioning:
* Affective inventories (example: Beck
Depression Inventory)
* Social skills inventories
* Cognitive inventories
Intelligence tests
- Assesses both verbal and nonverbal skills
- General score is an intelligence quotient (IQ)
Psychophysiological tests
Measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problems
Neurological and neuropsychological tests
- Neurological tests directly assess brain function by assessing brain structure and activity
Standardization
-requires professionals administering a test to follow common rules or procedures.
-If an examiner creates a tense or hostile environment for some individuals who are taking a test, for example, the test scores may vary simply due to differences in the testing situation.
Reliability
The degree to which a procedure, test, or classification system yields the same results repeatedly under the same circumstances
* Test-retest
* Inter-rater
* Internal consistency
Validity
he extent to which a test or procedure actually performs the function it was designed to perform.
* Predicative
* Concurrent
* Construct
Clinical Interviews
Used to collect detailed information, especially
personal history, about a client
Unstructured or structured
-Unstructured interviews involve open-ended questions and queries
- structured, the formal standardized interview, which often includes a standard series of questions or the use of standardized rating scales
Categorical DSM-5
it provides a category or label for each disorder.
-is problematic because individuals with a specific diagnosis often display a range of symptoms.
Dimensional DSM-5
disorders are seen to occur on a con-tinuum with “normality” appearing at one end of the continuum and severe forms of a disorder at the opposite end
- approach would allow characteristics that occur across different disorders to be identified and specifically studied
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms
- Persistent, high levels of anxiety
and excessive, hard-to-control
worry over life circumstances - Symptoms must last at least six
months
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Causes
- Biological factors
- GABA inactivity
- Malfunctions in the feedback system
Phobias
Persistent and unreasonable
fears of particular objects,
activities, or situations plus
avoidance
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in situations where
escape might be difficult
· Panic Attacks
Compulsions
Repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
Modeling
The process of learning by observing models (and later imitating them)
Social-relational model
consider a variety of interpersonal relationships, including those involving intimate partners, nuclear or extended family, and connections within the community.
Panic Disorder
An extreme anxiety reaction, when a real threat suddenly emerges
Phobia Treatment
Exposure
-Systematic desensitization
-Flooding
-Modeling
Causes of Panic Disorder
-Irregular norepinephrine
-Misinterpretation of psychological events
-High anxiety sensitivity
Treatment of Panic Disorder
-Antidepressants
-Cognitive therapy
-Biological challenge tests
