Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CELL 120 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

RNA Polymerase I

A

Found in the nucleolus

Responsible for synthesizing most of ribosomal rRNA and rRNA genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

Located in the nucleus (associated with the chromatin)

Catalyzes synthesis of mRNA which serves as the template strand for protein synthesis coding for non coding and coding genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

RNA Polymerase III

A

Located in the nucleus

Responsible for coding tRNA and snRNA and other small RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

initiation of transcription

A
  • recognition step, finding promoter region
  • stage complete when DNA strands separate near the promoter to form an open complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

promoters in bacteria

A

sigma first binds to the DNA, but then sigma and RNA polymerase together form a holoenzyme

10 box upstream of RNA polymerase (opposite direction) TATAAT

35 box is 35 bases upstream TTGACA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

promoters in eukaryotes

A

bind to the TATA box, 30 base pairs upstream from the start of the transcription start site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

holoenzyme

A

made up of sigma and RNA

sigma open DNA double helix and the template strand is threaded through the RNA polymerase active site

NTP pairs with the complementary base on the DNA template strand and the RNA starts to be created

sigma then disconnects after the initiation stage is over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

elongation (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase walks along one strand of DNA known as the template strand in the 3 to 5 direction (the other strand is in the 5 to 3 direction)

RNA polymerase adds matching RNA nucleotide to the 3 ends of the new RNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

termination (transcription)

A

process of ending transcription happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA known as the terminator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

transcription

A

DNA to pre-mRNA to mRNA

happens in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

RNA processing

A

only happens in eukaryotes

the removal of noncoding stretches of nucleotides that lie between coding regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RNA splicing process

A

SNURPS bind to the 3 and 5 ends of the pre-mRNA

more SNURPS bind bringing the two ends together (in a loop)

introns cut out and exons are moved together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

spliceosome

A

made of up SNURPS

assist in RNA splicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

introns

A

the intervening noncoding sequences, transcribed not transmitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

exons

A

the coding regions of eukaryotic genes that are found in mature mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

capping

A

a cap (modified guanine is added to the 5 end of the mRNA once it is done being transcribed

17
Q

poly-A tail

A

100-200 adenine nucleotides added to the 3 end

18
Q

transfer RNAs

A

connect mRNA codons to the amino acids they encode; had anticodons that bind to mRNA and the other end carries the amino acids specified by codon

19
Q

ribosomes

A

where polypeptides are built; ribosomes are made up of rRNA

small subunit- holds mRNA in place during translation

large subunit- where peptide bonds form

20
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

catalyzes the attachment of amino acids to tRNA reactions result in tRNA and amino acids attached

21
Q

initiation (translation)

A

mRNA binds to ribosomal subunit; ribosomal subunit in bacteria, guanosine @ 5 end for eukaryotes

aminoacyl tRNA with f-met binds to the start codon

large ribosomal subunit binds, completing complex

tRNA is on the p-site

In eukaryotes it binds to the 5 guanine cap first and then finds the start codon

22
Q

elongation (translation)

A

aminoacyl tRNA brings a new amino acid to the A site, binding occurs (anticodon/codon), peptidyl tRNA is on the P site, aminoacyl tRNA is on the A site

peptidyl transfer reaction occurs

translocation of ribosomes towards 3 end of mRNA by one codon; shifts tRNA @ the P and A set to E and Psite, next codon @ A spot and uncharged tRNA exits from E spot

23
Q

peptidyl transfer reaction

A

peptide bonds are formed between amino acid @ A site and the growing peptide chain, polypeptide removed from tRNA in the P site and transferred to amino acid @ the A site

24
Q

termination (translation)

A

when the stop codon is found on A site, translocation ends

recognized by the release factors

25
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

26
Q

chemiosmosis

A

energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from a phosphate and ADP

27
Q

catabolism

A

break down of large molecules into smaller molecules, releases ATP

28
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of small to big molecules, need energy to make it happen

29
Q

oxidation reaction

A

gives up an electron and becomes oxidizes

30
Q

reduction reaction

A

an atom or a molecule gains an electron and it becomes reduced in energy

31
Q

glycolysis

A

in the cytosol

glucose + 2 pyruvate—>2 NADH+ 4 ATP+ 2 pyruvate

energy investment: glucose and 2 ATP are hydrolyzed to create fructose-1, 6 bisphosphate (that’s one molecule)

cleavage: 6 carbon molecules (that molecule) are broken down into 2 3 carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

energy liberation: 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules are broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing 2 NADH, and 4 ATP (2 net)

32
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

in the mitochondria matrix

2 pyruvate—-> 2 CO2+ 2 NADH+ 2 acetyl CoA

-pyruvates are broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase
-molecules of CO2 (removalof the carboxyl group) removed from each pyruvate
-remaining acetyl group attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA

33
Q

citric acid cycle

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

2 acetyl CoA—-> 2 ATP+ 6 NADH+ 2 FADH+ 4 CO2

citrate
isecitrate
alpaha ketoglutatate
succinyl CoA
succinate
fumarate
malate
oxialoate

***Come in and shit some fucking milk out

34
Q

electron transport chain

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

oxidative phosphorylation: high energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP
- the movement of electrons through embedded proteins creates an electrochemical gradient providing energy to make ATP

NADH+ FADH2+ O2—–> 30-34 ATP+ H2O

35
Q

proteins in the ETC and their roles

A
  • NADH dehydrogenase: oxidative reaction of NADH to NAD+ and H+ which is pumped across the membrane
  • succinate reductase: oxidative reaction FADH to FAD+ +2H and then pumps the H+ across the membrane
  • cytochrome oxidase: reduction reaction takes the electrons and creates water as a by-product
  • ATP synthase: pumps the protons back across the membrane, creating ATP in the process
36
Q

Fermentation

A

The breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

Eukaryotes : lactic acid fermentation, reduces pyruvate into lactate by oxidizing NADH To NAD+ and then lactate is converted to glucose when O2 is available, done by the liver

Bacteria (yeast primarily): alchol fermentation makes ethanol by converting the pyruvate to CO2 and acetaldehyde and then with NADH oxidation converts to ethanol

CELL 120 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions