Central Dogma (E1) Flashcards
Chemical bonds
Forces that hold atoms together in a molecule
covalent bond
the chemical bond in which electrons are shared
ionic bond
chemical bond between ions, one or more electrons have been transferred
hydrogen bond
chemical bond in which hydrogen is shared between two electronegative atoms (NOF)
Functions of proteins (5)
- enzymes
- growth and repair
- energy source
- structure
- communication
polymerization
monomers bind together to form polymers
condensation/dehydration reaction
occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
hydrolysis
separates monomers by the addition of a water molecule
carbohydrates
sugars and polymers of sugars
monosaccharide
simple sugar 5 or 6 carbons
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration/condensation reactions and broken by hydrolysis
polysaccharide
many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers
used for energy, storage, and structure
lipids
composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms
nonpolar, hydrophobic, not soluble in water
made of hydrocarbon regions
example: fats, phospholipids, steroids
proteins
made up of amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds
primary protein structure
linear sequence of amino acids, determined by the DNA
secondary protein structure
folding patterns within the chain create alpha helixes (twisting of the polypeptide backbone, stabilized by hydrogen bonds) and beta sheets (created by bonded strands running alongside each other)
tertiary protein structure
forms a 3D shape from hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces
quaternary protein structure
two plus polypeptide chains lump together to form one macromolecule
nucleic acids
made up of nucleotides, responsible for storage expression, and transmission of genetic information
DNA
double-stranded; made up of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogen-containing base
provides direction for replication, synthesis, messenger of RNA through mRNA controls gene expression
adenine–thymine
cytosine–guanine
RNA
single-stranded; made up of ribose, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing base
decodes DNA into instructions for linking together amino acids for a polypeptide chain
adenine–uracil
cytosine–guanine
phosphodiester linkage
links nucleotides, linking sugars of two molecules
Watson and Crick’s experiment
Proposed the double helix structure for DNA, made up of chemical pairs
The Hershey-Chase Experiment (discovery of dna)
They used bacteriophages, which have a protein coat and DNA inside of them, to figure out which one influenced the cell behavior, thus carrying the genetic material. They labeled DNA with phosphorus-32- 32 and the protein coat with sulfur-35, allowing them to infect the cell. After being infected a blender was used to separate them and provided strong evidence that DNA was the organelle that carried the genetic information.
Meselson and Stahl Experiment (dna replication)
Proved that the semi-conservative model is how our DNA replicates
Heavy and lighter isotopes of Nitrogen were used. E. coli bacteria were grown containing the heavy isotope and were then transferred to the lighter isotope. Samples were taken at various intervals and were analyzed to see how the density changed. DNA was centrifuged and was found to have an intermediate density, suggesting the semiconservative model.
Semi conservative mechanism
DNA replication produces DNA molecules with 1 parental strand and 1 newly made daughter strand
Conservative mechanism
DNA replication produces 1 double helix with both parental strands and the other with 2 new daughter strands
Dispersive mechanism
DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are interspersed with the parental DNA
origin of replication
provides an opening called a replication bubble that forms two replication forks
bacteria have only one but eukaryotes have hundreds
DNA polymerase III
adds deoxyribonucleotides proceeding in the 5 to 3 direction
leading strand
continuously made from one primer
lagging strand
assembled in segments created from many primers
helicase
enzymes that untwist the double helix at replication forkssin
single strand binding proteins
bind to and stabilize single stranded DNA
topoisomerase
relieves the strain of twisting of the double helix
DNA primase
makes the primer to start the replication from RNA
DNA polymerase I
removes RNA primers, fills gaps between Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
joins the Okazaki fragments to form a continuous DNA strand
Okazaki fragments
lagging strand is synthesized as short discontinuous fragments
Type 1 error
The null is rejected but is false
Concluding there is a difference, when in fact there was no difference in the population
Type 2 Error
The null is accepted but is false
Concluding there is no difference when in fact there is a difference
Null hypothesis
There is no significant difference or effect between the populations being studied (they are the same)
positive control
known to give a response, expected
negative control
absence of treatment, if null were true
When is something not statistically significant?
when the bars overlap (bars are two SEM each way, added to the mean)
