Central Dogma (E1) Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Forces that hold atoms together in a molecule

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2
Q

covalent bond

A

the chemical bond in which electrons are shared

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3
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond between ions, one or more electrons have been transferred

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4
Q

hydrogen bond

A

chemical bond in which hydrogen is shared between two electronegative atoms (NOF)

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5
Q

Functions of proteins (5)

A
  1. enzymes
  2. growth and repair
  3. energy source
  4. structure
  5. communication
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6
Q

polymerization

A

monomers bind together to form polymers

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7
Q

condensation/dehydration reaction

A

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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8
Q

hydrolysis

A

separates monomers by the addition of a water molecule

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9
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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10
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugar 5 or 6 carbons

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11
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration/condensation reactions and broken by hydrolysis

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12
Q

polysaccharide

A

many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers

used for energy, storage, and structure

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13
Q

lipids

A

composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms

nonpolar, hydrophobic, not soluble in water

made of hydrocarbon regions

example: fats, phospholipids, steroids

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14
Q

proteins

A

made up of amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds

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15
Q

primary protein structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids, determined by the DNA

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16
Q

secondary protein structure

A

folding patterns within the chain create alpha helixes (twisting of the polypeptide backbone, stabilized by hydrogen bonds) and beta sheets (created by bonded strands running alongside each other)

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17
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

forms a 3D shape from hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces

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18
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

two plus polypeptide chains lump together to form one macromolecule

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19
Q

nucleic acids

A

made up of nucleotides, responsible for storage expression, and transmission of genetic information

20
Q

DNA

A

double-stranded; made up of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogen-containing base

provides direction for replication, synthesis, messenger of RNA through mRNA controls gene expression

adenine–thymine
cytosine–guanine

21
Q

RNA

A

single-stranded; made up of ribose, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing base

decodes DNA into instructions for linking together amino acids for a polypeptide chain

adenine–uracil
cytosine–guanine

22
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

links nucleotides, linking sugars of two molecules

23
Q

Watson and Crick’s experiment

A

Proposed the double helix structure for DNA, made up of chemical pairs

24
Q

The Hershey-Chase Experiment (discovery of dna)

A

They used bacteriophages, which have a protein coat and DNA inside of them, to figure out which one influenced the cell behavior, thus carrying the genetic material. They labeled DNA with phosphorus-32- 32 and the protein coat with sulfur-35, allowing them to infect the cell. After being infected a blender was used to separate them and provided strong evidence that DNA was the organelle that carried the genetic information.

25
Meselson and Stahl Experiment (dna replication)
Proved that the semi-conservative model is how our DNA replicates Heavy and lighter isotopes of Nitrogen were used. E. coli bacteria were grown containing the heavy isotope and were then transferred to the lighter isotope. Samples were taken at various intervals and were analyzed to see how the density changed. DNA was centrifuged and was found to have an intermediate density, suggesting the semiconservative model.
26
Semi conservative mechanism
DNA replication produces DNA molecules with 1 parental strand and 1 newly made daughter strand
27
Conservative mechanism
DNA replication produces 1 double helix with both parental strands and the other with 2 new daughter strands
28
Dispersive mechanism
DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are interspersed with the parental DNA
29
origin of replication
provides an opening called a replication bubble that forms two replication forks bacteria have only one but eukaryotes have hundreds
30
DNA polymerase III
adds deoxyribonucleotides proceeding in the 5 to 3 direction
31
leading strand
continuously made from one primer
32
lagging strand
assembled in segments created from many primers
33
helicase
enzymes that untwist the double helix at replication forkssin
34
single strand binding proteins
bind to and stabilize single stranded DNA
35
topoisomerase
relieves the strain of twisting of the double helix
36
DNA primase
makes the primer to start the replication from RNA
37
DNA polymerase I
removes RNA primers, fills gaps between Okazaki fragments
38
DNA ligase
joins the Okazaki fragments to form a continuous DNA strand
39
Okazaki fragments
lagging strand is synthesized as short discontinuous fragments
40
Type 1 error
The null is rejected but is false Concluding there is a difference, when in fact there was no difference in the population
41
Type 2 Error
The null is accepted but is false Concluding there is no difference when in fact there is a difference
42
Null hypothesis
There is no significant difference or effect between the populations being studied (they are the same)
43
positive control
known to give a response, expected
44
negative control
absence of treatment, if null were true
45
When is something not statistically significant?
when the bars overlap (bars are two SEM each way, added to the mean)