Central Dogma (E1)

Question 1

Chemical bonds

Answer 1

Forces that hold atoms together in a molecule

Question 2

covalent bond

Answer 2

the chemical bond in which electrons are shared

Question 3

ionic bond

Answer 3

chemical bond between ions, one or more electrons have been transferred

Question 4

hydrogen bond

Answer 4

chemical bond in which hydrogen is shared between two electronegative atoms (NOF)

Question 5

Functions of proteins (5)

Answer 5

1. enzymes
2. growth and repair
3. energy source
4. structure
5. communication

Question 6

polymerization

Answer 6

monomers bind together to form polymers

Question 7

condensation/dehydration reaction

Answer 7

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

Question 8

hydrolysis

Answer 8

separates monomers by the addition of a water molecule

Question 9

carbohydrates

Answer 9

sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 10

monosaccharide

Answer 10

simple sugar 5 or 6 carbons

Question 11

disaccharide

Answer 11

2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration/condensation reactions and broken by hydrolysis

Question 12

polysaccharide

Answer 12

many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers

used for energy, storage, and structure

Question 13

lipids

Answer 13

composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms

nonpolar, hydrophobic, not soluble in water

made of hydrocarbon regions

example: fats, phospholipids, steroids

Question 14

proteins

Answer 14

made up of amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds

Question 15

primary protein structure

Answer 15

linear sequence of amino acids, determined by the DNA

Question 16

secondary protein structure

Answer 16

folding patterns within the chain create alpha helixes (twisting of the polypeptide backbone, stabilized by hydrogen bonds) and beta sheets (created by bonded strands running alongside each other)

Question 17

tertiary protein structure

Answer 17

forms a 3D shape from hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces

Question 18

quaternary protein structure

Answer 18

two plus polypeptide chains lump together to form one macromolecule

Question 19

nucleic acids

Answer 19

made up of nucleotides, responsible for storage expression, and transmission of genetic information

Question 20

DNA

Answer 20

double-stranded; made up of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogen-containing base

provides direction for replication, synthesis, messenger of RNA through mRNA controls gene expression

adenine–thymine
cytosine–guanine

Question 21

RNA

Answer 21

single-stranded; made up of ribose, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing base

decodes DNA into instructions for linking together amino acids for a polypeptide chain

adenine–uracil
cytosine–guanine

Question 22

phosphodiester linkage

Answer 22

links nucleotides, linking sugars of two molecules

Question 23

Watson and Crick’s experiment

Answer 23

Proposed the double helix structure for DNA, made up of chemical pairs

Question 24

The Hershey-Chase Experiment (discovery of dna)

Answer 24

They used bacteriophages, which have a protein coat and DNA inside of them, to figure out which one influenced the cell behavior, thus carrying the genetic material. They labeled DNA with phosphorus-32- 32 and the protein coat with sulfur-35, allowing them to infect the cell. After being infected a blender was used to separate them and provided strong evidence that DNA was the organelle that carried the genetic information.

Question 25

Meselson and Stahl Experiment (dna replication)

Answer 25

Proved that the semi-conservative model is how our DNA replicates

Heavy and lighter isotopes of Nitrogen were used. E. coli bacteria were grown containing the heavy isotope and were then transferred to the lighter isotope. Samples were taken at various intervals and were analyzed to see how the density changed. DNA was centrifuged and was found to have an intermediate density, suggesting the semiconservative model.

Question 26

Semi conservative mechanism

Answer 26

DNA replication produces DNA molecules with 1 parental strand and 1 newly made daughter strand

Question 27

Conservative mechanism

Answer 27

DNA replication produces 1 double helix with both parental strands and the other with 2 new daughter strands

Question 28

Dispersive mechanism

Answer 28

DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are interspersed with the parental DNA

Question 29

origin of replication

Answer 29

provides an opening called a replication bubble that forms two replication forks

bacteria have only one but eukaryotes have hundreds

Question 30

DNA polymerase III

Answer 30

adds deoxyribonucleotides proceeding in the 5 to 3 direction

Question 31

leading strand

Answer 31

continuously made from one primer

Question 32

lagging strand

Answer 32

assembled in segments created from many primers

Question 33

helicase

Answer 33

enzymes that untwist the double helix at replication forkssin

Question 34

single strand binding proteins

Answer 34

bind to and stabilize single stranded DNA

Question 35

topoisomerase

Answer 35

relieves the strain of twisting of the double helix

Question 36

DNA primase

Answer 36

makes the primer to start the replication from RNA

Question 37

DNA polymerase I

Answer 37

removes RNA primers, fills gaps between Okazaki fragments

Question 38

DNA ligase

Answer 38

joins the Okazaki fragments to form a continuous DNA strand

Question 39

Okazaki fragments

Answer 39

lagging strand is synthesized as short discontinuous fragments

Question 40

Type 1 error

Answer 40

The null is rejected but is false

Concluding there is a difference, when in fact there was no difference in the population

Question 41

Type 2 Error

Answer 41

The null is accepted but is false

Concluding there is no difference when in fact there is a difference

Question 42

Null hypothesis

Answer 42

There is no significant difference or effect between the populations being studied (they are the same)

Question 43

positive control

Answer 43

known to give a response, expected

Question 44

negative control

Answer 44

absence of treatment, if null were true

Question 45

When is something not statistically significant?

Answer 45

when the bars overlap (bars are two SEM each way, added to the mean)