Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio second sem > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is kochs 1st postulate

A
  1. the microbe must be present in individuals suffering from the disease and absent in healthy individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

kochs second postulate

A

the microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

kochs 3rd postulate

A

injection of the microbe into a healthy animal should cause the disease symptoms to appear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

kochs 4 postulate

A

the microbe should be isolatable again from the diseased animal and shown to be identical in size, shape, and color to the original microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bacteria can live on____ substrate to form__

A

mucilage, colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

example of mucilage

A

plaque on teeth. ecology of the mouth, different bacteria colonize different parts of the mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do microorganisms compete for

A

space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is penicillins mode of action

A

it prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do probiotics do

A

introduce of live friendly bacteria into a patients digestive tract. ex. fecal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the ecological importance of probiotics

A

co exist with other organisms. amphibian species have natural bacteria that fight off fungal infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 strategies of bioremediation

A
  1. fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxic compounds.
  2. seeding, adding specific species of bacteria to contaminated sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

prokaryotes are what type of group

A

paraphyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

taxonomy of eukaryotes

A

eu-true karyo- cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the outgroup between archaea eukarya and bacteria?

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes, what are some common features?

A

-absence of a nucleus, membrane enclosed cytoplasmic organelles, cytoskeleton. -unicellularity
-presence of DNA RNA enzymes to transcribe and translate genetic code into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

binary fission vs mitosis

A

fission involves the replication and division of a single chromosome, while mitosis imultiple chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

bacteria is what group

A

monophyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

shared traits for bacteria

A

-circular dna, not in nucleus
-no cytoskeleton
-no mitosis- instead fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

prokaryotes have what that bacteria doesn’t have

A

-peptidoglycan in cell walls (polymer of amino groups)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

thick layer and a purple color indicates what

A

gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the earliest fossil of life

A

cyanobacteria-3.5 billion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the signature RNA sequence is found in what

A

ALL tested archaea and eukarya but NO bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

archaea characteristics (habitat, group, oxygen, etc.)

A

live in extreme habitats, monophyletic, low oxygen, high temp, extreme salinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

synapomorphies for archaea

A

absence of peptidogylycan in cell walls, unique lipids in cell membrane, unique genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

habitat words- thermophillic, acidophillic, anaerobic methanogens

A
  1. hot
  2. acidic
  3. animal guts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 5 archaean kingdoms

A

crenarcheota, euryarchaeota, thaurmarchaeota, korarchaeota, nanoarchaeota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

crenarchaeota characteristics

A

often thermophillic and acidophillic, yellowstone hot springs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

euryarchaeota characteristics

A

some are methanogens, often halophillic(salt) , thermophillic, deep ocean vents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

thaumarchaeota charac.

A

abundant in the oceans, mesophillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

kararchaeota charac

A

some found in hot springs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

nanoarchaeota charac

A

parasite of another archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

proteobacteria

A

purple bacteria, diverse metabolically, mitochondria of eukaryotes derived from species of proteobacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cyanobacteria charac.

A

photosynthetic, single cells or colonies, blue-green bacteria-formerly alagae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

firmicutes

A

low GC gram positive, most are coccus and bacillus shaped, some members are common in human gut, some used to ferment dairy products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

actinobacteria

A

HIGH GC gram positive, share similar structures to fungus(mycelia), streptomyces genus is a huge source of antibiotics used in medicine today.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

spirochaetes

A

distinguished by their corkscrew shape and flagella
both syphillis and lyme disease are caused by spirochaete bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

chlamydiae

A

coccus shaped, all are parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

why are protists important

A

bottom of food chain- nutritional foundation for life
meicine- due to parasitic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

all eukaryotes are___ except for fungi, animals, and land plants

A

protists - paraphyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

2 common charc for protists (size and abundant where)

A

most abundant in moist habitats, most of them microscopic in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

phagotrophy

A

heterotrophs that ingest particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

osmotrophs

A

heterotrophs that rely on uptake of small organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

autotrophs

A

photosynthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

mixotrophs

A

able to use autotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrophy depending on conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

ciliates

A

cilia- shorter and more abundant than flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

amoebae

A

amoeboid movement, use pseudopodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

algae, protozoa, and fungus like names

A
  1. plant-like, photosynthetic and non
  2. animal like- heterotrophic
  3. resemble fungi in body form and absorptive nutrition.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

plankton and the 2 types and how they gain energy

A

swimming or floating
phytoplankton- photosynthetic
zooplankton-heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

periphyton

A

attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces, produce multicellular bodies-seaweed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

asexual reproduction and do protists use this

A

all protists can reproduce asexually- same dna as parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

sexual reproduction

A

2N organisms
2 of each chromosome
half genes from mom and other half from dad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

human gametes are

A

haploid but 1 from each parent makes it diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

meiosis and mitosis of ploidity

A

meiosis- production of 1N from 2N
mitosis- 2N to 2N, or 1N to 1N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

all cells except the __ are diploid

A

gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

asexual reproduction __ the size of daughter cells

A

reduces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

sexual reproduction ___ maximal size

A

restores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

zygotic life cycles

A

most unicellular sexually reproducing protists, survive like cysts - thick walled diploid zygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

in zygotic life cycles, haploid cells __ into ___

A

transform, gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

sporic life cycle, alteration of generations

A

2 types of multicellular organisms.
haploid gametophyte produces gametes
diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis
sexualproduces gamete then alternates to asexual reproduction-sporophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

super groups

A

excavata, related to earliest eukaryotes, phagotrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

plantae, are they protists?

A

obtained plastids by primary endosymbiosis- land plants not protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

alveolata-protists

A

named for saclike membraneous vesicle. ciliophora, dinozoa, apicomplexa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

dinozoa/dinoflagellates in alveolata

A

some are photosynthetic, others not
important in nearshore oceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

apicomplexa in alveolata

A

medically important parasites, plasmodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

stramenopila

A

wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists. named for strawlike hairs on flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

plastids

A

a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms;. They are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

where does stramenopila plastids come from

A

secondary endosymbiosis- more than 2 envelopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

endosymbiosis

A

where there are tow organisms and one is living within the other- example chloroplast and mitochondria, some human parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

rhizaria

A

have thin, hairlike extensions of the cytoplasm- filose pseudopodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

opisthokonta

A

named for posterior flagellum on swimming cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

plant charc.

A

eukaryotic, primarily photosynthetic that mostly live on land and display many adaptations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

ancestry of plants

A

monphyletic kingdom, probs originated from single common protist ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

basal plants

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses, lycophytes,pteridophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

non vascular plants

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

vascular plants

A

lycophytes, pteridophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

seed plants

A

cycads, ginkgos, conifers, gnetophytes, angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

gymnosperms

A

cycads, ginkgos, conifers, gnetophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

nonvascular plant traits

A

monophyletic phyla, share common structural reproductive and ecological features. models of earliest plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

non vascular and other plants ___ a sporic life ___ with alteration of ___

A

exhibit, cycle, generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

adaptions to life on land, plants, meaning the sporic life cycle has _ multicellular life stages

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

plant traits are cellular (___) and structural (____)

A

retain water, help grow upright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

seedless plants transformed ecology by liverworts and mosses produce __ resistant body __

A

resistant, tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

seedless plants help ___ soils and influence ___ and precipitation

A

enrich, precipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

vacular plants ecological effect

A

converted huge amounts of CO2 into decay resistant organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

vascular plants- atmospheric oxygen levels ___ to a historic ___ levels, because less O2 was being used to break down organic carbon into____

A

rose, high, CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Seed plants were better able than nonseed plants to ___ in cooler, drier habitats causing what dominating plants to go extinct

A

reproduce, lycophytes, and pteridophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

gametophytes produce what type of gametes

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

gametangia protects gametes from what

A

form drying out and microbial attack

89
Q

what is the antheridia

A

round or elongate gametangia producing sperm

90
Q

archaegonia

A

flask shaped gametangia enclosing and egg

91
Q

zygotes grow into

A

sporophytes

92
Q

when mature, spores are ___ in protective enclosures known as ___

A

protected, sporangia

93
Q

plant spore cell walls contain ____ to help prevent ___ damage

A

sporopollenin, cellular

94
Q

non vascular features- what is the dominant generation?

A

gametophytes, sporophytes dependent on gametophyte and small and short lived.

95
Q

gymnosperms

A

naked seeds-not enclosed, trees, wooden shrubs

96
Q

vascular cambium

A

produces thick layer of wood and thin layer of inner bark

97
Q

what is the wood and thin layer of bark used for in vascular cambium

A

wood- used for water transport and structural support
inner bark- transporting watery solutions of organic compounds

98
Q

ovule in seeds

A

sporangium with single spore and a very small egg producing gametophyte inside

99
Q

seed plants produce __ distinct types of ___ in _ different types of sporangia

A

2, spores, 2

100
Q

microspores in microsporangia and megaspores in megasporangia

A

microspores- pollen, male
megaspores- female, develops and produces eggs

101
Q

in seeds, the pollen tube carries 2 sperm but only __

A

fertilizes one egg to become an embryo

102
Q

ecological advantages of seeds-4

A

able to remain dormant to wait for favorable conditions, larger and more complex, can store food, sperm can reach egg without having to swim

103
Q

phylum coniferophyta

A

seed cones, common in mountain and high-latitude forests

104
Q

most conifers are __

A

evergreens

105
Q

cold climate adaptations of conifers

A

conical shape and flexible branches, thick waxy cuticle, scale-like or needle shaped leaves

106
Q

modern angiosperms defining features

A

flowers and fruits. “enclosed seeds” seed endosperm.

107
Q

pistil composed of one or more ___

A

carpel

108
Q

what does the pistil/carpel contain

A

stigma-recieves pollen, style, and ovary-pollen tube delivers sperm to ovule

109
Q

why are flowers different

A

color, odor,shapes, and sizes other animals see flowers as different colors

110
Q

diameter of floral tube matches ___

A

pollinator-coevolution

111
Q

basal plants consist of

A

non vascular and vascular plants

112
Q

seed plants consist of

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

113
Q

angiosperms- monocots and eudicots

A

monocots- one seed leaf, flower parts in 3. eudicots- 2 seed leaves, flower parts in 4 or 5

114
Q

how are fungi and animals closely related

A

both heterotrophic, both use absorptive nutrition- secrete enzymes and absorb resulting small organic molecules, both store a surplus of food

115
Q

fungal cells enclosed by __ ___ composed of ___

A

cell wall, chitin

116
Q

fungi cannot engulf food by ___ due to rigid cell walls

A

phagotrophy

117
Q

forms of fungi- single celled

A

yeasts- multicellular fungi have weblike growth

118
Q

why is fungus furry

A

mycelia with hyphae

119
Q

mutualistic fungi

A

association that benefit both partners, mycorhizzal fungi, endophytes, lichens

120
Q

myocorhizzal fungi

A

2 most common types are ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae
association between the hyphae of certain fungi and roots of most seed plants

121
Q

Ectomycorrhizae (EMF)

A

coat root surface and grow between cells of roots

122
Q

Endomycorrhizae

A

grow INTO root cell walls and plasma membranes- (AMF)

123
Q

fungal endophytes

A

live within the tissues of various types of plants. plants often grow better with this

124
Q

lichens

A

2 separate lineages of organisms, part fungi part algae

125
Q

the 3 major forms of lichens are

A

crustose, foliose, fruticose

126
Q

in lichens what does the photosynthetic partner and fungal partner provide

A

photo- organic food molecules and oxygen
fungal- CO2, H2O, and minerals

127
Q

lichen reproduction

A

sexually with fungal partner producing fruiting bodies and sexual spores

128
Q

Chytridiomycota

A

simplest fungi, earliest, only fungi to produce flagellate cells for spore gamete dispersal, most decomposers

129
Q

zygomycota

A

produce asexual spores in sporangia, not monophyletic, some are parasites

130
Q

glomeromycota

A

(AM) fungi, only asexual reproduction, recently defined as a group

131
Q

ascomycota

A

unique sporangia called asci, produce sexual spores and ascospores, terrestrial and aquatic habitats

132
Q

ascocarps in ascomyota

A

asci produced on fruiting bodies - cup shaped

133
Q

basidiomycota

A

most recently evolved group of fungi, Important decomposers and mycorrhizal partners, fruiting bodies called basidiocarps, asexually

134
Q

characteristics of animals

A

multicellular, heterotrophs, lack cell walls, sexual repro. unique cell junctions, monophyletic

135
Q

4 main morphological and developmental features of animals

A
  1. Presence or absence of different tissue types
  2. Type of body symmetry
  3. Presence or absence of a true body cavity
  4. Patterns of embryonic development
136
Q

metazoa divided into…parazoa and eumetazoa

A

parazoa- no specialized tissues or organs
eumetazoa- more than one type of tissue and organs-radiata or bilateria

137
Q

radiata vs bilateria

A

radiata- radially symmetrical
bilateria- bilaterally symmetrical

138
Q

radial animals have _ and aboral sides

A

oral

139
Q

radial vs bilateral animals - cell layers

A

radial- 2 embryonic cell layers
bilateral- 3 germ layers- has a mesoderm as well

140
Q

cleavage in the __ can be spiral (___) or radial (__)

A

zygote, protostomes, deuterostomes

141
Q

what is a protostome

A

cleavage determinate, blastopore -mouth, shizo development

142
Q

deuterostome

A

cleavage is indeterminate, blastopore becomes anus, entero development

143
Q

protostome, parazoa- phylum porifera

A

sponges, loosely organized and lack tissues, multicellular, no apparent symmetry, reproduce with both, hermaphrodites

144
Q

water drawn through pores (___) into spongocoel and flows out through the ___ in parazoans

A

osita, osculum

145
Q

Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora

A

radial symmetry, 2 embryonic germ layers

146
Q

Phylum Cnidaria structure

A

2 different body forms- medusa and polyp

147
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A

comb jellies, 2 tentacles without stinging cells- look like jellyfish, first complete gut mouth and anus, bioluminescent, hermaphroditic

148
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms, lack respiratory and circulatory system, 3 germ layers, acoelomate

149
Q

planaria

A

incomplete digestive system, regeneration, distinct excretory system

150
Q

turbellaria

A

free-living, planaria

151
Q

monogenea

A

fish flukes

152
Q

cestoda

A

tapeworms, parasitic

153
Q

trematoda

A

flukes, parasitic- more complex life cycle with multiple hosts

154
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A

named for ciliated corona, digestive tract, unique reproduction

155
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

snail, body has 3 parts, open circulatory system, radula- tongue like organ

156
Q

molluscs

A

separate sexes although some hermaphroditic, external fertilization- some internal, how snails colonize land

157
Q

gastropods

A

Snails, slugs and nudibranchs

158
Q

Polyplacophorans

A

chitons

159
Q

bivalves

A

clams, mussels, oysters

160
Q

cephalopods

A

octopuses, squids, nautiluses, fast swimming marine predators, closed circulatory system, beaklike jaw

161
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

rings are distinct segments separated by a septum, double transport system

162
Q

annelids

A

digestive system complete and unsegmented- sexual repro. involved 2 individuals, asexual reproduction by fission- leeches dont have setae

163
Q

Class Polychaeta

A

marine worms- rich, many long setae

164
Q

Class Oligochaeta

A

earthworms- role in conditioning soil through castings

165
Q

Class Hirudinea

A

leeches, anticoagulant

166
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

ecdysis or molting, all posses a cuticle for support and protection- metamorphosis

167
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

roundworms, nearly all habitats, complete digestive tract

168
Q

parasites

A

sexual repro. with separate males and females, internal fertilization

169
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

perhaps most successful phylum-body plan, exoskeleton made of chitin and protein

170
Q

anthropoda- 6 characteristics

A

segmented with appendages for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction. tagmata. extensive cephalization. sophisticated brain. open circulatory system, complex digestive system.

171
Q

tagmata

A

fused body segments

172
Q

trilobita

A

Extinct early arthropods, bottom feeders, little specialization of body segments.

173
Q

diplopoda vs chilopoda

A

di- 2 pairs of legs per segment-herbivorous
chi- 1 pair of legs per segment- carnivorous

174
Q

metamorphosis complete and incomplete

A

complete- 4 stages with adult larval stages very different
incomplete- 3 stages with young resembling miniature adults

175
Q

Lineages that fed on ___ have become much more ___ that those that fed on gymnosperms

A

angiosperms, diverse

176
Q

Crustacea

A

Crabs, lobsters, barnacles and shrimp
marine fresh water and terrestrial
unique 2 pair of antennae

177
Q

Deuterostomia contain which 2

A

Echinodermataand Chordates

178
Q

Phylum Echinodermata- symmetry, organs, other types of systems, endoskeleton covered in what, autonomy?

A

modified radial symmetry- no excretory organs, no brain, water vascular system, endoskeleton covered in spines.
intentionally detach body parts that will later regen.

179
Q

Phylum Echinodermata
reproduction

A

reproduce sexually with separate sexes, external fertilization

180
Q

3 classes of echinoderms

A

Asteroidea (Sea stars)
Echinoidea (Sea urchins)
Holothuroidea (Sea cucumber)

181
Q

Phylum Chordata 4 innovations- watching them go through life history aka synapomorphies

A

Notochord – single flexible rod
Dorsal hollow nerve cord- has the brain
Pharyngeal slits
Post-anal tail

182
Q

different grouping of chordates,
Subphylum Urochordata –
Subphylum Cephalochordata –
subphylum vertebrata-

A
  1. whole animal enclosed in tunic- sophisticated organs-
  2. lancelets-lack jaws and sense organs
  3. vertebrates- has a head and cranium
183
Q

anus first head second

A

deuterostome- because a lot do not have a head

184
Q

head first anus second

A

protostome

185
Q

what is a blastopore

A

the mouth like opening

186
Q

Myxinoidea

A

hag fish, jawless, finless, blind, no vertebrae, smells well and slimy as a defense mechanism

187
Q

petromyzontoidea-chordata

A

lampreys, no jaw,

188
Q

gnathostomes and agnathans meaning

A

jaw opening and jawless

189
Q

chondricthyes-chordata

A

internal skeletons-no bone, cartilage, sharks skates, rays. chordates?

190
Q

how do sharks stay buoyant and their cool traits

A

swimming since they are denser than water
smelling!
lateral line- line going down side of the body which detects movement in the water.
2 chambered heart-single circulation
detect electrical fields-my name

191
Q

types of internal fertilization

A

oviparous- lay eggs
ovoviparous- egg retained in female- no placenta
viviparous- eggs develop in uterus, placenta nourishes young

192
Q

actinopterygii-chordata

A

ray finned fish, bony fish. includes all except coleocanths and lungfish

193
Q

coelacanths-chordata

A

thought extinct, but not. powerful bite, notochord filled with oil like fluid

194
Q

dipnoi -chordata

A

lungfish, will drown if unable to breathe air but different than our lungs. gills and lungs.

195
Q

tetrapods

A

4 limbs, important evolutionary step- Lobe fin fishes. vertebral column strengthened. gene expression.

196
Q

hox genes

A

all animals have- can manipulate them. can change fins to limbs. backed by genetics.

197
Q

anura

A

frogs and toads

198
Q

caudata

A

salamanders

199
Q

amphibians reproduction

A

successfully invaded land but go back to water to reproduce

200
Q

amniotes

A

possess and amniotic egg- keeps embryo in protective layer to keep it from drying out- chicken egg

201
Q

amnion in embryonic egg

A

protects embryo in amniotic cavity

202
Q

allanotis in embryonic egg

A

disposal of wastes, yolk gets smaller as this gets bigger because yolk is the food

203
Q

chorion in embryonic egg

A

with allanotis for gas exchange

204
Q

testudines in reptiles

A

turtles, hard protective shell, lack teeth, ribs fused to shell

205
Q

lepidosauria in reptiles

A

lizards and snakes, kinetic skull, lizards have moveable eyelids and external ears=snakes dont

206
Q

crocodilia in reptiles

A

crocodiles and alligators, 4 chambered heart, teeth in sockets, parental care

207
Q

last group of reptiles aves

A

birds, although no hands all the bones in the wing are in other reptiles. air sacs, reduction of organs,

208
Q

aves and crocodilia share what

A

4 chambered hearts

209
Q

mammals

A

evolved from amniote ancestors- when dinosaurs go away huge mammal boom

210
Q

superpowers of mammals

A

name comes from milk glands- increases chance of surviving offspring, skull, more or less hair, special teeth

211
Q

prototheria

A

monotremata- platypus and echnida, lay eggs lack placenta

212
Q

Metatheria – marsupials

A

opossum, once widespread now more confined to austrailia, very undeveloped

213
Q

eutheria

A

placental animals- prolonged gestation - how long in moms belly, years of parental care

214
Q

prosimians

A

bush babies, lemurs,pottos, tarsiers- nocturnal smaller brained

215
Q

anthropoids

A

monkeys-tails, can swing from branch to branch

216
Q

hominoids

A

gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees and humans. no tails cannot swing from branch to branch

217
Q

primates

A

thumb, no claws, developed traits to adapt to trees

218
Q

the top of mt everest is

A

limestone- was at the bottom of the ocean

bio second sem (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions