exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is kochs 1st postulate
A
- the microbe must be present in individuals suffering from the disease and absent in healthy individuals
2
Q
kochs second postulate
A
the microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3
Q
kochs 3rd postulate
A
injection of the microbe into a healthy animal should cause the disease symptoms to appear
4
Q
kochs 4 postulate
A
the microbe should be isolatable again from the diseased animal and shown to be identical in size, shape, and color to the original microbe
5
Q
bacteria can live on____ substrate to form__
A
mucilage, colonies
6
Q
example of mucilage
A
plaque on teeth. ecology of the mouth, different bacteria colonize different parts of the mouth.
7
Q
what do microorganisms compete for
A
space
8
Q
what is penicillins mode of action
A
it prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan
9
Q
what do probiotics do
A
introduce of live friendly bacteria into a patients digestive tract. ex. fecal flora
10
Q
the ecological importance of probiotics
A
co exist with other organisms. amphibian species have natural bacteria that fight off fungal infections.
11
Q
2 strategies of bioremediation
A
- fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxic compounds.
- seeding, adding specific species of bacteria to contaminated sites
12
Q
prokaryotes are what type of group
A
paraphyletic
13
Q
taxonomy of eukaryotes
A
eu-true karyo- cell
14
Q
what is the outgroup between archaea eukarya and bacteria?
A
bacteria
15
Q
bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes, what are some common features?
A
-absence of a nucleus, membrane enclosed cytoplasmic organelles, cytoskeleton. -unicellularity
-presence of DNA RNA enzymes to transcribe and translate genetic code into protein
16
Q
binary fission vs mitosis
A
fission involves the replication and division of a single chromosome, while mitosis imultiple chromosomes.
17
Q
bacteria is what group
A
monophyletic
18
Q
shared traits for bacteria
A
-circular dna, not in nucleus
-no cytoskeleton
-no mitosis- instead fission
19
Q
prokaryotes have what that bacteria doesn’t have
A
-peptidoglycan in cell walls (polymer of amino groups)
20
Q
thick layer and a purple color indicates what
A
gram positive
21
Q
what is the earliest fossil of life
A
cyanobacteria-3.5 billion.
22
Q
the signature RNA sequence is found in what
A
ALL tested archaea and eukarya but NO bacteria
23
Q
archaea characteristics (habitat, group, oxygen, etc.)
A
live in extreme habitats, monophyletic, low oxygen, high temp, extreme salinity
24
Q
synapomorphies for archaea
A
absence of peptidogylycan in cell walls, unique lipids in cell membrane, unique genes
25
habitat words- thermophillic, acidophillic, anaerobic methanogens
1. hot
2. acidic
3. animal guts
26
what are the 5 archaean kingdoms
crenarcheota, euryarchaeota, thaurmarchaeota, korarchaeota, nanoarchaeota
27
crenarchaeota characteristics
often thermophillic and acidophillic, yellowstone hot springs
28
euryarchaeota characteristics
some are methanogens, often halophillic(salt) , thermophillic, deep ocean vents
29
thaumarchaeota charac.
abundant in the oceans, mesophillic
30
kararchaeota charac
some found in hot springs
31
nanoarchaeota charac
parasite of another archaea
32
proteobacteria
purple bacteria, diverse metabolically, mitochondria of eukaryotes derived from species of proteobacteria.
33
cyanobacteria charac.
photosynthetic, single cells or colonies, blue-green bacteria-formerly alagae
34
firmicutes
low GC gram positive, most are coccus and bacillus shaped, some members are common in human gut, some used to ferment dairy products
35
actinobacteria
HIGH GC gram positive, share similar structures to fungus(mycelia), streptomyces genus is a huge source of antibiotics used in medicine today.
36
spirochaetes
distinguished by their corkscrew shape and flagella
both syphillis and lyme disease are caused by spirochaete bacteria
37
chlamydiae
coccus shaped, all are parasitic
38
why are protists important
bottom of food chain- nutritional foundation for life
meicine- due to parasitic infection
39
all eukaryotes are___ except for fungi, animals, and land plants
protists - paraphyletic
40
2 common charc for protists (size and abundant where)
most abundant in moist habitats, most of them microscopic in size
41
phagotrophy
heterotrophs that ingest particles
42
osmotrophs
heterotrophs that rely on uptake of small organic molecules
43
autotrophs
photosynthetic
44
mixotrophs
able to use autotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrophy depending on conditions
45
ciliates
cilia- shorter and more abundant than flagella
46
amoebae
amoeboid movement, use pseudopodia
47
algae, protozoa, and fungus like names
1. plant-like, photosynthetic and non
2. animal like- heterotrophic
3. resemble fungi in body form and absorptive nutrition.
48
plankton and the 2 types and how they gain energy
swimming or floating
phytoplankton- photosynthetic
zooplankton-heterotrophic
49
periphyton
attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces, produce multicellular bodies-seaweed
50
asexual reproduction and do protists use this
all protists can reproduce asexually- same dna as parent
51
sexual reproduction
2N organisms
2 of each chromosome
half genes from mom and other half from dad
52
human gametes are
haploid but 1 from each parent makes it diploid
53
meiosis and mitosis of ploidity
meiosis- production of 1N from 2N
mitosis- 2N to 2N, or 1N to 1N
54
all cells except the __ are diploid
gametes
55
asexual reproduction __ the size of daughter cells
reduces
56
sexual reproduction ___ maximal size
restores
57
zygotic life cycles
most unicellular sexually reproducing protists, survive like cysts - thick walled diploid zygotes
58
in zygotic life cycles, haploid cells __ into ___
transform, gametes
59
sporic life cycle, alteration of generations
2 types of multicellular organisms.
haploid gametophyte produces gametes
diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis
sexualproduces gamete then alternates to asexual reproduction-sporophytes
60
super groups
excavata, related to earliest eukaryotes, phagotrophy
61
plantae, are they protists?
obtained plastids by primary endosymbiosis- land plants not protists
62
alveolata-protists
named for saclike membraneous vesicle. ciliophora, dinozoa, apicomplexa
63
dinozoa/dinoflagellates in alveolata
some are photosynthetic, others not
important in nearshore oceans
64
apicomplexa in alveolata
medically important parasites, plasmodium
65
stramenopila
wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists. named for strawlike hairs on flagella
66
plastids
a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms;. They are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.
67
where does stramenopila plastids come from
secondary endosymbiosis- more than 2 envelopes
68
endosymbiosis
where there are tow organisms and one is living within the other- example chloroplast and mitochondria, some human parasites
69
rhizaria
have thin, hairlike extensions of the cytoplasm- filose pseudopodia
70
opisthokonta
named for posterior flagellum on swimming cells
71
plant charc.
eukaryotic, primarily photosynthetic that mostly live on land and display many adaptations
72
ancestry of plants
monphyletic kingdom, probs originated from single common protist ancestor
73
basal plants
liverworts, hornworts, mosses, lycophytes,pteridophytes
74
non vascular plants
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
75
vascular plants
lycophytes, pteridophytes
76
seed plants
cycads, ginkgos, conifers, gnetophytes, angiosperms
77
gymnosperms
cycads, ginkgos, conifers, gnetophytes
78
nonvascular plant traits
monophyletic phyla, share common structural reproductive and ecological features. models of earliest plants
79
non vascular and other plants ___ a sporic life ___ with alteration of ___
exhibit, cycle, generations
80
adaptions to life on land, plants, meaning the sporic life cycle has _ multicellular life stages
2
81
plant traits are cellular (___) and structural (____)
retain water, help grow upright
82
seedless plants transformed ecology by liverworts and mosses produce __ resistant body __
resistant, tissues
83
seedless plants help ___ soils and influence ___ and precipitation
enrich, precipitation
84
vacular plants ecological effect
converted huge amounts of CO2 into decay resistant organic material
85
vascular plants- atmospheric oxygen levels ___ to a historic ___ levels, because less O2 was being used to break down organic carbon into____
rose, high, CO2
86
Seed plants were better able than nonseed plants to ___ in cooler, drier habitats causing what dominating plants to go extinct
reproduce, lycophytes, and pteridophytes
87
gametophytes produce what type of gametes
haploid
88
gametangia protects gametes from what
form drying out and microbial attack
89
what is the antheridia
round or elongate gametangia producing sperm
90
archaegonia
flask shaped gametangia enclosing and egg
91
zygotes grow into
sporophytes
92
when mature, spores are ___ in protective enclosures known as ___
protected, sporangia
93
plant spore cell walls contain ____ to help prevent ___ damage
sporopollenin, cellular
94
non vascular features- what is the dominant generation?
gametophytes, sporophytes dependent on gametophyte and small and short lived.
95
gymnosperms
naked seeds-not enclosed, trees, wooden shrubs
96
vascular cambium
produces thick layer of wood and thin layer of inner bark
97
what is the wood and thin layer of bark used for in vascular cambium
wood- used for water transport and structural support
inner bark- transporting watery solutions of organic compounds
98
ovule in seeds
sporangium with single spore and a very small egg producing gametophyte inside
99
seed plants produce __ distinct types of ___ in _ different types of sporangia
2, spores, 2
100
microspores in microsporangia and megaspores in megasporangia
microspores- pollen, male
megaspores- female, develops and produces eggs
101
in seeds, the pollen tube carries 2 sperm but only __
fertilizes one egg to become an embryo
102
ecological advantages of seeds-4
able to remain dormant to wait for favorable conditions, larger and more complex, can store food, sperm can reach egg without having to swim
103
phylum coniferophyta
seed cones, common in mountain and high-latitude forests
104
most conifers are __
evergreens
105
cold climate adaptations of conifers
conical shape and flexible branches, thick waxy cuticle, scale-like or needle shaped leaves
106
modern angiosperms defining features
flowers and fruits. "enclosed seeds" seed endosperm.
107
pistil composed of one or more ___
carpel
108
what does the pistil/carpel contain
stigma-recieves pollen, style, and ovary-pollen tube delivers sperm to ovule
109
why are flowers different
color, odor,shapes, and sizes other animals see flowers as different colors
110
diameter of floral tube matches ___
pollinator-coevolution
111
basal plants consist of
non vascular and vascular plants
112
seed plants consist of
gymnosperms and angiosperms
113
angiosperms- monocots and eudicots
monocots- one seed leaf, flower parts in 3. eudicots- 2 seed leaves, flower parts in 4 or 5
114
how are fungi and animals closely related
both heterotrophic, both use absorptive nutrition- secrete enzymes and absorb resulting small organic molecules, both store a surplus of food
115
fungal cells enclosed by __ ___ composed of ___
cell wall, chitin
116
fungi cannot engulf food by ___ due to rigid cell walls
phagotrophy
117
forms of fungi- single celled
yeasts- multicellular fungi have weblike growth
118
why is fungus furry
mycelia with hyphae
119
mutualistic fungi
association that benefit both partners, mycorhizzal fungi, endophytes, lichens
120
myocorhizzal fungi
2 most common types are ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae
association between the hyphae of certain fungi and roots of most seed plants
121
Ectomycorrhizae (EMF)
coat root surface and grow between cells of roots
122
Endomycorrhizae
grow INTO root cell walls and plasma membranes- (AMF)
123
fungal endophytes
live within the tissues of various types of plants. plants often grow better with this
124
lichens
2 separate lineages of organisms, part fungi part algae
125
the 3 major forms of lichens are
crustose, foliose, fruticose
126
in lichens what does the photosynthetic partner and fungal partner provide
photo- organic food molecules and oxygen
fungal- CO2, H2O, and minerals
127
lichen reproduction
sexually with fungal partner producing fruiting bodies and sexual spores
128
Chytridiomycota
simplest fungi, earliest, only fungi to produce flagellate cells for spore gamete dispersal, most decomposers
129
zygomycota
produce asexual spores in sporangia, not monophyletic, some are parasites
130
glomeromycota
(AM) fungi, only asexual reproduction, recently defined as a group
131
ascomycota
unique sporangia called asci, produce sexual spores and ascospores, terrestrial and aquatic habitats
132
ascocarps in ascomyota
asci produced on fruiting bodies - cup shaped
133
basidiomycota
most recently evolved group of fungi, Important decomposers and mycorrhizal partners, fruiting bodies called basidiocarps, asexually
134
characteristics of animals
multicellular, heterotrophs, lack cell walls, sexual repro. unique cell junctions, monophyletic
135
4 main morphological and developmental features of animals
1. Presence or absence of different tissue types
2. Type of body symmetry
3. Presence or absence of a true body cavity
4. Patterns of embryonic development
136
metazoa divided into...parazoa and eumetazoa
parazoa- no specialized tissues or organs
eumetazoa- more than one type of tissue and organs-radiata or bilateria
137
radiata vs bilateria
radiata- radially symmetrical
bilateria- bilaterally symmetrical
138
radial animals have _ and aboral sides
oral
139
radial vs bilateral animals - cell layers
radial- 2 embryonic cell layers
bilateral- 3 germ layers- has a mesoderm as well
140
cleavage in the __ can be spiral (___) or radial (__)
zygote, protostomes, deuterostomes
141
what is a protostome
cleavage determinate, blastopore -mouth, shizo development
142
deuterostome
cleavage is indeterminate, blastopore becomes anus, entero development
143
protostome, parazoa- phylum porifera
sponges, loosely organized and lack tissues, multicellular, no apparent symmetry, reproduce with both, hermaphrodites
144
water drawn through pores (___) into spongocoel and flows out through the ___ in parazoans
osita, osculum
145
Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora
radial symmetry, 2 embryonic germ layers
146
Phylum Cnidaria structure
2 different body forms- medusa and polyp
147
Phylum Ctenophora
comb jellies, 2 tentacles without stinging cells- look like jellyfish, first complete gut mouth and anus, bioluminescent, hermaphroditic
148
Phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms, lack respiratory and circulatory system, 3 germ layers, acoelomate
149
planaria
incomplete digestive system, regeneration, distinct excretory system
150
turbellaria
free-living, planaria
151
monogenea
fish flukes
152
cestoda
tapeworms, parasitic
153
trematoda
flukes, parasitic- more complex life cycle with multiple hosts
154
Phylum Rotifera
named for ciliated corona, digestive tract, unique reproduction
155
Phylum Mollusca
snail, body has 3 parts, open circulatory system, radula- tongue like organ
156
molluscs
separate sexes although some hermaphroditic, external fertilization- some internal, how snails colonize land
157
gastropods
Snails, slugs and nudibranchs
158
Polyplacophorans
chitons
159
bivalves
clams, mussels, oysters
160
cephalopods
octopuses, squids, nautiluses, fast swimming marine predators, closed circulatory system, beaklike jaw
161
Phylum Annelida
rings are distinct segments separated by a septum, double transport system
162
annelids
digestive system complete and unsegmented- sexual repro. involved 2 individuals, asexual reproduction by fission- leeches dont have setae
163
Class Polychaeta
marine worms- rich, many long setae
164
Class Oligochaeta
earthworms- role in conditioning soil through castings
165
Class Hirudinea
leeches, anticoagulant
166
Ecdysozoa
ecdysis or molting, all posses a cuticle for support and protection- metamorphosis
167
Phylum Nematoda
roundworms, nearly all habitats, complete digestive tract
168
parasites
sexual repro. with separate males and females, internal fertilization
169
Phylum Arthropoda
perhaps most successful phylum-body plan, exoskeleton made of chitin and protein
170
anthropoda- 6 characteristics
segmented with appendages for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction. tagmata. extensive cephalization. sophisticated brain. open circulatory system, complex digestive system.
171
tagmata
fused body segments
172
trilobita
Extinct early arthropods, bottom feeders, little specialization of body segments.
173
diplopoda vs chilopoda
di- 2 pairs of legs per segment-herbivorous
chi- 1 pair of legs per segment- carnivorous
174
metamorphosis complete and incomplete
complete- 4 stages with adult larval stages very different
incomplete- 3 stages with young resembling miniature adults
175
Lineages that fed on ___ have become much more ___ that those that fed on gymnosperms
angiosperms, diverse
176
Crustacea
Crabs, lobsters, barnacles and shrimp
marine fresh water and terrestrial
unique 2 pair of antennae
177
Deuterostomia contain which 2
Echinodermata and Chordates
178
Phylum Echinodermata- symmetry, organs, other types of systems, endoskeleton covered in what, autonomy?
modified radial symmetry- no excretory organs, no brain, water vascular system, endoskeleton covered in spines.
intentionally detach body parts that will later regen.
179
Phylum Echinodermata
reproduction
reproduce sexually with separate sexes, external fertilization
180
3 classes of echinoderms
Asteroidea (Sea stars)
Echinoidea (Sea urchins)
Holothuroidea (Sea cucumber)
181
Phylum Chordata 4 innovations- watching them go through life history aka synapomorphies
Notochord – single flexible rod
Dorsal hollow nerve cord- has the brain
Pharyngeal slits
Post-anal tail
182
different grouping of chordates,
Subphylum Urochordata –
Subphylum Cephalochordata –
subphylum vertebrata-
1. whole animal enclosed in tunic- sophisticated organs-
2. lancelets-lack jaws and sense organs
3. vertebrates- has a head and cranium
183
anus first head second
deuterostome- because a lot do not have a head
184
head first anus second
protostome
185
what is a blastopore
the mouth like opening
186
Myxinoidea
hag fish, jawless, finless, blind, no vertebrae, smells well and slimy as a defense mechanism
187
petromyzontoidea-chordata
lampreys, no jaw,
188
gnathostomes and agnathans meaning
jaw opening and jawless
189
chondricthyes-chordata
internal skeletons-no bone, cartilage, sharks skates, rays. chordates?
190
how do sharks stay buoyant and their cool traits
swimming since they are denser than water
smelling!
lateral line- line going down side of the body which detects movement in the water.
2 chambered heart-single circulation
detect electrical fields-my name
191
types of internal fertilization
oviparous- lay eggs
ovoviparous- egg retained in female- no placenta
viviparous- eggs develop in uterus, placenta nourishes young
192
actinopterygii-chordata
ray finned fish, bony fish. includes all except coleocanths and lungfish
193
coelacanths-chordata
thought extinct, but not. powerful bite, notochord filled with oil like fluid
194
dipnoi -chordata
lungfish, will drown if unable to breathe air but different than our lungs. gills and lungs.
195
tetrapods
4 limbs, important evolutionary step- Lobe fin fishes. vertebral column strengthened. gene expression.
196
hox genes
all animals have- can manipulate them. can change fins to limbs. backed by genetics.
197
anura
frogs and toads
198
caudata
salamanders
199
amphibians reproduction
successfully invaded land but go back to water to reproduce
200
amniotes
possess and amniotic egg- keeps embryo in protective layer to keep it from drying out- chicken egg
201
amnion in embryonic egg
protects embryo in amniotic cavity
202
allanotis in embryonic egg
disposal of wastes, yolk gets smaller as this gets bigger because yolk is the food
203
chorion in embryonic egg
with allanotis for gas exchange
204
testudines in reptiles
turtles, hard protective shell, lack teeth, ribs fused to shell
205
lepidosauria in reptiles
lizards and snakes, kinetic skull, lizards have moveable eyelids and external ears=snakes dont
206
crocodilia in reptiles
crocodiles and alligators, 4 chambered heart, teeth in sockets, parental care
207
last group of reptiles aves
birds, although no hands all the bones in the wing are in other reptiles. air sacs, reduction of organs,
208
aves and crocodilia share what
4 chambered hearts
209
mammals
evolved from amniote ancestors- when dinosaurs go away huge mammal boom
210
superpowers of mammals
name comes from milk glands- increases chance of surviving offspring, skull, more or less hair, special teeth
211
prototheria
monotremata- platypus and echnida, lay eggs lack placenta
212
Metatheria – marsupials
opossum, once widespread now more confined to austrailia, very undeveloped
213
eutheria
placental animals- prolonged gestation - how long in moms belly, years of parental care
214
prosimians
bush babies, lemurs,pottos, tarsiers- nocturnal smaller brained
215
anthropoids
monkeys-tails, can swing from branch to branch
216
hominoids
gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees and humans. no tails cannot swing from branch to branch
217
primates
thumb, no claws, developed traits to adapt to trees
218
the top of mt everest is
limestone- was at the bottom of the ocean
