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bio second sem > ecology > Flashcards

ecology Flashcards

1
Q

more edge means

A

less equal habitat

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2
Q

every person has DDT (insectiside) in what cells

A

fat

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3
Q

33% of all amphibian species are threatened with

A

extinction after the industrial revolution

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4
Q

what are endemic species

A

species found only in a particular region

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5
Q

4 causes for biodiversity loss

A

habitat destruction, disease, introduced species, and direct exploitation

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6
Q

coral bleaching and loss of reefs why?

A

bleaching- acidification and warming reefs- disease

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7
Q

what is one of the conservation efforts

A

keystone species- prarie dogs

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8
Q

what is the meaning of oikos and ology

A

oikos- home
ology-knowledge

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9
Q

what are the biomes

A

terrestrial-subtropical desserts, temperate grasslands, temperate forest, taiga, and tundra

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10
Q

light penetrates farther

A

in freshwater rather than seawater

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11
Q

why should we care that a nuclear reactor melts

A

contaminated every fish we get from the coast

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12
Q

what does atrazine do

A

kills weeds but its in our water!!

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13
Q

resilience

A

how or if ecosystem bounces back- low resilience it will never come back

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14
Q

resistance

A

how much its affected by disturbance

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15
Q

keystone species

A

hold habitats together, not many but if taken out- ecosystem crashes.

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16
Q

what defines a biome

A

habitat area is defined by their vegetation

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17
Q

what does temperate mean

A

varie- cool dry winters, hot summers

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18
Q

neritic zone

A

intertidal zone-neritic- oceanic
one of the ocean zones

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19
Q

temperate grassland and temperate forests are essentially the same but what is the difference

A

temperate grass land has more rain

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20
Q

details of cascade mountains

A

west- moisture lade, rain falls-air rises over mountains and cools, east- dry air creates desert conditions

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21
Q

littoral zone

A

leaf zone- near trees
emerged plants “little plants”

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22
Q

limnetic zone

A

lake zones horizontal-open water, after littoral

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23
Q

photic zone

A

light zone- vertical

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24
Q

aphotic zone

A

no light- under photic still vertical

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25
benthic zone
bottom
26
when looking at aquatic world were not looking at vegetation
were looking at physical factors-influenced by surrounding biome
27
intertidal zone
between the tides- neritic zone, scuba diver
28
estuary
where freshwater meets saltwater
29
fresh water- such as lakes
(lentic) still water
30
streams and rivers
lotic- flowing water
31
lake zones
littoral, close to shore-small fish limnetic- away from shore -bigger fish and phytoplankton
32
proximate behavior
"how" explanation -signal triggers response. askking a girl out at the bar- how? he thinks shes cute
33
ultimate behavior
"why" explanation of behavior or increase fitness (passing on ones genes) why? to start a family
34
fixed action patterns
"computer program" innate behavior- behavioral reflex- born with it
35
behavior is more like
innate and learned
36
optimality
theoretically an animal will evolve to behave in the most optimal way- highest benefits for least cost
37
optimality in crabs
crabs eat muscles- larger muscles use more energy to open and small ones dont provide enough energy so choose one in the middle- optimal
38
sexual selection
form of evolution that promotes traits to increase an organisms mating success
39
intrasexual
members of one sex COMPETE over partners with the winner performing most of the matings
40
intersexual
member of one sex CHOOSES mate based on particular characteristics
41
polygyny
one male mates with many females
42
polyandry
one female mates with many males
43
what can be expressed as Br > C, where B is the fitness benefit to the beneficiary, r is the coefficient of relatedness, and C is the fitness cost to the actor.
hamiltons rule
44
hamiltons rule states that altruisitc behavior is more likely when
1. The fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient. 2. The altruist and recipient are close relatives. 3. The fitness costs to the altruist are low
45
inclusive fitness
-genetic success is from altruistic behavior
46
kin selection
natural selection that acts through benefits,sel- sacrifical behavior, to relatives and results in increased indirect fitness.
47
reciprocal altruism (nonkin)
an exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time. tit for tat
48
fecundity
number of offspring per individual
49
high fecundity ..
low survivorship
50
r selected species
high rate of population growth but poor competitive ability(weeds)
51
k selected species
low reproductive rate but better competitors (trees), (human)
52
type 1 survivorship curve
rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals lost later in life-high survivorship
53
type 2 survivorship
fairly uniform death rate
54
type 3 survivorship
rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors
55
human growth fits what type of pattern
exponential
56
the US has less people than china but what do we produce more of
ecological footprint per person
57
less developed countries have a higher what
population
58
as r increases
population grows more rapidly
59
difference between predation and commensalism
predation- + effect on one but - effect on the other. Commensalism- + effect on one and no effect on the other.
60
what is amensalism
negative effect on one with no effect on the other
61
intraspecific
same species
62
interspecific
between species
63
fundamental niche
what a population is capable of using- food water habitat
64
realized niche
what a population actually uses
65
examples of antipredator strategies
chemical defense(newt) cryptic coloration mimicry fighting and defense
66
types of mimicry
mullerian mimicry- toxic species similar- venomous pattern(bees) Batesian mimicry – Palatable mimic cheats- warning signal
67
invasive species have no natural
predators
68
alpha diversity
Diversity at a particular site
69
beta diversity
Diversity between sites
70
gamma diversity
combines both beta and alpha
71
what would happen if the earths axis was not tilted
no seasons
72
with increasing biodiversity there is increased ecosystem
resilience and resistance
73
what is considered a non marine zone
littoral
74
example of lotic
missouri river
75
whales are examples of
nekton- heterotrophic, swim
76
example of intersexual selection
male peacocks have large tails with several colors- choosing
77
optimal foraging theory
individuals balance costs and benefits when selecting a nest site
78
food chain
linear depiction of energy flow
79
each feeding level in a chain is called what
trophic level
80
trophic level transfer efficiency
energy from the above trophic level is incoorperated into biomass
81
low trophic level transfer efficiency for 2 reasons
many organisms cannot digest all prey much assimilated energy lost as heat
82
biomagnification
concentration of toxins in an ogranism from digesting other plants or animals
83
competitors
negative effect on both
84
predator
positive effect on 1- negative on the other
85
mutualism
both have a positive effect
86
amensalism
negative effect on one and no effect on the other
87
parasitism
negative effect on one and positive effect on the other
88
resource partitioning
the division of resources to avoid interspecific competition for limited resources in an ecosystem.
89

bio second sem (4 decks)

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