Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Mastoid process
A
Temporal Bone
large and bumpy
2
Q
styloid process
A
temporal bone
thin and smooth
3
Q
mandibular fossa
A
temporal bone
articulates with mandible
4
Q
Occipital condyles
A
occipital bone
where spine connects and head rests
5
Q
foramen magnum
A
Occipital bone
where spine goes up into head
6
Q
perpendicular plate
A
ethmoid
part of nasal septum
7
Q
cribriform plate
A
ethmoid
has perforations for olfactory nerves
8
Q
crista galli
A
ethmoid
9
Q
coronal suture
A
joins frontal and parietal
10
Q
sagittal suture
A
joins left and right parietals
11
Q
lambdoidal suture
A
joins occipital and parietals
12
Q
squamous suture
A
joins temporal and parietal
13
Q
coronoid process
A
mandible
anterior muscle pull up
14
Q
mandibular condyle
A
mandible
articulates temporal bone
15
Q
alveolar process
A
maxilla
house upper teeth
16
Q
palatine process
A
maxilla
anterior portion of hard palate
17
Q
Hyoid bone
A
only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone
acts as anchor: important for tasting etc.
18
Q
Fontanelles
A
soft spot on fetus’s head that allows for brain to grow
19
Q
vertebrae body
A
supports weight
20
Q
vertebral arch
A
provides space and protects spinal cord
21
Q
transverse processes
A
lateral projection
22
Q
spinous process
A
posterior projection
23
Q
superior articular processes
A
articulate with superior vertebra
24
Q
Inferior articular processes
A
articulate with inferior vertebra
25
Intervertebral disc
between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
26
Intervertebral forarmen
between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae; space through which spinal nerves emerge
27
cervical vertebrae
small bodies
transverse foramina
bifid spinous process
atlas
axis
28
transverse foramina
passage within transverse processes
29
bifid spinous process
where two arms of vertebrae meet
30
Atlas (C1) vertebra
no body
no spinous process
articulates with skull
31
Axis (C2) vertebra
Dens: vertical projections that articulate with atlas as a pivot joint
32
Thoracic vertebrae
medium sized/heart-shaped body
long inferior/posterior-projecting sinuous processes: diagonal
costal facets on body and transverse processes for rib articulation
33
Lumbar vertebrae
large bodies
large posterior-projecting spinous processes: straight down
34
sacrum
five vertebrae fused int single bone
articulates with ilium bones of pelvis
35
Coccyx
tailbone
generally four vertebra
variable
36
Manubrium
sternum
most superior of three bones
articulates with clavicles, body of sternum below, and ribs
37
Body: middle of three bones
sternum
articulates with manubrium above, Xiphoid process below, and ribs
38
Xiphoid process
inferior of three bones
articulates with body of sternum above and with ribs
39
what plane are ribs in?
sagittal plane: slope down
40
Ribs 2-10 inclue
head, neck , tubercle, angle, shaft
41
head of ribs
articles with body of thoracic vertebrae
42
neck of ribs
constriction distal to head
43
tubercle of rib
posterior bump that articulates with transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
44
Angle of rib
curve most posterior point of rib cage
45
shaft of rib
body
46
Costovertebral
between head of ribs and bodies of two thoracic vertebra- like body of spinal vertebrae
47
Costotransverse
between tubercle of rib and transverse process of thoracic vertebra- angle of the rib
48
Sternocostal
between costal cartilages of each rib and sternum
49
True ribs (1-7)
cartilage attaches directly to sternum
50
False ribs (8-10)
Cartilages attach indirectly to sternum via other cartilages
51
floating ribs (11-12)
cartialges do not attach to sternum at all
52
synarthrosis
immobile e.g. suture, gomphosis (tooth joint)
53
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly mobile e.g. syndesmosis (between bones), symphysis (between two pelvic halves)
54
Diarthrosis
Fully mobile e.g. hinge
55
Fibrous
bones connected by collagenous connective tissue e.g. suture (both in no mobility and some mobility)
56
Cartilaginous
bones connected by cartilage only e.g. symphysis
57
Synovial
bones connected by proper synovial joint e.g. hinge
58
synovial fluid
internal joint is filled with
59
synovial membrane
lining of joint capsule
60
Hyaline cartilage
lines end of bones at articulating surfaces
61
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle + scapula
Trades stability for mobility
62
Clavicle
Medial end articles with manubrium of sternum
later end articulates with acromion process of scapula
63
Acromion process
Scapula
articulates with lateral end of clavicle, most superior point of scapula
64
Coracoid process
scapula
anterior projection for muscle attachment
65
spine
scapula
posterior ridge terminating in acromion
66
Supraspinous fossa
scapula
posterior area superior to scapular spine
67
infraspinous fossa
scapula
posterior area inferior to scapular spine
68
Glenoid fossa
scapula
articulates with head of humerus
69
Head
Humerus (proximal)
articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula
70
Anatomical neck
humerus (proximal)
between head and tubercles (bumps)
71
surgical neck
humerus (proximal)
constriction distal to head of tubercles
72
capitulum
humerus (distal)
articulates with radius
73
Trochlea
Humerus (distal)
articulates with ulna
74
Olecranon fossa
humerus (distal)
receives olecranon process of ulna
75
Trochlear notch
Ulna
articulates with trochlea of humerus
76
Olecranon process
Ulna
Superior/posterior
77
coronoid process
ulna
anterior
78
styloid process
ulna
distal
79
Head (radius)
articulates with capitulum of humerus; proximal
80
styloid process (Radius)
distal
81
Carpal bones
Scaphoid
lunate
Triquetrum
pisiform
82
Distal row of metacarples
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
83
How many metacarpals in the hand?
5
84
How many phalanges is the hand?
14
85
Glenohumeral joint(classification, articulation, motion)
Classification: ball and socket
articulation: glenoid fossa of scapula articulates to head of humerus
motions: flexion/extension of humerus, abduction/adduction of humerus, medial/lateral rotation of humerus
86
Elbow Joint (classification, articulation, motion)
classification: hinge
articulations: trochlea of humorous articulates with trochlear notch of ulna, capitulum of humerus articulates to head of radius
Motion: flexion/extension of forearm
87
Radioulnar joints (motion)
Motion: pronation/supination of forearm
88
Os Coxa (hip bone)
Fusion of three bones: ilium (superior), Pubis (anterior/inferior), ischium (posterior/inferior)
89
Pelvic girdle
left and right coxae + sacrum + connective tissue
function: trade mobility for stability
90
ilium
iliac crest
Greater sciatic notch
91
Ischium
Ischial tuberosity
ischial spine
lesser sciatic notch
92
Pubis
pubic symphysis
obturator foramen
93
acetabulum
region where three bones are fused in pelvic girdle
94
Sacroiliac joint
between sacrum and ilium, amphiarthrosis
95
Femur (proximal)
Head: articulates with acetabulum of coxa
Neck: between head and trochanters/shaft
Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, gluteal tuberosity
96
Femur (distal)
Lateral/medial condyles: masses at distal end of bone: includes articular surfaces for tibia
Lateral/medial epicondyles: protuberances from sides of condyles
97
Tibia (proximal)
Articulates with femur at knee, medial to fibula
Lateral and medial condyles: masses at proximal end of bone; include articular surfaces for femur
Tibial tuberosity: attachment point for patellar ligament
98
Fibula (proximal)
Lateral to tibia, does not articulates with femur
Head: articulates with lateral condyle of tibia
99
Tibia/fibula (distal)
Medial malleolus: protuberance from medial side of tibia
Lateral Malleolus: protuberance from lateral side of fibula
100
Tarsal bones
Talus (articulates with tibia and fibula), Calcaneus (heal), navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
101
How many metatarsals?
5
102
how many phalanges in foot?
14
103
Hip joint
Classification: ball and socket
Articulations: head of femur with acetabulum of coxa
Motion: flexion-extension of femur, abduction-adduction of femur, medial-lateral rotation of femur
104
Knee joint (classification, articulation, connective tissue)
classification: hinge
articulation: femoral condyles and tibial condyles
motion: flexion-extension of lower leg
Connective tissue:
Lateral and medial menisci: cartilaginous discs attached to articular surfaces of tibial condyles
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments: restrict anterior/posterior displacement of Tibia relative to femur (respectively)
105
Patella
anterior to distal femur
articulates with femur
structurally part of the knee joint
functionally assists quadriceps muscle in extending the knee
106
Organization of skeletal muscles
Muscle -> fascicle (bundle of muscle cells) -> fiber (single muscle cell) -> myofibril -> myofilament
107
Epimysium
surrounds muscles
108
Perimysium
surrounds fascicles
109
endomysium
surrounds fibers
110
Sarcolemma
plasma membrane of muscle cells
111
sarcoplasma
cytoplasm of muscle cells
112
Myo satellite cells
stem cell remnant; repairs and regenerates fibers
113
Tendon
narrow muscle attachment structure
114
aponeurosis
broad muscle attachment structure
115
origin
fixed attachment point of muscle
116
Insertion
mobile attachment point of a muscle
117
A muscle's origin is generally ______ relative to its insertion
proximal
118
Action
movement assisted by an individual muscle
119
innervation
name of nerve supplying individual muscle
120
Sarcomere
series of repeating structure within myofibrils
composed of thick/thin myofilaments
smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle
121
Myofilaments
actin: thin
Myosin: thick
122
sliding filament model 1
contraction begins: Ca released from sarcoplasmic reticulum by action potentials
123
Sliding filament model 2
Active site exposure: Ca reveals sites on actin for myosin to bind
124
Sliding filament model 3
cross bridge formation: Myosin heads of thick filaments bind to active sites on thin filaments
125
Sliding filament model 4
Myosin head pivoting: caused by ADP release from myosin heads of thick filament; results in movement of attached thin filaments
126
sliding filament model 5
cross-bridge detachment: ATP binds to myosin heads, breaking cross-bridge
127
sliding filament model 6
Myosin reactivation: position of myosin heads reset via ATP breakdown
128
Optimal sarcomere length
Maximum tension occurs around resting muscle length, where zone of overlap between thin and thick filaments are high
129
Neuromuscular junction (NHJ)
axon terminal of motor neuron meets muscle fiber
130
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Neurotransmitter released from axon terminal into synaptic cleft
-binding of ACh triggers muscle action potential on sarcolemma
131
Transverse tubule
network of indentations in sarcolemma; transmit action potentials to myofibrils
132
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
membrane space surrounding myofibrils; stores and releases Ca to myofibrils for muscle contraction
133
Neural control of muscle fiber contraction
1. Action potential travels to NMJ
2. NMJ releases ACh into synaptic cleft
3. ACh binds to sarcolemma, initiating action potential on cell membrane
4. action potential spreads through T-tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. Ca released from sarcoplasmic reticulum to myofibrils
134
Motor unit
single neuron+ all fibers it innervates
all or nothing
135
to achieve more force with muscle tension
increase number of motor units
increase firing of neurons
136
Tone
degree of muscle tension
137
Hypertrophy
muscles respond to stimulation by increasing size, tension, and tone
138
Atrophy
muscle respond to lack of stimulation by decreasing size, tension and tone
139
Fast fibers
anaerobic metabolism, power production, peak activity
140
slow fibers
aerobic metabolism, endurance, prolonged activity
141
Distribution of fiber types
muscles contain mix of fibers
142
parallel fiber arrangements
fascicles aligned with longitudinal axis of muscle
favors speed and range of motion over force
143
Pennate fiber arrangement
Fascicles angled relative to longitudinal axis of muscle
favors force over speed or range of motion
144
convergent
fascicles cover broad area
overs versatile angles of pull at expense of power
145
Circular
fibers arranged in concentric rings around an opening
contraction decreases area of opening
146
Frontalis muscle
raises eyebrows
147
Orbicularis Oculi muscle
Tightly closed eye
148
Orbicularis oris muscle
compresses and purses lips
149
Buccinator muscle
compresses cheeks
150
extrinsic eye muscles origin and insertion
orbit to eye except for levator palpebrae superioris insters on eyelid
151
Superior rectus (muscle)
eye looks up
152
Inferior rectus (muscle)
eye looks down
153
medial rectus (muscle)
eye looks medially
154
lateral rectus (muscle)
eye looks laterally
155
Superior oblique (muscle)
eye looks down and laterally
156
Inferior oblique (muscle)
eye looks up and laterally
157
Levator palpebrae superioris (muscle)
elevates upper eyelid
158
Mastication
chewing
159
masseter muscle (Origin, insertion, action)
Origin: zygomatic arch
Insertion: lateral surface of mandible
Action: elevates mandible and closes jaw
160
Temporalis muscle (origin, insertion, action)
origin: temporal bone
insertion: coronoid process of mandible
action: elevates mandible and closes jaw
161
Medial pterygoid muscle (origin, insertion, action)
origin: sphenoid (outer surface of pterygoid process)
Insertion: medial surface of mandible
action: elevates mandible and closes jaw; moves mandible side to side
162
Lateral pterygoid muscle (origin, insertion, action)
origin: sphenoid (outer surface of pterygoid process)
insertion: mandibular neck and condyle
action: protrudes mandible and opens jaw; moves mandible side to side
163
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (origin, insertion, action)
origin: manubrium (sterno), clavicle (cleido)
insertion: mastoid process
action: flexes neck anteriorly (bilateral contraction); flexes neck laterally and rotates to opposite/contralateral side (unilateral)
163
Genioglossus muscle (origin, insertion, action)
origin: medial, internal surface of mandible
insertion: toungue, hyoid bone
action: depresses and protracts toungue
163
infrahyoid muscles
most depress larynx and/or hyoid bone
164
suprahyoid muscle
elevates larynx and hyoid bone or depresses mandible
165
Scalene muscles (origin, intertion, action
Origin – transverse processes of cervical veretebrae
Insertion – ribs 1 and 2
Action – elevates ribs, flex neck anteriorly (bilateral contraction); flex neck laterally and rotate to opposite/contralateral side (unilateral)
166
erector spinae muscles
iliocostalis muscle, longissimus muscle, sphinalis muscle
167
Iliocostalis muscle
most lateral
168
Longissimus muscle
middle of group
169
Spinalis muscle
most medial
170
erector spinae muscles actions
extend vertebral column (bilateral contraction); flex vertebral column laterally (unilateral)
171
extranal intercostals
elevate ribs
172
internal intercostals
depress rib
173
oblique muscles of abdomine
external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis
174
External abdominal oblique
flexes and rotates trunk; most superficial
175
Internal abdominal oblique
flexes and rotates trunk; on middle layer of depth
176
Rectus abdominis
flexes trunk; also on middle layer
177
Transversus abdominis
compresses abdominal cavity; deepest
178
Diaphragm
skeletal muscle, contracion increases volume of thoracic cavity
179
Levator ani
tenses pelvic floor, supports pelvic organs
180
Coccygeus
elevates and supports pelvic floor
181
External anal sphincter
closes anal opening
182
Muscle actions
during muscle contraction, the insertion moves towards the origin
if muscle crosses a joint, it must act upon that joint
183
Trapezius (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – occipital bone; spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Insertion – clavicle; scapula
Action – elevates, retracts, and depresses scapula; extends neck
184
Levator Scapulae (Origin, Insertion, action)
Origin – transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
Insertion – scapula
Action – elevates scapula
185
Rhomboid major and minor
Origin – spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
Insertion – medial edge of scapula
Action – retraction of scapula
186
Serratus anterior (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – anterior aspect of ribs
Insertion – anterior aspect of scapula
Action – protract scapula (i.e. hold it against thoracic wall)
187
Deltoid (Origin, Insertion, action)
Origin – clavicle; spine of scapula
Insertion – humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
Action – abduct arm (middle head), flex and medially rotate arm (anterior head), extend and laterally rotate arm (posterior head)
188
Pectoralis major (origin,insertion, action)
Origin – clavicle; sternum
Insertion – humerus
Action – flex, adduct, medially rotate arm
189
Latissimus dorsi (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – spinous processes of vertebrae
Insertion – humerus
Action – extend, adduct, medially rotate arm
190
Teres major (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – scapula
Insertion – humerus
Action – extend, adduct, medially rotate arm
191
Supraspinatus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – scapula (supraspinous fossa)
Insertion – greater tubercle of humerus
Action – abduct arm
192
Infraspinatus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – scapula (infraspinous fossa)
Insertion – greater tubercle of humerus
Action – laterally rotate arm
193
Teres minor (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – scapula
Insertion – humerus
Action – laterally rotate arm
194
Subscapularis (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – scapula (subscapular fossa)
Insertion – lesser tubercle of humerus
Action – medially rotate arm
195
Biceps Brachii (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – scapula: coracoid process (short head) , supraglenoid tubercle (long head)
Insertion – radius
Action – flex arm; flex and supinate forearm
196
Coracobrachialis (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – coracoid process of scapula
Insertion – humerus
Action – flex, adduct arm
197
Brachialis (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – humerus
Insertion – ulna
Action – flex forearm
198
Triceps brachii (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – scapula (long head) , humerus (medial and lateral heads)
Insertion – olecranon process of ulna
Action – extend forearm
199
anterior compartment of forearm
Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
200
Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion – multiple: lateral side of wrist, medial side of wrist, digits
Action – flex wrist; flex digits; pronate forearm
201
posterior compartment of forearm
Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum
202
Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum
(origin, insertion, action)
Origin – lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion – multiple
Action – extend wrist; extend digits; supinate forearm
203
Thenar muscle (insertion, action)
Insertion – phalanges of the 1st digit (pollux)
Action – act on thumb: flexion/extension, ab/adduction
204
Hypothenar muscles (insertion, action)
Insertion – phalanges of the 5th digit (pinkie)
Action – act on 5th digit: flexion/extension, ab/adduction
205
Palmar interossei (left) (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – metacarpals
Insertion – proximal phalanges
Action – adduct digits 2-4
206
Dorsal interossei (right) (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – metacarpals
Insertion – proximal phalanges
Action – abduct digits 2-4
207
Gluteus maximus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – iliac crest; sacrum
Insertion – gluteal tuberosity of femur; IT band
Action – extend and laterally rotate thigh
208
Gluteus medius and minimus (origin, insertion, action
Origin – ilium
Insertion – greater trochanter of femur
Action – abduct and medially rotate thigh
209
gluteal lateral rotators
Piriformis, superior and inferior gemellus, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris
210
Piriformis, superior and inferior gemellus, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – sacrum or ischium
Insertion – greater trochanter of femur
Action – laterally rotate thigh
211
Tensor fascia lata (origin, insertion, action)
origin – ilium
Insertion – IT band
Action – tenses IT band & fascia lata; minimal knee flexion
212
quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
213
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – femur; rectus femoris from ilium
Insertion – tibia via patellar ligament
Action – extend leg; rectus femoris can also flex thigh
214
sartorius (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – ilium (anterior superior iliac spine)
Insertion – tibia (medial aspect)
Action – flex and abduct thigh; flex leg
214
Medial compartments of the thigh
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus
215
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – pubis
Insertion – femur (posterior aspect)
Action – adduct thigh
216
Pectineus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – pubis
Insertion – femur (posterior aspect)
Action – adduct and flex thigh
217
Gracilis (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – pubis
Insertion – medial aspect of tibia
Action – adduct thigh; flex leg
218
Biceps femoris (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – ischial tuberosity (and femur)
Insertion – lateral tibial condyle
Action – extend thigh; flex leg
219
hamstrings
Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus and semitendinosus
220
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus (origin, insertion, and action)
Origin – ischial tuberosity
Insertion – medial tibial condyle
Action – extend thigh; flex leg
221
Tibialis anterior (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – tibia
Insertion – medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Action – dorsiflex and invert foot
222
Extensor digitorum longus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – tibia and fibula
Insertion – digits 2-5
Action – extend digits
223
Extensor hallucis (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – fibula
Insertion – distal phalanx of hallux (big toe)
Action – extend digit 1
224
Fibularis longus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – fibula
Insertion – medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal (approaches from lateral aspect of foot)
Action – plantarflex and evert foot
225
Fibularis brevis (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – fibula
Insertion – 5th metatarsal (lateral aspect of foot)
Action – plantarflex and evert foot
226
Gastrocnemius (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – femur (lateral and medial epicondyles)
Insertion – calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action – plantarflex foot
227
Soleus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – tibia, fibula
Insertion – calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action – plantarflex foot
228
Tibialis posterior (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – tibia and fibula
Insertion – tarsals and metatarsals
Action – plantarflex and invert foot
229
Flexor digitorum longus (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – tibia
Insertion – digits 2-5
Action – plantarflex foot; flex digits 2-5
230
Flexor hallucis (origin, insertion, action)
Origin – fibula
Insertion – distal phalanx of hallux (big toe)
Action – flex digit 1
231
frontal bone on orbit
top of orbit
232
zygomatic on orbit
lateral wall
233
maxilla on orbit
bottom of orbit
234
lacrimal on orbit
medial (tears)
235
