Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > Anatomy test 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input (feel), motor output (move), integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Central nervous system include?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the central nervous system?

A

integration, processing, coordination of both, higher functions (intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

neural tissue outside brain and spinal cord (cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

links all regions to the body to CNS, delivers sensory into to CNS, carries motor commands to peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two categories of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory (afferent) bring info into CNS, and motor (efferent) sends info out of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Afferent

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sensory (afferent)

A

Brings info IN CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

efferent

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

motor (efferent)

A

sends info out of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of Neuroglia?

A

supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are examples of Neuroglia?

A

Ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

make CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do Microglia do?

A

Goble up waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

structure and nutritional support for neurons. Also form blood brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

produce myelin for the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do Dendrites do in a neuron?

A

Receive impulses from other cells (many per cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does an axon in a neuron do?

A

sends impulses away from neuron to axon terminal (one per cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is present in the cell body and surrounds the nuclei of a neuron?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Nissi substance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens at a chemical synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminal into synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on second neuron (muscle/gland)(exocytosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens at an electrical synapse?

A

Ions pass from one cell to another through gap junctions (communicating junctions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is myelin?

A

membranous sheath that covers an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Myelin do?

A

increases speed of action potential, causes propagation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is gray matter?

A

unmyelinated regions of CNS, Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, some neuroglia, in brain called cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated region of CNS, axons and glia, bundles of axons called tracts in CNS, can be long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how is white and gray matter split in the brain?

A

Grey out white in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is white and grey matter split in the spinal cord?

A

Grey in white out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

sensory and motor intervention of body, two way conduction of signals between body and brain, major center for reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens in the cerebrum?

A

sensory, motor, and association areas
Higher cognitive functions occur here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus
Sensory info relay, visceral control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the parts/ what happens in the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
relay center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what happens in the cerebellum?

A

adjusts motor activities based on sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A

left and right hemispheres
into lobes named after overlying bone (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the texture of the cerebrum?

A

has gyri(bumps) and sulci (grooves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where is the longitudinal fissure?

A

separates the left and right hemisphere of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is the central slcus?

A

separates frontal and parietal lobe of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is the lateral sulcus?

A

separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

it is in the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe (sensory -> somatic: touch) of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Is in the temporal lobe (sensory) of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

is in the occipital lobe (sensory) of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

IN left frontal lobe of cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does Broca’s area control?

A

motor movements of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where is Wernicke’s area?

A

in the left parietal and temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does Wernicke’s area control?

A

recognizing and comprehending language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What does white matter appear as in the brain?

A

fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What do association fibers do in the brain?

A

travel within the hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do commissural fibers do in the brain?

A

travel between hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do projection fibers do in the brain?

A

travel from spinal cord to brain and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the most important white matter structure in the cerebrum?

A

corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does Corpus callosum do?

A

it’s a bundle of myelinated axons connecting right and left hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

inferior to cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the cerebellum’s texture?

A

has folia: leaf like folds that increase surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the white matter of cerebellum called?

A

arbor vitae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

maintain balance and posture by automatically adjusting motor actives based on sensory information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

involved sensory information relay and processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

is the main visceral (organ) control center (emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production, body temp, hunger/thirst, formation of memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does the midbrain do in the brain stem?

A

helps to process visual and auditory information
maintains consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does pons do in the brain stem?

A

connects brainstem to cerebellum
relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
subconscious somatic and visceral motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What does medulla oblongata do in the brain stem?

A

connects brain to spinal cord
Relays sensory information to thalamus
autonomic center regulate visceral function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are meninges?

A

connective tissue membranes that surroun the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

cushions the brain and provides immunologic protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what does the blood-brain barrier do?

A

formed by astrocytes protects brain from blood-borne toxins and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is Dura mater?

A

double layer of dense connective tissue, dural venous sinuses inside
periosteal and meningeal layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Where is the subdural space?

A

deep to dura mater, potential space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A

deep to dura
spidery mother bc holds blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

deep to arachnoid, filled withg CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is pia mater?

A

soft, delicate, adheres directly to surface of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does the falx ceribri do?

A

separate right and left hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What does falx cerebelli do?

A

separate cerebrum from cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What do superior sagittal, inferior sagittal sinus, transverse and sigmoid sinus do?

A

Drain venous blood from brain back to systemic junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Where are the dural venous sinuses?

A

in between meningeal and periosteal layer of dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid fill?

A

subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Where is the lateral ventricle?

A

composed of first and second ventricle, within cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

within diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A

between pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Where does the flow of CSF start (step 1)?

A

CSF is produced by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Where does CSF go after it’s produced (step 2)?

A

slows to subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Where does CSF go after the subarachnoid space (step 3)?

A

Absorbed into dural sinus via arachnoid granulations (projections of arachnoid mater into dural sinus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what neuroglia provides structural and nutritional support in the PNS?

A

satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What neuroglia provides myelination in PNS?

A

schwann cells/neurolemmacyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

begins at foramen magnus, ends at l1/l2 conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What does the filum Terminale do?

A

extends from conus medullaris to coccyx; anchors spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is cauda equina?

A

collection of spinal nerves traveling inferiorly to exit at associated intervertebral foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is the most superficial meninges of the spinal cord?

A

epidural space (filled with fat and veins) (not present in cranial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

How many spinal cord segments are there?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What does the posterior/dorsal horn do in the spinal cord?

A

receives sensory neuronal input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What does the anterior/ventral horn do in the spinal cord?

A

houses somatic motor cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What does the lateral horn do in T1-L2 and S2-4 of the spinal cord?

A

house visceral motor cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What do roots do in the spinal cord?

A

emerge from dorsal and ventral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Where are sensory cell bodies found?

A

in dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What is found in posterior/dorsal roots?

A

sensory (afferent) axons and cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is found in Anterior/ventral roots?

A

motor (efferent) axons, motor signals travel from cell body through axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What is a mixed spinal nerve?

A

where dorsal (afferent) and ventral (efferent) axons come together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What do dorsal and ventral rami have?

A

split of mixed spinal nerve so both have both efferent and afferent axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What do dorsal rami do?

A

innervate muscles and skin surrounding vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Where do spinal nerves travel through?

A

intervertebral foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

what do ventral rami form?

A

plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What vertebrae make up the cervical plexus and what does it innervate?

A

C1-C4: innervates the muscles of the neck and diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What vertebrae and nerve innovate the diaphram?

A

C3,C4,C5 (keep the diaphragm alive): phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What vertebrae make up brachial plexus and what does it innervate?

A

C5-T1: gives rise to most nerves of upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What are the main components of brachial plexus?

A

ventral rami (roots)
trunks
division
cords
branches
(real truckers drink cold beer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

what are the terminal branches of brachial plexus?

A

Axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What vertebra make up the axillary nerve and what does it innervate?

A

C5-C6: innervates deltoid muscles

106
Q

What vertebra make up the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it innervate?

A

C5-C7: innervates anterior compartment of arm

107
Q

What vertebra makes up the radial nerve and what does it innervate?

A

C5-C8: innervates posterior compartment of arm and forearm

108
Q

What vertebra makes up median nerve and what does it innervate?

A

C5-8: innervates radial side of anterior forearm.

109
Q

What vertebra makes up ulnar nerve and what does it innervate?

A

C8-T1: innervates ulnar side of anterior forearm

110
Q

What are the sensory and motor innervation for the axillary nerve?

A

Sensory: shoulder joint and skin on part of deltoid
Motor: teres minor and deltoid

111
Q

What are the sensory and motor innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Sensory: lateral forearm (thumb side)
Motor: anterior compartment of arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis)

112
Q

What are the sensory and motor innervation of the radial nerve?

A

sensory: posterior arm and hand
motor: posterior arm and forearm (extensors)

113
Q

What are the sensory and motor innervation of the median nerve?

A

sensory: lateral side of palm (digits 1-3)
Motor: Anterior compartment of forearm, thumb

114
Q

What are the sensory and motor innervation of the ulnar nerve?

A

Sensory: medial hand
Motor: flexors and intrinsic hand muscles on ulnar side of anterior forearm

115
Q

What vertebrae innervate the lumbar plexus and the two main nerves?

A

L1-L4: femoral, obturator

116
Q

What are the sensory and motor innervations for the femoral nerve (L2-4)?

A

Sensory: medial thigh/leg/foot
motor: anterior thigh, thigh flexors, leg extensors

117
Q

What are the sensory and motor innervations for the obturator nerve (L2-4)?

A

Sensory: medial thigh
motor: muscles of medial thigh (adductors)

118
Q

What vertebrae innervate the sacral plexus and what are the three main nerves?

A

L5-S4: Gluteal nerves, sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve

119
Q

What vertebrae innervate the inferior gluteal nerve and what does it motor innervate?

A

L5-S2: gluteus maximus

120
Q

What vertebrae innervate the superior gluteal nerve and what does it motor innervate?

A

L4-S1: gluteus Medius and minimums, tensor fascia lata (abductors)

121
Q

What vertebrae innervate the sciatic nerve and what three nerves come off of it?

A

L4-S3: Tibial, common fibular, pudendal nerve

122
Q

What are the sensory and motor interventions of the tibial nerve?

A

sensory: posterior lateral leg, sole of foot
motor: muscles of posterior thigh and posterior leg

123
Q

What are the sensory and motor interventions of the common fibular nerve?

A

sensory: anterior lateral leg, dorsum of foot
Motor: anterior leg, lateral leg

124
Q

What are the sensory and motor interventions of the pudendal nerve?

A

Sensory: external Gentelia
Motor:: muscles of perineum (Levato ani, coccygeus), external anal sphincter

125
Q

What are the three sensory cranial nerves?

A

CN1: olfactory
CN2: optic
CN3: vestibulocochlear

126
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve originate, travel through, synapse and end

A

origin in olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity
travels through crib form plate
synapses in olfactory bulb
terminates in olfactory cortex

127
Q

Where does the optic nerve originate, travel to, and end?

A

origin in retina of eye
axons travel posteriorly in optic tract, some cross to opposite side of brain in optic chiasm
terminates in primary visual cortex (in occipital lobe)

128
Q

Where does vestibulocochlear originate and connect?

A

originate in inner ear (temporal bone)
connects to brainstem at pons

129
Q

What do the five motor cranial nerves innervate?

A

CN 3 III, IV, VI innervate extrinsic eye muscles
CN XI innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
CNXII innervates muscles of the Toung

130
Q

What does CN III Oculomotor innervate and where does it originate?

A

Innervates all extrinsic eyes muscles (except superior oblique and lateral rectus)
origin in midbrain

131
Q

What does CN IV trochlear innervate and where does it originate?

A

innervates superior oblique muscle
origin in posterior pons

132
Q

What does CN VI abducens innervate and where does it originate?

A

innervates lateral rectus
origin in pons

133
Q

Where is CN XI spinal accessory nerve and what does it innervate?

A

sends rootlets from spinal cord up through foramen magnum; exits again from Jugular foramen

innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

134
Q

Where does CN XIII hypoglossal originate and what does it innervate?

A

originates in medulla oblongata
innervates muscles of tongue

135
Q

What are the four mixed cranial nerves?

A

Trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve

136
Q

What is the sensation and motor innervation for CN V trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensation from face to brain
motor innervation to muscles of mastication

137
Q

What is the sensation and motor innervation for CN VII facial nerve?

A

conveys taste from anterior tongue
Motor innervation to muscles of facial expression

138
Q

What is the sensation and motor innervation for CN X vagus nerve?

A

Visceral sensation to organs of thorax and abdomen
somatic motor to muscles of larynx and pharynx
visceral motor (parasympathetic) to thorax and abdomen

138
Q

What is the sensation and motor innervation for CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

conveys posterior taste of tongue, visceral sensation from carotid body (blood pressure etc.)
Motor innervation to stylopharyngeus (swallowing) and visceral motor from salivary glands

138
Q

What are the three divisions of CN V trigeminal nerve?

A

V1 Opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (top)
V2 Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (middle)
V3 Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (bottom)

139
Q

What are the sensations of the divisions of CN V trigeminal nerve?

A

V1 (ophthalmic): sensation to forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, and bridge of nose
V2 (maxillary): sensation to bottom eyelid, side of nose, upper lip and maxillary region
V3 (mandibular): sensation to side of temple/face, bottom lip/chim, mandibular teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue

140
Q

what is the motor innervation of CN V trigeminal nerve?

A

V3 Mandibular: motor innervation to muscles of mastication

141
Q

What is the motor and sensory innervation for CN VII facial nerve?

A

Motor to muscles of facial expression
Visceral motor (parasympathetic) to lacrimal glad (tears) and sublingual and submandibular glands
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

142
Q

what is CN IX glossopharyngeal origin, motor and sensory innervation?

A

Origin: medulla oblongata
Motor: to stylopharyngeus muscle (swallowing)
visceral motor to carotid gland (saliva)
Visceral sensory to carotid body and sinus (senses blood chemistry)
General sensory to pharynx, posterior 1/3 of tongue
taste and general sense to posterior 1.3 of tongue

143
Q

What is the position of the heart?

A

slightly left of the midline, right border sits anteriorly and left border sits posteriorly, apex towards left side of body

144
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

in the mediastinum surrounding lungs

145
Q

What is the heart occupy/surrounded by?

A

pericardial sac (double layered membrane)

146
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardial sac made of?

A

fibrous part: connective tissue
Serous part: slippery, facing in

147
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardial sac?

A

visceral pericardium: covers surface of the heart directly

148
Q

What is the space between serous layer of outer pericardium and visceral pericardium filled with?

A

pericardial fluid

149
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart?

A

Pericardium

150
Q

What is the second outermost layer of the heart?

A

epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)

151
Q

What is the third outermost layer of the heart?

A

myocardium: thick layer of cardiac muscles

152
Q

What is the innermost layer of the heart?

A

endocardium: thin layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and alveolar connective tissue.

153
Q

What is a part of cardiac muscles?

A

striated with intercalated discs

154
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

connect adjacent cells, preventing separation

155
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

create electrical connections between muscle cells

156
Q

What are ventricles?

A

pumping chambers, thick walls

157
Q

What are atria?

A

receiving chambers, thin walls

158
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A

separates atria and ventricles

159
Q

What is the anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

separates right and left ventricles

160
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

left: bicuspid/ mitral valve
Right: Tricuspid valve

161
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary
aortic

162
Q

What are cusps of atrioventricular valves attached to and via what, to prevent what?

A

AV valves connect to papillary muscles via chordae tendineae to prevent prolapse into atrium.

163
Q

What is trabeculae carinae?

A

Large, irregular muscular ridges on inside of ventricular walls

164
Q

What does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Inferior and superior vena cava, coronary sinus

165
Q

What does the right atrium feature?

A

prominent auricle with pectinate muscles

166
Q

what does the right ventricle feature?

A

Tricuspid valve, moderator band, pulmonic semilunar valve

167
Q

what does the left ventricle feature?

A

thick myocardium, left atrioventricular valve, aortic semilunar valves with sinus

168
Q

What are the two arteries that are part of the coronary circulation?

A

right coronary artery, left coronary artery

169
Q

What does the left coronary artery do?

A

supplies anterior aspect of left ventricle, left atrium and interventricular septum

170
Q

What does the left circumflex artery do?

A

bend around towards back of heart

171
Q

what does the anterior interventricular artery/ left anterior descending/ LAD do?

A

Passes obliquely down the anterior surface of the heart in interventricular sulcus

172
Q

What does the right coronary artery do?

A

supplies right atrium, right ventricle and back of left ventricle

173
Q

what does the marginal artery do in the right coronary artery?

A

run along acute margin

174
Q

Where does the posterior interventricular artery run?

A

posterior interventricular sulcus

175
Q

What are all the parts of the right coronary artery?

A

SA Nodal artery, Marginal artery, AV nodal branch, Right coronary, Posterior interventricular artery

176
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

receives middle and great veins

177
Q

What does the great cardiac vein do?

A

travels with anterior interventricular artery

178
Q

what does the middle cardiac vein do?

A

travels with posterior interventricular artery

179
Q

What are the steps of the cardiac conduction system?

A
  1. SA Node: generates impulse
  2. impulse propagated through arial myocardium
  3. AV node: slows impulse, allowing atria to contract and ventricles to fill
  4. Impulse propagates from atria to ventricles only through Bundle of HIS
  5. Left bundle and branch and right bundle and branches travel through interventricular septum
  6. purkingi fibers propagate impulse, active ventricular myocardium
180
Q

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic affect the heart?

A

Sympathetic: increase heart rate
parasympathetic:decreases heart rate

181
Q

What are the sensory sections of Afferent peripheral Nervous system?

A

Somatic sensory, Special sensory, Visceral sensory

182
Q

What are the motor section of efferent peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic motor, visceral motor

183
Q

What are the two sections of the Visceral motor (autonomic) system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

184
Q

How many neural pathways are present in somatic motor?

A

1

185
Q

How many neural pathways are present in Visceral Motor?

A

2

186
Q

Which ganglionic pathway in visceral motor is myelinated?

A

preganglionic

187
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of preganglionic visceral motor neurons?

A

acetylcholine

188
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic visceral motor neurons?

A

ACh or norephinephrine

189
Q

What does Sympathetic system increase/decrease?

A

increases:
Heart rate
respiration
perspiration
Decreases:
digestion

dilate pupils

190
Q

What does the parasympathetic system increase/decrease?

A

Increase: blood flow to GI system, Activity of salivary glands
decrease: heart rate, respiration rate,

constricts pupils

191
Q

How effective is sympathetic around the body?

A

widespread long-lasting, activates

192
Q

How effective is parasympathetic around the body?

A

highly localized and shorter lived, inhibits

193
Q

A preganglionic axon goes from?

A

central NS to peripheral NS

194
Q

A post ganglionic axon goes from?

A

Peripheral NS to target

195
Q

Which ganglion of parasympathetic is long?

A

Long Preganglionic

196
Q

What is parasympathetic system called?

A

craniosacral

197
Q

What is the preganglionic neuron between in the parasympathetic pathway?

A

Central NS brain stem or sacral spinal cord and peripheral NS: intramural ganglion within organ

198
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic distribution is more limited because?

A

it does not reach the body wall (skin)

199
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of Oculomotor? (pre, synapse, post)

A

preganglionic axon: oculomotor nerve
synapses: ciliary ganglion
Post: innervates sphincter pupillae to contract pupil

200
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of pterygopalatine ganglion (facial nerve)? (pre, synapse, post)

A

pre: facial nerve
synapse: pterygopalatine ganglion
post: axons project to lacrimal gland for crying/tears and sniffles/mucus for nasal glands

201
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of submandibular ganglion (facial nerve)? (pre, synapse, post)

A

pre: facial nerve
synapse: submandibular ganglion
post: submandibular and sublingual glands for salivation/drooling

202
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of glossopharyngeal nerve? (pre, synapse, post)

A

pre: glossopharyngeal nerve
synapse: otic ganglion
post: parotid salivary glands for salivation/drooling

203
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of vegus nerve? (pre, synapse, post)

A

pre: vagus nerve
synapse: intramural ganglia
post: varies (thorax, abdomen, pelvis) to decrease heart rate, constrict airways, and increate GI activity

204
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of pelvic splanchnic nerves? (pre, synapse, post)

A

pre: pelvic splanchnic nerves
synapse: intramural ganglia
post: urinary bladder and reproductive organs to contract bladder and erect clit and penis

205
Q

What ganglion is long for sympathetics?

A

postganglionic

206
Q

What is the preganglionic neuron between for sympathetic pathways?

A

Central NS: T1-L2 spinal cord to peripheral NS: sympathetic chain ganglion or pre-aortic ganglion

207
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway called?

A

Thoracolumbar

208
Q

What are the two pathways for the 2nd ganglion for sympathetic pathway?

A

Sympathetic chain ganglion, pre aortic (prevertebral) ganglion

209
Q

What are the four steps when synapsing at the same level?

A
  1. T1-L2
  2. Preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans
  3. 2nd neuron in sympathetic chain ganglion
  4. postganglionic axon travels through grey ramus communicans to enter spinal nerve
210
Q

What are the four steps to ascend or descend the synapse?

A
  1. T1-L2
  2. Preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans then ascends/descends sympathetic chain
  3. end neuron higher/lower sympathetic chain ganglion
  4. postganglionic axon travels through gray ramus communicans to enter spinal nerve
211
Q

What are the four steps for sympathetic innervation of the head?

A
  1. T1-L2
  2. preganglionic axon travels through white Ramus communicans then ascends sympathetic chain
  3. 2nd neuron in superior cervical ganglion
  4. postganglionic axons travel on cardiac arteries to reach head; distribute to target organs via arterial branches
212
Q

What Ramus are present at vertebrae of the neck?

A

no white, all ramus have gray

213
Q

What are the four steps for sympathetic innervation when it leaves chain without synapsing?

A
  1. T1-L2
  2. Preganglionic axon travels through white ramus communicans then leaves sympathetic chain through a splanchnic nerve
  3. 2nd neuron in preaortic ganglion (prevertebral)
  4. Postganglionic axon follows blood vessel
214
Q

What does T5-T10 greater splanchnic nerve synapse with?

A

celiac ganglion

215
Q

What does T10-T12 Lesser and least splanchnic nerve synapse with?

A

superior mesenteric ganglion

216
Q

What does L1-L2 lumbar splanchnic nerve synapse with?

A

inferior mesenteric ganglion

217
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of celiac ganglion? (nerve 1, synapse, nerve 2, to)

A

1: splanchnic nerve
synapse: celiac ganglion
2: perivascular plexus
to stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine to decrease action of GI organs

218
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of superior mesenteric ganglion? (nerve 1, synapse, nerve 2, to)

A

1: lesser and Least splanchnic nerve
synapse: superior mesenteric ganglia
2: perivascular plexus
to intestine to decrease Gi activity

219
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of inferior mesenteric ganglion? (nerve 1, synapse, nerve 2, to)

A

1: lumbar splanchnic nerve
synapse: inferior mesenteric ganglia
2: perivascular plexus
to colon, rectum, bladder and reproductive organs to decrease GI activity

220
Q

for the pulmonary circulation, In the capillary beds, Co2 is exchanged for?

A

O2

221
Q

in the systemic circulation, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for?

A

CO2

222
Q

What is the Tunica externa/adventitia?

A

connective and adipose tissue, top layer in artieries and veins

223
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

middle layer in veins and arteries, smooth muscle

224
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

deepest layer of veins and arteries, endothelial lining and connective tissue

225
Q

What are large elastic (conducting) arteries?

A

Large diameter, and large amount of elastic fibers in tunica media

226
Q

What are medium muscular arteries (distributing)?

A

medium size, smooth muscle, sympathetic control

227
Q

What are the small arteries and arterioles?

A

smallest, controls blood between capillaries and arteries

228
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

uninterrupted endothelium, keeps contents in, found in connective tissue, muscle, skin, lungs, CNS

229
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells with fenestrations (small holes), allow rapid exchange of fluids, found in endocrine glands, fluid/metabolite absorption

230
Q

What are discontinuous capillaries (sinusoids)?

A

endothelial with large openings seperated by intercellular gaps to permit extensive exchange of fluids, for liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

231
Q

What are the three conchae of the lateral wall in the nasal cavity?

A

Superior middle and inferior nasal conchae

232
Q

What does the nasopharynx do?

A

lies posterior to nasal cavity and soft palate; is respiratory

233
Q

What does the oropharynx do?

A

lies posterior to the oral cavity; respiratory and digestive functions

234
Q

What does the laryngopharynx do?

A

lies posterior to the larynx; respiratory and digestive region

235
Q

What is the larynx?

A

a passageway for air that connects pharynx to trachea

236
Q

What is the epiglottis of the larynx?

A

filled with elastic tissue, folds back over glottis during swallowing to prevent food/liquid from getting into airway

237
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage to in the larynx?

A

Forms laryngeal prominence

238
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage do in the larynx?

A

forms a complete ring

239
Q

What does the arytenoid cartilages do in the larynx?

A

involved with opening and closing glottis

240
Q

Where are the false vocal folds?

A

superior to true vocal folds

241
Q

Where are the true vocal folds?

A

Inferior: filled with muscles and ligaments

242
Q

What do intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

A

Regulates tension in vocal folds

243
Q

What happens with forced closure of vocal folds (coughing)?

A

Completely shut

244
Q

What happens with vocal cords while speaking?

A

together but not shut

245
Q

What happens with vocal cords while normally respirating?

A

open slightly

246
Q

What happens with vocal cords while forced respirating?

A

all the way open

247
Q

What are the steps to swallowing for the larynx?

A
  1. muscles of tounge and soft palate push bolus into the oropharynx
  2. Elave soft palate, sealing off nasopharynx: elevate larynx, which enlarges pharynx
  3. pharyngeal constrictors contract sequentially squeezing bolus into esophagus
  4. bolus moves down esophagus via peristalsis
248
Q

What is the order of things in the trachea?

A

trachea, bronchi: primary, secondary, tertiary , bronchioles: terminal and respiratory , alveoli

249
Q

what type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified, goblet, ciliated

250
Q

What does type 1 pneumocytes do in alveolar epithelium?

A

form most of alveolar wall

251
Q

What does type 2 pneumocytes do in alveolar epithelium?

A

secrete surfactant to reduce air pressure

252
Q

What is present in alveolar epithelium?

A

capillaries, type 1 and 2 pneumocytes, macrophage (dust cells)

253
Q

What are the parts of the right lung?

A

superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe, oblique fissure (seperates inferior from superior and middle), and horizontal fissue (seperates superior from middle)

254
Q

What are the parts of the left lung?

A

superior and inferior lobe seperated by oblique fissure

255
Q

What do external intercostals do for breathing?

A

assist inspiration

256
Q

What is the most important muscle for breathing?

A

diaphragm

257
Q

What do internal intercostals do for breathing?

A

assist in expiration

258
Q

What are the breathing accessory muscles?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene muscles

anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions