Anatomy test 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What parts of the body are part of the digestive tract?
A
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum/anus
2
Q
What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract?
A
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
3
Q
What is ingestion?
A
taking food in mouth
4
Q
What is secretion in the digestive tract?
A
production and releasing mucin and fluids such as acid, bile and eyzymes
5
Q
What is digestion in the digestive system?
A
breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules
6
Q
What is absorption in the digestive system?
A
passive or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across GI tract epithelium and into the GI tract blood and lymph vessels
7
Q
What is elimination in the digestive system?
A
Undigestible material is compacted into feces and then eliminated via defecation.
8
Q
What is mechanical digestion?
A
physically break down ingested material into smaller pieces
9
Q
What is chemical digestion?
A
Breaks down ingested material into smaller molecules using enzymes
10
Q
What are abdominal organs supported by?
A
serous membranes that suspend organs
11
Q
What does the parietal peritoneum do in the peritoneum?
A
lines body wall
12
Q
What does the visceral peritoneum do in the peritoneum?
A
covers organs
13
Q
What does the peritoneal cavity do in the peritoneum?
A
potential space where layers of peritoneum that face each other secrete lubricating fluid.
14
Q
What is the deepest layer of GI tract?
A
Mucosa: divided into Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
15
Q
What is the next deepest layer in the GI tract after mucosa?
A
submucosa: loose connective tissue nerves, arteries, veins and lymphatics travel through this layer
16
Q
What is the next deepest layer (3rd layer) in the GI tract after submucosa?
A
Muscularis: 2 or more layers of smooth muscle
17
Q
What is the top layer in the GI tract?
A
Aventita/serosa: connective tissue that either connects to another organ or is part of the peritoneum
18
Q
What is the esophagus?
A
Muscular, tubular passageway from pharynx to stomach
19
Q
What is the hole called that food passes through the diaphragm?
A
Esophageal hiatus
20
Q
What does mucus cell secrete?
A
mucin
21
Q
what secretes mucin?
A
mucus cells
22
Q
What do mucus cells do?
A
protection of epithelium from acidic secretions
23
Q
What does Mucin do?
A
protection of epithelium from acidic secretions
24
Q
What do parietal cells secrete?
A
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
25
what does hydrochloric acid do?
denatures protein
26
What does intrinsic factor do?
helps bind vitamin B12
27
What secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?
parietal cells
28
What do chief cells secrete?
enzymes
29
What do enzymes do?
digestion
30
what secretes enzymes?
chief cells
31
What do enteroendocrine cells do?
secrete gastrin
32
what does gastrin do?
hormone that stimulates secretion of other stomach cells
33
what secretes gastrin?
enteroendocrine cells
34
How is the stomach arranged?
into gastric pits with glands located at various levels
35
What do we do in the small intestine?
finish chemical digestion
absorb 90% of nutrients and water from GI tract
Blood supply is superior mesenteric artery
36
What is/do the duodenum?
first part of small intestine: C shaped region around pancreas
-receives bile and pancreatic juices
37
What is/do the jejunum?
middle region of small intestine
primary region of chemical digestion and absorption
38
What is/do the ileum?
distal region of small intestine
terminates at ileocecal valve (sphincter that controls entrance into large intestine)
39
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, junenum, ileum
40
Where are circular folds and what do they do?
form from mucosa and submucosa
increase surface area and slow down food
41
Where are villi and what do they do?
project from the mucosa to increase surface area
42
What does the large intestine do?
absorbs most of the water from digested material to turn into feces
large refers to diameter
43
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply blood too for Large intestine?
from cecum to first 2/3 of transverse colon
44
What part of the large intestine does the inferior mesenteric artery supply blood to?
distal 1/3 of transverse colon to sigmoid colon
45
What are the parts of the oral cavity?
lips, cheeks, palate, tongue, salivary glands
46
What do the cheeks form and contain?
form lateral walls of oral cavity and contain buccinator muscles.
47
What do the lips form and what are it's properties?
Form anterior wall, red from superficial blood vessels, and has reduced keratin
48
What does the palate form and separate?
forms superior boundary, separates nasal cavity
anterior 2/3 hard and bony
posterior 1/3 soft and muscular
49
What is the tongue made up of?
Formed from skeletal muscle and covered with stratified squamous epithelium, papillae with taste buds cover surface.
50
What is the function of saliva?
moisten food
cleans, lubricates and moistens oral cavity structures
contains amylase: breaks down food
contains lysozyme inhibit bacteria growth
dissolves tastants and food so that taste receptors can be stimulated
51
What do serous cells secrete?
watery fluid with ions, lysozyme and salivary amylase
52
Secretion of serous cells and mucous cells are part of what division of ANS?
parasympathetic
53
What does the pharyngeal constrictor muscle do?
contract sequentially pushing material down towards esophagus
54
what is the function of the liver?
filter blood and produce bile
55
what does the porta hepatis do in the liver?
area where blood vessels and bile ducts enter and leave liver
56
What are hepatocytes?
liver cells
57
What are hepatocytes arranged into in the liver?
hepatic lobules
58
what is at the periphery of each hepatic lobule in the liver?
portal triad with artery, vein and bile duct
59
What do hepatocytes do in the liver?
produce bile/secrete into bile duct.
detoxify drugs, metabolites, and poisons.
store excess nutrients and vitamins and release when needed.
synthesize blood plasma proteins such as albumins, globulins, and proteins required for clotting.
60
What are the branches of the hepatic portal vein doing in the portal triad of the liver?
carries blood from GI tract to liver
rich in nutrients and other absorbed substances
relatively poor in oxygen
61
What are the branches of the hepatic artery doing in the portal triad of the liver?
branch of celiac artery
carries oxygen-rich blood to capillary beds in liver, which then leaves as venous blood
62
What are the branches of the bile duct doing in the portal triad of the liver?
bile breaks down fats and produced by hepatocytes (green in color)
released to duodenum via common bile duct.
63
Where is the gallbladder and what does it have?
attached to inferior aspect of liver
saclike organ that concentrates and stores bile
connected to common bile duct via cystic duct
sphincter valve controls flow of bile into and out of gallbladder
64
What are the parts of the pancreas and where is it situated?
parts: head, body and tail
head is cupped by duodenum
65
What does the pancreas do?
exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate = pancreatic juice
secretes pancreatic juice into main pancreatic duct, which drains into (major duodenal papilla in) duodenum.
66
What does the major duodenal papilla do?
Both common bile duct and main pancreatic duct empty into duodenum through major duodenal papilla
67
What does the urinary system include?
kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra
68
What are the three functions of the urinary system?
homeostasis, eliminate waste, maintain concentration of solutes in blood
69
where are the kidney's located?
against posterior wall of abdomen, lateral to vertebral column, adrenal glands on top of each kidney
70
what is the superficial layer of the kidney called?
renal cortex
71
What is the deep layer of the kidney called?
renal medulla
72
What is the three parts around the renal medulla?
renal pyramid: triangular bunch of medullary tissue that points towards renal pelvis
renal columns project inwards from cortex and separates pyramids
renal papilla: apex of pyramids
73
What is the drainage of urine through the kidney?
renal papilla to minor calyx, 2 minor calyces form major calyx, major calyces form renal pelvis
74
What does the renal corpuscle do?
- filtration
glomerulus= capillaries
glomerular capsule: double layered epithelial structure with visceral and parietal layer
75
What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
reabsorbs nutrients, proteins, ions, and water
MOST OF REABSORPTION HAPPENS HERE
microvilli help in reabsorption
76
What is the lope of Henle involved in?
water retention via creation of hypertonic urine (more solutes than water)
77
What does the descending limb of the loop of Henle do?
thin, reabsorbs water
78
what does the ascending limb in the loop of Henle do?
thick, reabsorption of ions
79
What does the distale tubule do?
some reabsorption of ions. acids, and toxins via active transport
80
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
sensory structure that uses feedback to regulate blood flow (part of distal tubule)
81
What does the macula dense do in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
thick spot of cells that monitor ion concentration in urine
82
What does the juxtaglomerular cells do in the uxtaglomerular apparatus?
surround arterioles and contract/dilate in response to hormones to control blood flow
83
What can juxtaglomerular cells release?
renin: enzyme that regulates blood pressure
erythropoietin: hormone that regulates red blood cell production which affects blood volume and pressure
84
What are the parts of the collecting system in the kidney?
connecting tubules, collecting duct
- ADH controls permeability of collecting ducts to water and fine tune concentration of urine exiting the collecting duct system.
85
what are the Ureters function and placement?
smooth muscle tubes enabling peristaltic contractions to propel urine
extend inferiorly from renal pelvis of kidney to bladder
86
What is the function and placement of the urinary bladder?
hollow muscular organ, just posterior to public symphysis
just anterior to either rectum or uterus
87
What are the different parts of the urinary bladder?
detrusor muscle, rugae, trigone, neck of urinary bladder
88
What does the detrusor muscle do in the urinary bladder?
smooth muscle in walls of bladder, expels urine upon contraction
89
What does Rugae do in urinary bladder?
Folds of mucosa in inner lining of bladder, disappear as bladder stretches
90
What does trigone do in urinary bladder?
triangular area whose vertices are ureteral orifices and entrance to urethra
91
What does the neck of urinary bladder do?
region surrounding urethral opening
92
Where is the urethra?
extends from neck of urinary bladder to exterior (external urethral orifice)
shorter in females than males
93
What does the internal urethral sphincter do?
smooth muscle, provides involuntary control at point where urine eaves bladder to enter urethra
94
What does the external urethral sphincter do?
skeletal muscle, voluntary control via resting muscle tone and relaxation
95
What does the endocrine system do?
release hormones into the blood
96
what do hormones do?
chemical messengers that change metabolic activity of another cell
97
what are cells with receptors called?
target cells/target organs
98
What are protein (peptide) hormones made from?
formed from chains of amino acids?
99
What is an example of a peptide hormone?
Growth hormone
100
What kind of hormone is formed from chains of amino acids?
protein (peptide) hormone
101
What are biogenic amines (amino acid derivatives) made from?
formed by altering the structure of a specific amino acid
102
What is an example of a biogenic amines (amino acid derivative) hormone?
thyroid hormones
103
What hormone is formed by altering the structure of a specific amino acid?
biogenic amines (amino acid derivatives)
104
What makes up a steroid hormone?
type of lipid dervided from cholesterol
105
What is an example of a steroid hormone?
estrogen, testosterone, cortisol
106
What type of hormone are estrogen, testosterone, cortisol an example of?
steroid hormone
107
What type of hormone is derived from cholesterol and is lipid based?
steroid
108
What do the nervous and endocrine system have in common?
work together to regulate homeostasis
both affect specific target cells using chemical messengers
109
What makes the nervous system unique compared to the endocrine system?
uses nerve impulses along axons to reach target
paid response to stimulus
localized, specific effects
response lasts a short time
110
What makes the endocrine system unique compared to the nervous system?
uses hormones that are transported via blood to target
relative slow response
widespread effects
response lasts longer time
111
What is a negative feedback loop?
presence of hormone causes decrease in its own secretion
112
What is a positive feedback loop?
presence of hormone causes increase in its own secretion
113
What are the three ways the hypothalamus regulates the endocrine system?
signal to anterior pituitary
signal to posterior pituitary
direct stimulation of adrenal cortex
114
Where is the pituitary located?
in Sella turcica of sphenoid bone
115
How are the pituitary glands connected to the hypothalamus?
through infundibulum
116
What does the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) gland do?
secretes two hormones
117
What does the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) do?
extensive vascular network
secretes seven hormones in response to regulatory hormones secreted by hypothalamus
118
What are the seven anterior pituitary hormones it secretes?
Thyroid stimulating (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Luteinizing (LH)
prolactin (PRL)
Growth (GH)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
119
What are the steps for the anterior pituitary gland?
1. Hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones
2. regulatory hormone stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete seven different hormones
120
What are the steps for the posterior pituitary gland?
1. neurons from hypothalamus stimulates cells in posterior pituitary
2. Posterior releases vasopressin and oxytocin
121
What are the two hormones associated with the posterior pituitary gland and what do they do?
Vasopressin: restricts water loss in kidneys
Oxytocin: involved in uterine contraction during birth, sexual response, milk ejection reflex
122
What does the thyroid gland look like?
Butterfly shaped anterior to trachea, extensive blood supply
Two lobes connected by an isthmus
123
How does the thyroid gland work?
1. Hypothalamus releases regulatory hormone to anterior pituitary
2. Anterior pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. TSH stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4 thyroid hormones
124
What lines thyroid follicles?
follicular cells
125
What do parafollicular cells release?
calcitonin
126
What do follicular cells secrete?
T3 and T4 which...
influences metabolic rate and protein synthesis
and is a wide spread target (gut, heart)
127
where are the parathyroid glands located?
four small glands located on posterior aspect of thyroid gland
128
How does the parathyroid gland work?
1. Low blood calcium
2. stimulates chief cells in parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone
3. targets: increased osteoclast activity and decrease kidney activity to retain calcium
129
Where are the suprarenal glands located and what are their two parts?
attached to superior aspect of kidneys
divided into: suprarenal cortex (outside) and suprarenal medulla (inside)
130
What does the suprarenal cortex secrete?
secretes corticosteroids such as mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
131
What do mineralocorticoids do from the suprarenal cortex?
influnce electrolyte composition (ALDOSTERONE targets kidneys to control electrolytes)
132
What do glucocorticoids do from the suprarenal cortex?
influence glucose metabolism (CORTSOL targets liver to covert glycogen to glucose)
133
How does the suprarenal cortex work?
1. Hypothalamus releases RH to anterior pituitary
2. anterior pituitary releases adrenotropic hormone (ACTH)
3. ACTH stimulates release of corticosteroids from adrenal gland
134
What does suprarenal medulla secrete, innervate and resemble?
secrete: epinephrine and norepinephrine
innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers (axons)
Resemble: sympathetic ganglia
135
How does suprarenal medulla work?
1. Hypothalamus directly innervates suprarenal medulla with preganglionic sympathetic
2. adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to widespread targets
136
What are the mixed glands in the pancreas?
exocrine: secretes digestive juices
endocrine: secretes hormones
137
What do alpha cells produce in the pancreas?
glucagon to raise blood glucose by targeting liver to initiate glucogenesis
138
What do beta cells produce in the pancreas?
produce insulin to decrease blood glucose by targeting liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue to increase uptake of glucose
139
What do testis produce?
andorgens
140
what do androgens from the testis do?
have widespread effect (testosterone)
141
How do androgens in testis work?
1. hypothalamus releases RH to anterior pituitary
2. anterior pituitary releases luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. LH stimulates production of androgens and FSH stimulates development of sperm.
142
what do follicle cells surround and produce?
surround oocytes and produce estrogen
143
What happens to follicular cells after ovulation?
form corpus lutem which produces progesterone
144
How does FSH work?
1. hypothalamus releases RH to anterior pituitary
2. Anterior pituitary releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion: growth of ovarian follicle, maturation of oocyte, growth of uterine lining
145
How does luteinizing hormone work?
1. Hypothalamus releases RH to anterior pituitary
2. Anterior pituitary releases luteinizing hormone
3. LH stimulates progesterone secretion by corpus luteum: lining of uterus shifts to secretory phase
146
What happens in the ovary?
ova are produced and mature
147
What happens in the uterine tube?
transports ova to uterus
148
What does the uterus do?
potentially house developing fetus
149
What does the vagina do?
copulation, passage of menses, birth canal
150
What does the suspensory ligament attach?
walls of pelvic cavity
151
What suspends the pelvic cavity?
suspensory ligament
152
What connects ovary to uterus?
ovarian ligament
153
What does the ovarian ligament connect?
uterus to ovary
154
What is the broad ligament?
flays of ovary: like wings
155
What is the ovary surrounded by?
germinal epithelium and cortex
156
What is the inner part of the ovary called and what does it do?
inner medulla: hoses ovarian follicles at different stages of development
157
What does an ovarian follicle consist of?
oocyte (egg cell) and surrounding follicle cells
158
What is oogenesis?
production of oocytes from oogonium
159
What happens in the first stage of the ovarian cycle?
follicular cells enlarge and increase in number; secrete estrogen
160
What happens in the second stage of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular cells produce fluid, enlarge more
161
What happens in the third stage of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular cells continue to grow, bulge from surface of ovary, produce cavity called antrum
162
What happens in the fourth stage of the ovarian cycle?
ovulation: gamete released into peritoneal cavity
163
What happens in the fifth stage of the ovarian cycle?
follicular cells form scar-like formation called corpus luteum; secretes progesterone to support potential pregnancy
164
What happens in the sixth stage of the ovarian cycle?
Corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans is no fertilization.
165
What is the first place the ovum travels in the uterine tube?
fimbriae located on infundibulum guide to uterine tube
166
What is the next place the ovum travels after the fimbriae?
ampulla: curved region where fertilization takes place
167
Where does the ovum travel after the ampulla?
isthmus: narrow part of fallopian tube
168
Where does the ovum go after the isthmus?
intramural part: within the walls of uterus
169
What is the fundus of the uterus?
rounded part of superior uterotubal junction
170
What is the main part of the uterus called?
body
171
What is the narrow part of the uterus called>
isthmus
172
What is the inferior part of the uterus called?
cervix
173
What are the three layers of the uterus?
endometrium: inner layer
- basal layer: permanent part of endometrium
- functional layer: responsive to hormones and falls for period
Myometrium: muscular layer
Perimetrium: outer serosa (Connective tissue + S. S1. epithelium)
174
What happens in the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone. Endometrium sloughts away
175
What happens in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
Estrogen secreted by follicular cells leads to repair and regeneration of endometrium
176
What happens in in the secretory phase (pregestational phase) of the uterine cycle?
begins at ovulation; under influence of progesterone; buildup of endometrium
177
What cell type is the vagina lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
178
What is the mons pubis?
round, hair-bearing elevation of skin anterior to pubis
179
What is the labia majora?
bilateral folds, hairy cutaneous swellings extending posterior from the mons pubis
180
What is the labia minora?
smaller, hairless folds bounding the vestibule
181
What is the vestibule of the vulva?
smooth, triangular area bounded laterally by labia minora
182
What are the parts of the clitoris?
shaft and two crura (homologous to corpus cavernosum of penis)
183
what do the greater vestibular glands do?
secretes mucus into vestibule during arousal
184
Where does the bulbs of the vestibule lie?
lie to either end of vestibule (homologous to root and corpus spongiosum of penis)
185
What provides sensory input from genitals to CNS?
pudendal nerve
186
What does the parasympathetic system innervate in female genital system?
relaxation of arterial smooth muscles in erectile bodies and secretion from greater vestibular glands/bulbourethral glands
186
What is the somatic response for female orgasm?
rhythmic contraction of pelvic and perineal muscles
187
What is the sympathetic response to female orgasm?
remission/detumescence: constriction of arterial vessels
188
What happens in the testis?
sperm is produced
189
What happens in the epididymis?
sperm matures
190
What happens in the ductus deference?
sperm is transported to urethra
191
What happens in the bulbourethral gland?
alkaline mucus-rich fluid is produced
192
What happens in the prostate gland?
the enzyme rich component of semen is produced
193
What happens in the seminal vesicle?
fructose-rich component of semen is produced
194
What happens in the urethra?
semen is expelled
195
Where are the testes located?
house in scrotum an divided into two compartments by septum
196
What does the cremaster muscle do?
contracts to elevate testis and maintain optimal temperature for sperm development (3 degrees cooler than body temp)
197
What are the three erectile bodies of the penis?
corpus spongiosum (urethra) and paired corpora cavernosa
198
What are the three regions of the penis?
root, body, gland
199
What is the medical term for foreskin?
prepuce
200
What are the three parts of the urethra and where do they pass through?
Prostatic urethra: passes through prostate
membranous urethra: passes through perineal muscle
Penile urethra: passes through corpus spongiosum of penis
201
what is cryptochidism?
failure for testes to descend
202
Where do testis descend from?
abdominal cavity through inguinal canal into scrotum guided by gubernaculum.
203
What does the spermatic cord consist of?
ducts deferens, fascia, testicular vessels nerves
204
Where is the spermatic cord and what does it consist of?
extends from scrotum to inguinal canal
medial opening: superficial inguinal ring
deep inguinal ring is where ductus deference and testicular vessels enter abdomen
205
What are the different parts of the testes?
seminiferous tubules, straight tubule, rete testis, efferent ducts
206
How do spermatogonia mature?
more mature=closer to lumen
207
where and what are spermatogonium?
deep to blood-testis barrier, most immature
208
What are spermatids?
in various stages of maturation, middle stage of development
209
What are spermatozoa?
getting ready for spermination, final stage of development
210
What are interstitial cells?
lies outside of connective tissue capsule; produces androgens in response to luteinizing hormones which begins process of spermatogenesis
211
What are nerse cells?
provide physical support for maturing spermatogonium
212
What is the epididymis?
site of maturation and storage for sperm
213
What is the process of sperm through the epididymis?
1. Seminiferous tubules
2. head of epidymis
3. body of epidymis
4. tail of epididymis,
5. ductus deferences
6. spermatic cord
214
What does the head have of a sperm cell?
acrosomal cap
genetic material
215
What does the body have in a sperm cell?
mitocondria
216
What does the tail have in a sperm cell?
flagellum
217
What is spermatogenesis?
production of spermatid from spermatogonia, occurs in seminiferous tubules, begins during development but dormant until sexual maturity
218
What is the order of the development of sperm?
spermatogonium -> spermatid -> spermatozoa
219
What two structures form the ejaculatory duct?
seminal vesicles and ampulla of ductus deference
220
What do parasympathetics do in the male reproductive system?
relaxation of arterial smooth muscles in erectile bodies and secretion from greater vestibular glands/bulbourethral glands
221
What is the male somatic response for orgasm?
rhythmic contraction of pelvic and perineal muscles
222
What is the male sympathetic response for orgasms?
emission: peristalsis of ductus deferens delivers semen to the prostatic urethra
remission/detumescence: constriction of arterial vessels
