Exam 2 Flashcards
spherical particles made of varying amounts of triglycerides, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and proteins
Lipoproteins
good cholesterol; delivers cholesterol to the body ( especially liver, adipose, and muscle cells) via LDL receptors
Low Density Lipoprotein ( LDL)
bad cholesterol; made by the liver and small intestine; picks up excess cholesterol from non-hepatic cells and deliver to the liver
reverse of cholesterol transport
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
made in the liver; transport dietary and other fatty acids from the liver to the body with the help of the lipoprotein lipase
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ( VLDL)
deliver dietary and other fatty acids to the body
Intermediate Density Lipoprotein ( IDL)
made by the small intestine; deliver dietary fatty acids to the body via the lipoprotein lipase and they differ from IDLS because they go through circulation
Chylomicrons
How do lipoproteins relate to cardiovascular disease?
LDL and HDL may impact the accumulation of cholesterol and fatty deposits in the arteries
How are lipoproteins made?
the small intestine and the liver make lipoproteins that circulate lipids throughout the body
Three Major Lipid Classes
saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Saturated fats include
phospholipids: lecithin
sterols: cholesterol
triglycerides
Dietary sources of saturated fats
-lard
-fat in beef
-pork
-lamb
-milk fat
-coconut
-palm and palm kernel oils
Dietary sources of monounsaturated fatty acids
-olive oil
-canola oil
-peanut oil
- nuts
-seeds
-avocado
-poultry
Traditional characteristics of Mediterranean diet
-olive oil as main fat
-lots of fruits, veggies, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds
-daily intake of small amounts of cheese or yogurt
-weekly fish intake, limited use of eggs and red meat
-regular exercise and rest
-moderate wine intake
Dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids
-sunflower oil
-corn oil
-safflower oil
-fish oil
-nut oils
Two essential polyunsaturated fatty acids
-omega 3 fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid
-omega 6 fatty acids: linoleic acid
signaling molecules which regulate many physiological processes
Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids regulate many physiological processes
-muscle relaxation and concentration
-blood vessel dilation and constriction
-blood clot formation
-blood lipids
-response to injury and infection
-derived from omega 3 fatty acids and is converted to omega 3 eicosanoids
-anti-inflammatory
-inhibit platelet aggregation
Omega 3 Eicosanoids
Omega 3 Food Sources
cold water fish
soybean and rapeseed oils
flaxseed
walnuts
chia seeds
avocado
-arachadonic acid derived from omega 6 fatty acids and is converted to omega 6 eicosanoids
- pro-inflammatory
- pro-aggregatory
Omega 6 Eicosanoids
Omega 6 Food Sources
safflower, sunflower, and corn
beef and poultry
nuts and seeds
What is the function of cholesterol in the body?
- structural part of most body cells
-forms the basis for bile acids
-part of some hormones
-plays a protective role in the skin
Histidine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Typtophan
Isoleucine
Leucine
Valine
9 Essential Amino Acids: must be consumed in the diet
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine
11 Non-Essential Amino Acids: There can be made in your body
Branch Chain Amino Acids
Have a positive impact on muscle growth and development
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Foods that contain BCAAs
meat
dairy products
legumes
Important Non-Essential Amino Acids
glutamine (plasma and skeletal muscle)
tyrosine
Foods the contain Glutamine and Tyrosine
milk
yogurt
cheese
contains adequate amounts of all nine essential amino acids
Complete Protein
Contains all nine essential amino acids
contains extra amino acids for protein synthesis
good digestibility
usually from animal derived foods and soy products
High Quality Protein
Low amounts of essential amino acids Limiting amino acids
Amino acids missing or low amounts
Incomplete Protein
An incomplete protein
one or more limiting amino acids missing
Usually from a plant derived food
Poor bioavailability
Low Quality Protein
Complete protein foods
hamburger
tuna
cheese
milk
greek yogurt
Incomplete Protein Foods
legumes
nuts
seeds
whole grains
corn
broccoli
asparagus
brussel sprouts
artichokes
Impact of Excessive Protein Consumption on the Kidneys
increased protein digestion/breakdown increases urea production
requires more fluid to excrete the increased urea
Non-carbohydrate molecules are transformed into glucose by various anabolic pathways
-occurs in the liver and kidneys
-liver is the primary glucongenic organ
-provides glucose to cells during starvation
-stimulated by glucagon and cortisol
-some amino acids can be converted to glucose by glucongenesis in the liver, but all amino acids can be used for ATP production
Gluconogenesis
What happens when a protein is denatured?
results in the alteration of the proteins three dimensional structure
denaturation leads to loss of function
Sickle Cell Anemia demonstrates
how shape impacts function
Two types of protein energy malnutrition?
acute PEM
chronic PEM
typically thin for weight
kwashiorkor
recent and sudden deprivation of food
ascites
Acute PEM
typically short stature for age
marasmus
severe deprivation of long period of time of impaired absorption of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals
Chronic PEM
Three energy systems involved in rephosphorylation
creatine phosphate
anaerobic glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
very fast speed of action
very small amount of ATP replenished
very short duration of action
phosphorylated in the muscle and provides a quick source of inorganic phosphate to rephosphorylate ADP
preferred energy system during high intensity exercise
Creatine Phosphate System
Two sources of Creatine
diet
endogenous synthesis in the liver
fast speed of action
small amount of ATP replenished
short duration of action
major pathway of carbohydrate metabolism
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to lactate is the major source of energy for short, intense exercise
Anaerobic Glycolysis
very slow speed of action
large amount of ATP replenished
very long duration of action
produces more ATP than glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Where is ATP created in the cell?
mitochondria
Whats the difference between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism?
Anaerobic: can only use glucose and glycogen; fuels muscles during exercise
Aerobic: can break down fats and proteins
What is the difference between oxidative and substrate phosphorylation?
Substrate: when ADP or GDP is phosphorylated by a substrate to produce ATP or GTP
Oxidative: the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP using the free energy produced from redox reactions in the electron transport chain
Cori Cycle
involved glycolysis in the muscle and glucoeogenesis in the liver
used under anaerobic conditions
provides small amounts of ATP that can be produced in the muscle
the central metabolic pathways for all aerobic processes
cycle provides the complete oxidation of acetyl-coA derived from carbs and lipids into co2 and water
captures the released energy as reductive power in the form of NADH+, H+ and FADH2
goes to the electron transport chain
1 acetyl coA turn in the citric acid cycle yields 12 ATP produced in the electron transport chain and substrate level phosphorylation with GTP
Citric Acid Cycle
the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to Acetyl-coA
aerobic process taking place in the mitochondria of the cell
the fatty acid is activated by the addition of coenzyme A to its carbolic acid end
the fatty acid is then transported across the mitochondrial membrane by a molecules called carnitine
enzymes cleave off 2 carbon units from the fatty acid chain, forming acetyl-coA until fatty acid is broken down
these proceed to the electron transport chain and undergo oxidative phosphorylation
Beta-Oxidation
What happens when normal metabolism shifts to ketogenesis at the level of acetyl coA? Relate this to the citric acid cycle
because acetyl-coA cannot enter the citric acid cycle, it takes another metabolic route, resulting in the production of ketones-acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone
oxalacetate is diverted from the citric acid cycle and used for glucose synthesis via gluconeogenesis
What metabolic state and or dietary factors might you see ketogenesis occur?
Ketogenesis happens when the body lacks sufficient carbohydrates. It then burns fat, making ketones which are used for fuel.
Hepatic Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)
converts alcohol to acetaldehyde in the first step of alcohol oxidation
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)
enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetic acid
