Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

spherical particles made of varying amounts of triglycerides, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and proteins

A

Lipoproteins

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2
Q

good cholesterol; delivers cholesterol to the body ( especially liver, adipose, and muscle cells) via LDL receptors

A

Low Density Lipoprotein ( LDL)

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3
Q

bad cholesterol; made by the liver and small intestine; picks up excess cholesterol from non-hepatic cells and deliver to the liver
reverse of cholesterol transport

A

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

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4
Q

made in the liver; transport dietary and other fatty acids from the liver to the body with the help of the lipoprotein lipase

A

Very Low Density Lipoprotein ( VLDL)

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5
Q

deliver dietary and other fatty acids to the body

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein ( IDL)

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6
Q

made by the small intestine; deliver dietary fatty acids to the body via the lipoprotein lipase and they differ from IDLS because they go through circulation

A

Chylomicrons

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7
Q

How do lipoproteins relate to cardiovascular disease?

A

LDL and HDL may impact the accumulation of cholesterol and fatty deposits in the arteries

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8
Q

How are lipoproteins made?

A

the small intestine and the liver make lipoproteins that circulate lipids throughout the body

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9
Q

Three Major Lipid Classes

A

saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

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10
Q

Saturated fats include

A

phospholipids: lecithin
sterols: cholesterol
triglycerides

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11
Q

Dietary sources of saturated fats

A

-lard
-fat in beef
-pork
-lamb
-milk fat
-coconut
-palm and palm kernel oils

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12
Q

Dietary sources of monounsaturated fatty acids

A

-olive oil
-canola oil
-peanut oil
- nuts
-seeds
-avocado
-poultry

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13
Q

Traditional characteristics of Mediterranean diet

A

-olive oil as main fat
-lots of fruits, veggies, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds
-daily intake of small amounts of cheese or yogurt
-weekly fish intake, limited use of eggs and red meat
-regular exercise and rest
-moderate wine intake

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14
Q

Dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

-sunflower oil
-corn oil
-safflower oil
-fish oil
-nut oils

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15
Q

Two essential polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

-omega 3 fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid
-omega 6 fatty acids: linoleic acid

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16
Q

signaling molecules which regulate many physiological processes

A

Eicosanoids

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17
Q

Eicosanoids regulate many physiological processes

A

-muscle relaxation and concentration
-blood vessel dilation and constriction
-blood clot formation
-blood lipids
-response to injury and infection

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18
Q

-derived from omega 3 fatty acids and is converted to omega 3 eicosanoids
-anti-inflammatory
-inhibit platelet aggregation

A

Omega 3 Eicosanoids

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19
Q

Omega 3 Food Sources

A

cold water fish
soybean and rapeseed oils
flaxseed
walnuts
chia seeds
avocado

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20
Q

-arachadonic acid derived from omega 6 fatty acids and is converted to omega 6 eicosanoids
- pro-inflammatory
- pro-aggregatory

A

Omega 6 Eicosanoids

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21
Q

Omega 6 Food Sources

A

safflower, sunflower, and corn
beef and poultry
nuts and seeds

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22
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the body?

A
  • structural part of most body cells
    -forms the basis for bile acids
    -part of some hormones
    -plays a protective role in the skin
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23
Q

Histidine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Typtophan
Isoleucine
Leucine
Valine

A

9 Essential Amino Acids: must be consumed in the diet

24
Q

Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine

A

11 Non-Essential Amino Acids: There can be made in your body

25
Branch Chain Amino Acids Have a positive impact on muscle growth and development
Valine Leucine Isoleucine
26
Foods that contain BCAAs
meat dairy products legumes
27
Important Non-Essential Amino Acids
glutamine (plasma and skeletal muscle) tyrosine
28
Foods the contain Glutamine and Tyrosine
milk yogurt cheese
29
contains adequate amounts of all nine essential amino acids
Complete Protein
30
Contains all nine essential amino acids contains extra amino acids for protein synthesis good digestibility usually from animal derived foods and soy products
High Quality Protein
31
Low amounts of essential amino acids Limiting amino acids Amino acids missing or low amounts
Incomplete Protein
32
An incomplete protein one or more limiting amino acids missing Usually from a plant derived food Poor bioavailability
Low Quality Protein
33
Complete protein foods
hamburger tuna cheese milk greek yogurt
34
Incomplete Protein Foods
legumes nuts seeds whole grains corn broccoli asparagus brussel sprouts artichokes
35
Impact of Excessive Protein Consumption on the Kidneys
increased protein digestion/breakdown increases urea production requires more fluid to excrete the increased urea
36
Non-carbohydrate molecules are transformed into glucose by various anabolic pathways -occurs in the liver and kidneys -liver is the primary glucongenic organ -provides glucose to cells during starvation -stimulated by glucagon and cortisol -some amino acids can be converted to glucose by glucongenesis in the liver, but all amino acids can be used for ATP production
Gluconogenesis
37
What happens when a protein is denatured?
results in the alteration of the proteins three dimensional structure denaturation leads to loss of function
38
Sickle Cell Anemia demonstrates
how shape impacts function
39
Two types of protein energy malnutrition?
acute PEM chronic PEM
40
typically thin for weight kwashiorkor recent and sudden deprivation of food ascites
Acute PEM
41
typically short stature for age marasmus severe deprivation of long period of time of impaired absorption of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals
Chronic PEM
42
Three energy systems involved in rephosphorylation
creatine phosphate anaerobic glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation
43
very fast speed of action very small amount of ATP replenished very short duration of action phosphorylated in the muscle and provides a quick source of inorganic phosphate to rephosphorylate ADP preferred energy system during high intensity exercise
Creatine Phosphate System
44
Two sources of Creatine
diet endogenous synthesis in the liver
45
fast speed of action small amount of ATP replenished short duration of action major pathway of carbohydrate metabolism breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to lactate is the major source of energy for short, intense exercise
Anaerobic Glycolysis
46
very slow speed of action large amount of ATP replenished very long duration of action produces more ATP than glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
47
Where is ATP created in the cell?
mitochondria
48
Whats the difference between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism?
Anaerobic: can only use glucose and glycogen; fuels muscles during exercise Aerobic: can break down fats and proteins
49
What is the difference between oxidative and substrate phosphorylation?
Substrate: when ADP or GDP is phosphorylated by a substrate to produce ATP or GTP Oxidative: the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP using the free energy produced from redox reactions in the electron transport chain
50
Cori Cycle
involved glycolysis in the muscle and glucoeogenesis in the liver used under anaerobic conditions provides small amounts of ATP that can be produced in the muscle
51
the central metabolic pathways for all aerobic processes cycle provides the complete oxidation of acetyl-coA derived from carbs and lipids into co2 and water captures the released energy as reductive power in the form of NADH+, H+ and FADH2 goes to the electron transport chain 1 acetyl coA turn in the citric acid cycle yields 12 ATP produced in the electron transport chain and substrate level phosphorylation with GTP
Citric Acid Cycle
52
the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to Acetyl-coA aerobic process taking place in the mitochondria of the cell the fatty acid is activated by the addition of coenzyme A to its carbolic acid end the fatty acid is then transported across the mitochondrial membrane by a molecules called carnitine enzymes cleave off 2 carbon units from the fatty acid chain, forming acetyl-coA until fatty acid is broken down these proceed to the electron transport chain and undergo oxidative phosphorylation
Beta-Oxidation
53
What happens when normal metabolism shifts to ketogenesis at the level of acetyl coA? Relate this to the citric acid cycle
because acetyl-coA cannot enter the citric acid cycle, it takes another metabolic route, resulting in the production of ketones-acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone oxalacetate is diverted from the citric acid cycle and used for glucose synthesis via gluconeogenesis
54
What metabolic state and or dietary factors might you see ketogenesis occur?
Ketogenesis happens when the body lacks sufficient carbohydrates. It then burns fat, making ketones which are used for fuel.
55
Hepatic Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)
converts alcohol to acetaldehyde in the first step of alcohol oxidation
56
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)
enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetic acid