Chapter 1 Smart Book Flashcards
A healthy diet especially one rich in fruits and veggies with frequent exercise can…
prevent and treat many age- related diseases
( Blank) plays a role in the development of most of the leading causes of death in the US
diet
The combination of (blank) and (blank) contributes to well over half of the leading causes of death in the US
poor diet
too little exercise
Carbohydrates are composed of mainly
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
What kind of carbohydrate is starch considered to be?
complex carbohydrate
Glucose, a major source of energy in most cells comes from…
starch
simple carbohydrates
What are some examples of complex carbohydrates
glycogen
starch
fiber
What is true regarding triglycerides?
-they are a key source of energy for the body
-they are the major form of energy stored in the body
Lipids are categorized as saturated or unsaturated based on…
the chemical structure of their major fatty acids
The carbohydrate that forms the structure of plants is a:
complex carbohydrate
True or False: Not all chemical compounds exist as molecules
true
Phytochemicals are physiologically active compounds found in
veggies
whole grains
fruits
A compound consists of…
atoms of two or more elements bonded together in specific proportions
Nutrition Care Process
a systematic approach to care used by registered dieticians
What does the Nutrition Care Process involve?
assessment
diagnosis
intervention
monitoring
evaluation
What are some limitations of nutritional assessments?
It can be hard to make connections between diet and nutritional status
Signs and symptoms are not always evident
Nutritional assessments are not always specific
Which agency can act if a dietary supplement is dangerous?
Federal Drug Administration ( FDA)
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
Cardiovascular disease
What cancers have proven to be the most deadly in the United States?
Colon cancer
Breast cancer
Four leading causes of death in the United States
Heart Disease
Cancer
COVID
Stroke
(Blank) percent of all deaths may be related to unhealthy eating and physical inactivity
85%
Health factors that cause chronic disease
Non-modifiable factors
Family History
What may be considered “modifiable” factors to prevent chronic disease
Cigarette smoking
Excessive alcohol consumption
Genes direct the growth, development, and maintenance of the cells
How do genes impact the cell?
What are the six nutrients?
Carbohydrates
Fats (lipids)
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
What are the three categories of the six nutrients?
Organic vs Inorganic
Macronutrient vs Micronutrients
Essential vs Non-Essential
C6H12O6-glucose
CONTAINS carbon
An example of an organic nutrient
In organic nutrient example
H2O- water
Does NOT contain carbon
Four Organic Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats (lipids)
Proteins
Vitamins
Two Inorganic Nutrients
Minerals
Water
Carbohydrates
The primary source of fuel for the body, especially the brain and physical activity
Where are carbohydrates found?
Grains (wheat and rice)
Vegetables
Fruits
Legumes (lentils, beans, peas)
Milk products
How many kcal/gm do Carbohydrates Provide?
4 kcal/gm
What three groups are considered to be lipids?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols
How many kcal/gm do lipids provide?
9 kcal/gm
Proteins are an important source of…
Nitrogen
How many kcal/gm do proteins provide?
4 kcal/gm
How many kcal/gm does alcohol provide?
7 kcal/gm
Because it doesn’t support the growth, maintenance, or repair of the body
Why is alcohol considered a toxin?
How many main vitamins are there?
13
Function of vitamins
To enable body functions
Two groups of vitamins
Fat soluble
Water soluble
Four Fat Soluble Vitamins
A
D
E
K
Vitamin A
Immunity and vision
Sunshine vitamin, many are deficient in it
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Cell coating
Vitamin K
Created in the colon; helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones
Don’t dissolve in water; stored in the liver or with lipids in the adipose tissue
Hydrophobic Vitamins
We store ( blank) vitamins in the liver, we don’t excrete them. Since these don’t dissolve in water, if you take too much of these, you can develop toxic side effects
Fat soluble
Nine Water Soluble Vitamins
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Patothenic Acid
Biotin
B-6
B-12
Folate
Vitamin C
They love water and are kinda like swimming around in the body; not stored in tissues to a significant degree; need to take them everyday because they aren’t stored in surplus. Excess is excreted in urine
Hydrophilic Vitamins
Inorganic molecules required for bodily processes
Not destroyed by cooking
Yield no energy
Required for normal bodily function ( fluid balance regulation, energy production etc)
Minerals
Ex: calcium
Needed in gram amounts/day
Major Minerals
Iron
Needed in less than 100 mg/day
Trace Minerals
Three main groups of nutrients
Essential Nutrients
Nonessential Nutrients
Conditionally Essential Nutrients
Must be obtained from the diet
Cannot be made by the body or be made in adequate amounts
Nine essential amino acids
Essential Nutrients
Not necessary to obtain from the diet
Body can make in sufficient amounts
Eleven nonessential amino acids
Nonessential Nutrients
Nutrient becomes essential under certain circumstances
Conditionally Essential Nutrients
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Inborn error metabolism common in newborn babies and infants; not enough tyrosine
Babies don’t have the enzyme in phenylalanine hydroxyl are to make the conversions to tyrosine which creates an excess of phenylalanine and not enough tyrosine; tyrosine becomes an essential nutrient
What happens in Phenylketonuria?
Classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids and herbal remedies as foods
Can be marketed in the US without DEA regulation
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
