Exam 2 Flashcards
Communication Term:
Blocking
Leader must intervene to stop counterproductive behaviors - focus on disruptive behavior vs person
Failure to express one’s knowledge or skill
Main goals of person-centered therapy
- Enhance a greater understanding of oneself
- Facilitate growth and development
- Increase self-esteem and openness
- Eliminate feelings of distress
Increase self acceptance and self esteem
Main techniques used in person-centered therapy (4)
Listening and understanding
EMPATHY
Unconditional positive regard
Congruence (agreeing)
Main goals of CBT
- Teaching patients techniques to identify and challenge their distorted thinking
- Replace dysfunction constructs with more flexible and adaptive cognitions
- Prevent future episodes of emotional distress
- Help people with personal growth
Main technique used in CBT
cognitive restructuring
Also known as the ABCDE method
- Identify and evaluate one’s cognitions
- Understand the negative behaviors those thoughts cause
- Replace these thoughts with more realistic, appropriate, and adaptive thoughts.
Take back control of thoughts
Role of person-centered group therapists
Fascilitator
- emphasizes the personal qualities of the group facilitator vs the techniques
- non judgemental
- empathy
- constant positive regard
- genuineness
- foster member to member vs member to leader interactions
Person centered group therapy operates on what belief?
Client is inherently driven toward growth and self-actualization
humanistic belief
Who is the primary change agent in person centered therapy?
The client
Basis of Gestalt therapy
Grounded in the here and now: PRESENT VS PAST
Gives primacy to existential dialogue
CORNERSTONE: Awareness, choice, and responsibility
Gestalt therapy is based on what theories
Humanistic and experiential
Projection
attributing our own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and motives onto others.
Example: The wife is attracted to a male coworker. When the husband talks about a female coworker, she becomes jealous of him being attracted to another woman.
An insecure man mocks other men for acting like women
Introjection
mindlessly accept the standards and views of others without assimilating them and making them consistent with who we are
initial stage
Retroflection
We do to ourselves what we want to do to others
A
interruption of awareness so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact
People will speak through and for others
Confluence
Blurring of awareness of differentiation between self and environment
No clear demarcation between internal and external experience
Makes it hard to have your own thoughts
A belief that all parties experience the same feelings and thoughts
Avoid conflict to be liked
Empathizing
Sensitively grasp the subjective world of the participant and retain their own separateness
Identifying with the client by assuming their frames of reference
Understand another’s perspective
Evaluating
Ongoing process throughout the group sessions.
Appraising the group process and the individual and group direction
Facilitating
Promote effective communication among members
Open up clear and direct communication among members
Help them assume responsibility for the direction of the group
Giving feedback
- and why we do it
Provide realistic assessment of how a person appears to others
to INCREASE CLIENT’S SELF AWARENESS
Goal setting
Targets communication, knowledge, or emotion
GOAL: give the group direction
Initiating
Non-prompted, purposeful, sending a message in context of a stage
Know how to use various techniques to promote deeper self-exploration
Increases the pace of the group process
A
Responding to the essence of what a person has communicated
A
When the therapist offers thoughts
- to help members develop alterative courses of thinking and action
Ventilation
When a person expresses their suppressed thoughts/feelings to the group
Risks of group therapy
- More ideas may create conflict
- Unequal participation
- Doesn’t allow for individual thinking
- Breach of confidentiality
Benefits of group therapy
- More ideas that are shared could be more productive
- Less expensive
- Realize you’re not alone
Informed consent
- Clear statement of the group’s purpose
- Description of the the group process
- Leader qualifications
- Risks
- Rights and responsibilities
- Limits of confidentiality
What are: Encounter Groups
- Goals
- Lead is
GOALS:
- awareness of self
- sensitivity to others
- personal growth
- improving interpersonal skills are promoted.
Leader is a catalyst vs a facilitator
What is Group Counseling
- Aims at preventive and educational purposes
- Focuses on growth and development
What is Group Therapy
- Minor or major transformation of personality structure
- Focuses on remediation and treatment
What are Psychotherapy Groups
- Aims at remediation of in-depth psychological problems
- past influences on present problems
What are Self Exploration Groups
Understanding who you are and what makes you “you” by looking at own thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behavior.
- Used in CBT and psychodynamic therapy
GOAL: explore personal conflict
What are Task Groups
aims to foster accomplishing identified work goals.
- Often used in schools
- Guiding principles: Warm up, action, and closure.
GOALS: problem solving, decision making
What are psychoeducation Groups
aims to educate well-functioning group members who want to acquire information and skills in an area of living.
Many are based on the learning theory model and use behavioral procedures.
Group examples:
social skills training groups, stress management groups, and cognitive therapy groups, substance abuse, anger management for children, elementary school children of divorce
First Generation Behavior Therapies
- How it works
Change negative/problematic behavior through conditioning
- Classical conditioning: Involuntary reflexive behavior
- Operant Conditioning: Reinforcing Consequences
Second Generation Behavior Therapies
- How it works
Help people identify negative thoughts
- Cognitive behavior therapy
- Automatic thoughts
Third Generation Behavior Therapies
- How it works
Expanded to include:
-Emphasizes mindfulness
- Acceptance
- Therapeutic relationship
- Involves meditation
Fourth Generation Behavior Therapies
- How it works
Theories: Existential, Humanistic, Spiritual, Ritualistic
First Generation Behavior Therapies
- What therapies
Psychodynamic
Second Generation Behavior Therapies
- What therapies
CBT, Gestalt, and Family Systems
Third Generation Behavior Therapies
- What therapies
Acceptance and commitment therpay
DBT
Behavioral activation, schema, and mindfulness-based CBT
DBT
- Blend of CBT and psychoanalytic techniques
- Type of talk therapy for people who experience emotions very intensely
- Goal is to process emotions and self-regulate emotions
- Population ideal for this therapy:
— Borderline personality disorder
CBT vs DBT
CBT focuses on how your thoughts, feelings and behavior influence each other.
While DBT does work on these things, emphasis is given more towards regulating emotions, being mindful, and learning to accept pain.
Basic Goal of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- Helps members replace their rigid thoughts.
- Help group members replace rigid demands with flexible preferences.
- Uses humor to show members how self-defeating their irrational thoughts are
Purpose of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Provides members with tools for experiencing healthy emotions about negative events. Instead of experiencing unhealthy emotions
Uses humor to show members how self-defeating their irrational thoughts are
Depression & anxiety
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
- group leader techniques
Must have unconditional acceptance.
ABC Theory
Part of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
The consequence (C) is NOT a result of A it is a response to B
Consequence is a response to Belief system.
A: Activating agent/event
B: Belief System
C: Consequence
Androgynous group
Blend of males and females
Endogenous group
Groups within society
Example: Church group
Heterogeneous group
Microcosm of the social structure that exists in the everyday world
Diverse age, race, cultural background
Example: Political campaign committee
Homogenous group
- Similar ages or population
- Common interest or problem
- Short-term groups
Example: Post-partum women learning about breastfeeding
Example: Males learning to deal with anger management
What is resistance in groups
Client’s attempt to restrict or control the type of information that is communicated.
Keeps members from exploring personal issues or painful feelings in depth
o Serves as a protective purpose
o Can interfere w/ group processes
Examples of resistance behavior in groups
o Excess talking
- Gossiping
- Starting rumors
o Interruptions
o Silence
o Not participating
o Distracting/laughing
- Class clown
How does the group leader counteract resistance
Create an open atmosphere
Express empathy
What usually causes resistance in groups
leader’s failure to give adequate orientation
Stress inoculation training
Educate about the nature of stress
we are not simply victims of stress
– what we do and what we think actively contributes to how we experience stress
Socratic discussion
Cognitive restructuring, problem-solving, relaxation training, and self-reinforcement
Psychodrama was designed to:
facilitate the expression of feelings in a spontaneous and dramatic way through the use of role playing.
Psychodrama emphasizes:
Spontaneity and creativity
Interpreting
encourage deeper self-exploration
bring awareness to self-contradictions
Transference
Unconscious process whereby members project past feelings or attitudes onto the therapist.
Countertransference
Therapist projects feelings they have onto members of the group.
Initial stage (2nd stage)
- what happens
- how do the members feel
orientation and exploration
increased anxiety and defensiveness
Transition stage (3rd stage)
- what happens
- how do the members feel
Recognizing and dealing with conflict
Anxiety, challenging the group leader
Working Stage (4th stage)
- important things that need to be done
- How members feel
Action:
Interpreting the meaning of the behavior patterns – for deeper level of self-exploration
cohesion and productivity
Commitment to explore significant problems
Catharsis
Expressing pent-up feelings releases energy that is tied to those feelings and relieves physical s/s
Ventilation of stored-up feelings
Rationalization
Justify our behavior by assigning logical and admirable motives to it
What are the Phases of Change?
Engagement
Focusing
Evoking
Planning
Phases of Change: Engagement
Trusting and respectful relationship is established
Phases of Change: Focusing
Process of clarifying the client’s goals and direction
Phases of Change: Evoking
Eliciting motivation for a specific change
Phases of Change: Planning
For a specific change strategy
Preparing members to assimilate, integrate, and apply in-group learning to everyday life is:
Terminating
In the era of ___________, brief interventions and short-term groups have become a necessity.
Managed Care
________________ is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal when an auxiliary ego may not be available, or the actual person is too threatening to engage in an encounter.
Empty chair
The technique whereby a protagonist speaks directly to the audience by expressing some uncensored feeling or thought is
Soliloquy
What is free association and what therapies use it?
No filter, say what you want
Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic
Purpose of an analytic group
Restructuring the client’s character and personality. Focus on how the past is affecting the present.
Precontemplation Stage
No awareness or intention
Contemplation Stage
Aware of the need for change
Planning for change
No commitment
What are: Encounter groups
- Theory
- Past or present?
- Communication style
- Length of therapy
Emerged from humanistic theory
An enactment of here and now but related to past or future event
Directness with communication
Can be brief and intense
