Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evidence Based Practice > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient describe?

A

The direction and degree of relationship between 2 variables.

Reported as a single number that represents the direction and degree of relationship between 2 variables
Values are between –1 to 0 to +1 (.80 or higher is strong relationship)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding unexpected statistical findings in a research study?

A

Unexpected results may indicate a flaw in the researcher’s logic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A Type I error indicates

A

indicates that there is a significant difference when there is not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which situation will involve the use of inferential statistics?

A

An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores

it is a conclusion or judgment based on evidence, judgments are made based on statistical result

examples:
-Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
-regression
-chi-square
-t-test
-ANOVA
-ANCOVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which statistical test is used to predict the value of a variable when the value of one or more other variables is known?

A

Regression analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which statistical test is used to examine the mean differences between two groups?

A

t-test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify a common challenge to successful adoption of mHealth.

A

Digital and health literacy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Major concerns with mHealth technologies include the protection of human subjects, confidentiality, privacy, and data security.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which statistical test is used to examine differences among 3 or more groups?

A

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which best describes digital health?

A

The broad use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support health and health-related fields.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prospective

A

means looking foward and is usually more accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

major literature review

A

is conducted at the BEGINNING of the research process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

limited review

A

is conducted AFTER the study is completed to identify studies published since the original literature review

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cross-sectional design

A

collects data at one data point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

longitudinal design

A

collects data at multiple points, “repeated measures design”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

causality

A

cause and effect relationship between the variables
-descriptive and correlational do not examine
-use quasi-experimental and experimental to examine causality or a new intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

multicausality

A

presence of multiple causes or “interrelating variables” for an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

retrospective

A

means looking backward
-have no control over the accuracy of data
-studies that use chart reviews and are non-interventional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bias

A

a slant or deviation from the truth

-can distort findings within several elements of a research study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

control

A

having power to direct or manipulate factors to achieve a desired outcome
-increasing control is a method to decrease bias
-improved accuracy of findings
increased control in quasi-experimental
greatest control in experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

probability

A

the likelihood of accurately predicting an event
-the cause will probably result in an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

manipulation

A

form of control used in quasi-experimental and experimental studies during the implementation of the intervention

-must manipulate the intervention (independent variable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

study validity

A

measure of the accuracy of findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

design validity

A

strengths and threats to the quality of a study design
Types:
-construct -measures what is supposed to ?
-internal - warrant casual conclusion?
-external - related to real world?
-statistical conclusion - relatioship between cause and effect?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

construct validity

A

begins with the fit between the conceptual definition and operational definitions of variables and how is it measured
-conceptual definitions provide the basis for operational definitions

threats:
-inadequate definitions
-experimenter expectancies - rosenthal effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

internal validity

A

the study results are a true reflection of reality

threats:
-participant selections
-history
-maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

external validity

A

the study findings can be generalized beyond the study

threats:
-interaction of setting + intervention
-interaction of selection + intervention
-interaction of history + intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

conclusions about relationships between variables accurate reflection of the real world

threats:
-low statistical power type 2 error
-unreliable measurement methods
-intervention fidelity concerns
-extraneous variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

descriptive designs

A

-simple descriptive: used to examine variables in a single sample

-comparative descriptive: used to describe variables and examine differences in variables in two or more groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

correlational designs

A

-descriptive correlational: describes variables and examines relationships among them

-predictive correlational: to predict the value of one variable based on the values obtained for another variable

-model testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is an ePatient?

A

-uses technology to actively participate in his or her healthcare
-manages responsibility for his/her own health and wellness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is eHealth?

A

emerging field in the medical informatics, public health and business, referring to health services for information - also a state of mind, a way of thinking, an attitude, to improve health care locally, regionally, and worldwide by using information and communication technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

driving forces for eHealth?

A

-personal computers and web
-access to health and wellness tracking tools
-evolution of the internet
-policy and legislative influences

34
Q

Evolution of the Internet

A

web 1.0: read only

web 2.0: social web with a community feel

web 3.0: web with browsers and devices that behave more like personal assistants and search capabilities that harness user experience behavior to display content of interest including personally tailored advertising

web 4.0: mobile web

web 5.0: (emerging) intelligent systems that have the capacity to measure individual’s emotions, wants and desired based on detection and predictive algorithms

35
Q

what are the quantified selfers?

A

-Blood Pressure
-exercise
-sleep
-dietary intake

36
Q

21st century cares act

A

2016 - expected to increase choice and access

-required to promote interoperability of health information and prohibit information blocking

-clinical notes are on electronic info that must not be blocked and made available for free

37
Q

when was the EHR adoption and patient access through personal health record portals (PHR) promoted

A

2009

38
Q

guided discovery

A

developing a SHARED hypothesis and including the ePatient in creating a plan to manage care’

-a way for ePatients to interact with healthcare

39
Q

challenges to eHealth

A

-current models may not be properly structured to support patient-centeredness

-clinicians may find it difficult to find the time and resources to fully engage with the ePatients who come with a well-prepared agenda

-patient collected data through digital health are not yet integrated into their medical record

40
Q

intervention

A

“independent variable”

-expected to impact the dependent variable (physiological, psychosocial, educational or any combination)

-should be consistent

41
Q

experimental group

A

this group is given the intervention/treatment and acts on the dependent variable

42
Q

control/comparison group

A

are not exposed to the intervention and receive standard care and acts on the dependent variable

43
Q

quasi-experimental designs

A

used when control is not possible

types:
-pretest/posttest design with comparison group - most commonly used
-posttest only design with comparison group - threats to validity and has no comparisions

44
Q

experimental design

A

more control than quasi-experimental through randomization

types:
-pretest/posttest designs with experimental and control group

-post-test only with control group design

45
Q

Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)

A

-gold standard
-may use blinding
-uses large # of subjects to test a treatment’s effect & compare results with a control group who did not receive the treatment
-RANDOMIZED subjects is essential
-usually multiple geographic locations are used
subjects come from a reference population

46
Q

Essential elements of experiments

A

-random assignment of subjects to groups
-precisely defined intervention/independent variable
-researcher - controlled manipulation of independent variable
-control/comparison group
-clearly identified sampling critieria
-carefully measured dependent variable/outcome

47
Q

2020 CARES act

A

coronavirus aid relief

48
Q

EHR Interoperability and Standards

A
  1. vocabularies and terminologies
  2. data or document content
  3. transport of messages
  4. privacy and security
  5. unique identifiers
49
Q

administrative applications

A

Registration systems:
demographics, insurance, procedures, allergies

Financial applications:
billing claims

Other:
staffing, scheduling, human resources

50
Q

ancillary applications

A

labratory
radiology
pharmacy
cardiology
resp. therapy
physical therapy

51
Q

Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE)

A
  1. Demonstrates reduction in medication errors
  2. allows orders to be entered, processed, tracked, updated, completed
  3. uses alerts to assist in decision support
  4. can flag abnormal results or reminders
52
Q

Specialty (niche) Applications

A

information systems:
-maternity
-newborn
-surgical
-ER department

53
Q

clincial decision support

A

Alerts:
-duplicate orders
-allergies
-medication dosing errors
-changes in patient condition
-abnormal labs
-diagnostic test results
-reminders

DANGER of alert fatigue

54
Q

EHR benefits

A

-benefits all healthcare providers
-cost savings
-access to patient info
quality and safety

55
Q

EHR challenges

A

-privacy and confidentiality
-standard language
-documentation burden
-consumer access EHR
-ownership
-patient-generated
-data integrity

56
Q

P-Value

A

the probability that a difference is due to chance alone - not standard error

-results are statistically significant between 2 or more groups

-significant IF < .05

EXAMPLE:
*r = 0.56 (p = 0.03) - moderate relationship statistically significant
*r = –0.13 (p = 0.2) - weak relationship, not statistically significant
*r = 0.65 (p < 0.002) - moderate relationship, statistically significant

57
Q

Type 1 error

A

Reject Ho when Ho is true
the results indicate that there is a SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE, when in reality there is not

58
Q

Type 2 error

A

Fail to reject Ho when Ho is false
the results indicated that there is NO significant difference when there is a difference

-more likely to occur where there is a small sample size

59
Q

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)?

A

-measure of strength of a linear association between 2 variables

-reported as a single number that represent the direction and degree of the relationship
-1 to 0 to +1

.80 or higher is a STRONG relationship

60
Q

Regression analysis

A

used to predict the value of one variable when the value of one or more other variables is known

multiple regression - predicting 2 values of variables??

61
Q

Chi-square test of independence

A

determines whether 2 variables are independent of related

look at the X2 number and p-value

62
Q

T-test

A

analyzes the difference between 2 means
There is a significant difference between the mean of 2 groups

independent t-test
paired t-test

63
Q

ANOVA

A

analysis of variance
a statistical test for testing mean differences among 3 or more groups

64
Q

ANCOVA

A

analysis of COvariance
-allows the researcher to examine the effect of a treatment apart from the effect of one or more cofounding variables

65
Q

Significant and predicted results:

A

-Agree with those predicted by the researcher
-Support the purpose, questions or hypotheses, variables, framework, and measurement tools
-Must consider the possibility of alternative explanations for the positive finding

66
Q

Nonsignificant results

A

called “negative” results and may be a true reflection of reality
-the reasoning or theory used to develop the hypothesis is in error
-may stem from a type 2 error
-the study failed to find any relationships or differences

67
Q

mixed results

A

-most common outcomes
-one variable may uphold predicted characteristics and another one does not

68
Q

connected health

A

mobile health AKA mHealth is a catalyst for healthcare change

69
Q

Digital health

A

includes mHealth, telehealth, and telemedicine

-connects and empowers people and populations to manage health and wellness, augmented by accessible and supportive provider teams working within flexible, integrated, interoperable, and digitally enabled care environments that leverage digital tools, technologies and services to transform care delivery

70
Q

MHealth

A

the WHO’s global observatory for eHealth - “medical and public health practice supported by mobile devices like phones, patient monitoring devices, personal digital assistants, and other wireless devices “

Tools: mobile phones with video capability can be used for telehealth to deliver care at a distance

Applications: mobile apps are important tools for phone and tablet devices

Sensors: provide links from mobile phones to an external device for longitudinal data collection or patient monitoring - data can be synced to mobile devices for monitoring (AliveCor - heart monitor )

71
Q

Client education and behavior change

A

Focuses on improving knowledge, modifying attitudes, and supporting behavior change

Examples in Healthcare Settings: Smoking cessation programs, Medication adherence support, Appointment reminders

72
Q

Data collection and reporting

A

Allows data to be directly deposited into central servers from mobile device

Examples of Functions: SMS, Voice communication, Digital forms
Examples in Healthcare Setting: Health surveys, Disease registration

73
Q

Electronic health records

A

Examples of Function: Digital forms, Mobile web (WAP/GPRS)
Examples in Healthcare Setting: Personal and healthcare facility-based

74
Q

Driving Forces in digital health

A
  1. technology (access, reduced cost, ad its increasing functionality)
  2. the consumer/patient engagement movement
  3. global health or connected health (expanding health care services)
  4. research, policy, and business (cost savings and earnings potential)
75
Q

benefits to mHealth

A

potential to address and overcome disparities i health service access, shortage of healthcare providers, health inequities, and high costs for healthcare

76
Q

Direct Measures (concrete)

A

weight
blood pressure
temperature

77
Q

Indirect measures (abstract)

A

pain
coping
depression

78
Q

Content Validity

A

the measurement method or scale includes all major elements or items relevant to construct being measured

79
Q

Construct Validity

A

whether the instrument is actually measuring the construct (which examines the fit between conceptual and operational definitions)

80
Q
A
81
Q
A

Evidence Based Practice (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions