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Public Health > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria

A

A large domain of single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Only a few cause disease

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2
Q

chain of infection

A

a pattern by which an infectious disease is transmitted from person to person.

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3
Q

herd immunity

A

When a sufficient number of people in a population are immunized against a disease, even
unvaccinated people in the population are unlikely to contract the disease

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4
Q

immunization

A

Stimulating immunity to an infectious disease by exposing an individual to a weakened or
inactivated pathogen or a portion of the pathogen.

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5
Q

method of transmission

A

The route or method of transfer by which the infectious microorganism moves or
* is carried from one place to another to

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6
Q

pathogen

A

micro that causes illness

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7
Q

reservoir

A

A place where a pathogen lives and multiplies before invading a noninfected person. Some pathogens
infect only humans; some have animal reservoirs and infect humans only occasionally. Contaminated water or food
may serve as a reservoir for waterborne or foodborne diseases.

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8
Q

susceptible host

A

host that do not have immunity to pathogen

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9
Q

vector

A

animal or insect that transmits a pathogen to a human host

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10
Q

viruses

A

Complexes of nucleic acid and protein that lack the machinery to reproduce themselves and that can only
grow by infecting animal or plant cells; some are infectious agents that cause human disease.

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11
Q

parasite

A

can’t live on it’s own
- relies on host

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12
Q

bacteria

A

killed by antibiotics

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13
Q

virus

A

can’t do anything against them

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14
Q

prion

A

protein
- turns brain into sponge

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15
Q

methods of transmission

A
  • direct (person to person)
  • aerosols (air)
  • food
  • water
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16
Q

conquest of disease

A
  • things did not decrease because of medicine but because of sanitation
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17
Q

chain of infection

A
  • agent
  • reservoir
  • portal of exit
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
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18
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once susceptible

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19
Q

why antibiotic resistance is a PH problem

A
  • 30-60% antibiotics prescribed not necessary
  • hospitals are 65% infections
  • 48 K die
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20
Q

TB resistance

A

still leading cause of infectious death
- on the rise because of antibiotic resistance

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21
Q

vaccine resistance

A

herd immunity

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22
Q

no one immunized

A

disease spreads through population

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23
Q

some immunized

A

disease spreads through some of population

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24
Q

most immunized

A

spread of disease is constrained

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25
Q

emergence of unknown diseases

A

people started interacting with animals and more with others (funeral, healthcare)

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26
Q

NCEZID

A

responsible for early detection and control of emerging infectious diseases

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27
Q

mad cow

A

proteins cause neurodegeneration
- 300/yr
- 100% fatal within 1 yr
- new, 1982

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28
Q

one health

A

A public health approach that
recognizes the health of people is
interconnected with the health of
our environment and the animals
that live in it.

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29
Q

air pollution

A

Airborne substances arising from natural or anthropogenic
sources that are known to cause health effects

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30
Q

smog

A

smoke mixed with fog

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31
Q

great smog of london

A

killed 12K

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32
Q

donora, PE

A

smog that killed 20 people and hospitalized 6K

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33
Q

effects of air pollutants respiratory

A
  • irritation
  • affects lung function
  • increased susceptibility to resp. infection
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34
Q

effects of air pollutants on cardiovascular

A
  • vascular inflammation
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35
Q

legacy of earth day

A

after earth day, we had environmental health regulations
- started in 1970s

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36
Q

6 criteria air pollutants

A
  • ozone
  • particulate matter
  • carbon monoxide
  • sulfur dioxide
  • nitrogen dioxide
  • lead
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37
Q

where do the six criteria air pollutants comes from

A

combustion reactions

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38
Q

ozone

A
  • not from combustion reactions
  • in earth atmosphere
  • main ingredient in smog
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39
Q

particulate matter

A
  • mix of solid and liquid in air
  • harmful solid particles can be inhaled
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40
Q

carbon monodixe

A
  • harmful when inhaled
  • no color or odor
  • machinery that burns fossil fuels main cause
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41
Q

sulfur dioxide

A
  • from power plants burning ff
  • makes it hard to breath
  • creates acid rain
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42
Q

nitrogen dioxides

A
  • highly reactive gases
  • from burning fuel and emissions
  • creates acid rain
43
Q

lead

A
  • processing of ore and metals
  • high concentration by smelters
  • negative effect on NS, kidney, IS, repro, CVS, and development
44
Q

primary sources of pollutants

A

combustion and industrial

45
Q

AQI

A
  • measures ozone, particulate, CM, and SD
  • PM 2.5
  • PM10
46
Q

PM 2.5

A

fine particulate matter, can be inhaled
- smokes, vape, grease, candle, mold spores

47
Q

good AQI

A

0-50

48
Q

moderate AQI

A

51-100

49
Q

unhealthy for sensitive groups AQI

A

101-150
- people with heart disease, lung disease, older adults, children, diabetes patients, and lower SES

50
Q

unhealthy

A

151-200

50
Q

sources of indoor pollution

A
  • radioactive
  • chemicals
  • allergens
  • infectious agents
51
Q

PM10

A

deposits in upper airways
- becomes bugger
- short-term health like allergy
- wood/diesel combustion, pollen, dust

52
Q

how to improve air quality

A
  • keep dry
  • keep air temps comfy
  • provide ventilation
  • use filters and exhaust fans
  • minimize release of pollutants inside
53
Q

less than ____ of all freshwater is suitable for drinking

A

1%

54
Q

______ gallons of potable water is used each day in US

A

39 billion
- mostly by toilets

55
Q

most people in the US get drinking water from

A

river

56
Q

FL gets most drinking water from

A

ground water

57
Q

CWA

A
  • be swimmable and fishable
  • be safe enough to drink
  • created national water quality standards for rivers and lakes
  • established point and non-point source pollution control standards
58
Q

point source

A

one place that you can trace it back to, can go to one spot and see the pollution

59
Q

non-point source

A

no one specific point, no sum amount of pollutants

60
Q

SWDA contaminant

A

anything in the water except water molecules

61
Q

SWDA established MCL

A

standards for 87 bio, chem, and radiological contaminants

62
Q

water treatment focus is

A

controlling bacterial diseases

63
Q

primary standards for drinking water

A

legally enforceable standards to protect public health

64
Q

secondary water standards

A

guidelines for contaminants impacting tase, odor, or color of water
- non enforceable federally
- states can enforce them

65
Q

pharmaceutical drugs in water

A
  • flushing
  • waste
66
Q

THMs in water

A

disinfection byproduct

67
Q

lead in water

A

corrosion, pipes

68
Q

fluorine in water

A

to protect teeth

69
Q

nitrate in water

A

from fertilized water

70
Q

american’s general _______ of trash per day

A

4.4 lbs

71
Q

what is mostly in the landfill

A

food, plastic, paper

72
Q

public health impact of waste

A
  • greenhouse gasses
  • lung irritants
  • organics and heavy metal water contamination
  • asthma and bronchitis trigger
  • vector attractant
  • infectious disease agents
73
Q

sanitary landfill

A

controlled method of solid waste disposal

74
Q

landfill guidelines established by

A

EPA

75
Q

RCRA

A
  • 1976
  • regulates sanitary landfills
76
Q

ocean dumping

A
  • people exposed to toxins by eating contaminated seafood
  • stopped by Ocean Dumping Act
77
Q

what makes a sanitary landfill

A
  • location restrictions (faults, wetlands, flood plains)
  • daily cover
  • leachate collection to sewer
  • clay and geotextile liner
  • groundwater monitoring
78
Q

alternatives to landfills

A
  • incineration
  • reduce/reuse
  • recycle
79
Q

Lois Gibbs

A
80
Q

hazardous waste stats

A
  • RCRA regulated
  • 0.5% of US waste stream is hazardous
  • reactive
  • ignitable
  • corrosive
  • toxic
81
Q

hazardous waste

A

anything that poses a serious threat to human health when improperly manages

82
Q

annual cost of foodborne illness

A

10-83B

83
Q

most common causes of foodborne illness

A
  • salmonella
  • campylobacter
  • clostridium perfringens
  • norovirus
  • staphylococcus aureus
84
Q

salmonella

A

chicken

85
Q

campylobacter

A
  • carcasses
  • meat
86
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

undercooked meat or poultry
- high protein

87
Q

norovirus

A

something you don’t cook

88
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

o What makes pimples
o Make food without washing hands

89
Q

top 5 foodborne illness risk factors

A
  • improper cooling
  • preparing too far ahead
  • inadequate reheating
  • improper hot holding
  • poor personal hygiene
90
Q

145F

A
  • whole meats
  • pork
  • red meat
  • seafood
91
Q

160F

A

ground meat and egg

92
Q

165F

A
  • chicken and poultry
  • leftovers
  • kills salmonella and cross contamination
93
Q

what temp gets rid of toxins

A

no temp

94
Q

danger zone

A

40-140

95
Q

who inspects food

A
  • customs
  • animal = usda, not eggs
  • fish = NOAA
  • FDA = actual egg and everything else
96
Q

why food labeling is important

A
  • how to get info
  • allergens
  • fraud
  • id card of products
  • quality and processing and preservation
97
Q

organic 100%

A
  • must be 100% organic
98
Q

organic

A

95% organic

99
Q

cosmetics

A
  • FD&C act
  • articles intended to be
    rubbed, poured, sprinkled,
    or sprayed on, introduced
    into, or otherwise applied to
    the human body…for
    cleansing, beautifying,
    promoting attractiveness,
    or altering the appearance
100
Q

changes to cosmetics

A
  • access to safety records
  • fda recall authority
  • mandated adverse event reporting
101
Q

drugs

A
  • FD&C act
  • articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
102
Q

supplements

A

not regulated as a food
- FDA only handle misbranding
- safety and effectiveness not evaluated
- product intended for ingestion that contains a dietary ingredient intended to supplement the diet

Public Health (3 decks)

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