Exam 2 Flashcards
bacteria
A large domain of single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Only a few cause disease
chain of infection
a pattern by which an infectious disease is transmitted from person to person.
herd immunity
When a sufficient number of people in a population are immunized against a disease, even
unvaccinated people in the population are unlikely to contract the disease
immunization
Stimulating immunity to an infectious disease by exposing an individual to a weakened or
inactivated pathogen or a portion of the pathogen.
method of transmission
The route or method of transfer by which the infectious microorganism moves or
* is carried from one place to another to
pathogen
micro that causes illness
reservoir
A place where a pathogen lives and multiplies before invading a noninfected person. Some pathogens
infect only humans; some have animal reservoirs and infect humans only occasionally. Contaminated water or food
may serve as a reservoir for waterborne or foodborne diseases.
susceptible host
host that do not have immunity to pathogen
vector
animal or insect that transmits a pathogen to a human host
viruses
Complexes of nucleic acid and protein that lack the machinery to reproduce themselves and that can only
grow by infecting animal or plant cells; some are infectious agents that cause human disease.
parasite
can’t live on it’s own
- relies on host
bacteria
killed by antibiotics
virus
can’t do anything against them
prion
protein
- turns brain into sponge
methods of transmission
- direct (person to person)
- aerosols (air)
- food
- water
conquest of disease
- things did not decrease because of medicine but because of sanitation
chain of infection
- agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
antibiotic resistance
ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once susceptible
why antibiotic resistance is a PH problem
- 30-60% antibiotics prescribed not necessary
- hospitals are 65% infections
- 48 K die
TB resistance
still leading cause of infectious death
- on the rise because of antibiotic resistance
vaccine resistance
herd immunity
no one immunized
disease spreads through population
some immunized
disease spreads through some of population
most immunized
spread of disease is constrained
emergence of unknown diseases
people started interacting with animals and more with others (funeral, healthcare)
NCEZID
responsible for early detection and control of emerging infectious diseases
mad cow
proteins cause neurodegeneration
- 300/yr
- 100% fatal within 1 yr
- new, 1982
one health
A public health approach that
recognizes the health of people is
interconnected with the health of
our environment and the animals
that live in it.
air pollution
Airborne substances arising from natural or anthropogenic
sources that are known to cause health effects
smog
smoke mixed with fog
great smog of london
killed 12K
donora, PE
smog that killed 20 people and hospitalized 6K
effects of air pollutants respiratory
- irritation
- affects lung function
- increased susceptibility to resp. infection
effects of air pollutants on cardiovascular
- vascular inflammation
legacy of earth day
after earth day, we had environmental health regulations
- started in 1970s
6 criteria air pollutants
- ozone
- particulate matter
- carbon monoxide
- sulfur dioxide
- nitrogen dioxide
- lead
where do the six criteria air pollutants comes from
combustion reactions
ozone
- not from combustion reactions
- in earth atmosphere
- main ingredient in smog
particulate matter
- mix of solid and liquid in air
- harmful solid particles can be inhaled
carbon monodixe
- harmful when inhaled
- no color or odor
- machinery that burns fossil fuels main cause
sulfur dioxide
- from power plants burning ff
- makes it hard to breath
- creates acid rain
nitrogen dioxides
- highly reactive gases
- from burning fuel and emissions
- creates acid rain
lead
- processing of ore and metals
- high concentration by smelters
- negative effect on NS, kidney, IS, repro, CVS, and development
primary sources of pollutants
combustion and industrial
AQI
- measures ozone, particulate, CM, and SD
- PM 2.5
- PM10
PM 2.5
fine particulate matter, can be inhaled
- smokes, vape, grease, candle, mold spores
good AQI
0-50
moderate AQI
51-100
unhealthy for sensitive groups AQI
101-150
- people with heart disease, lung disease, older adults, children, diabetes patients, and lower SES
unhealthy
151-200
sources of indoor pollution
- radioactive
- chemicals
- allergens
- infectious agents
PM10
deposits in upper airways
- becomes bugger
- short-term health like allergy
- wood/diesel combustion, pollen, dust
how to improve air quality
- keep dry
- keep air temps comfy
- provide ventilation
- use filters and exhaust fans
- minimize release of pollutants inside
less than ____ of all freshwater is suitable for drinking
1%
______ gallons of potable water is used each day in US
39 billion
- mostly by toilets
most people in the US get drinking water from
river
FL gets most drinking water from
ground water
CWA
- be swimmable and fishable
- be safe enough to drink
- created national water quality standards for rivers and lakes
- established point and non-point source pollution control standards
point source
one place that you can trace it back to, can go to one spot and see the pollution
non-point source
no one specific point, no sum amount of pollutants
SWDA contaminant
anything in the water except water molecules
SWDA established MCL
standards for 87 bio, chem, and radiological contaminants
water treatment focus is
controlling bacterial diseases
primary standards for drinking water
legally enforceable standards to protect public health
secondary water standards
guidelines for contaminants impacting tase, odor, or color of water
- non enforceable federally
- states can enforce them
pharmaceutical drugs in water
- flushing
- waste
THMs in water
disinfection byproduct
lead in water
corrosion, pipes
fluorine in water
to protect teeth
nitrate in water
from fertilized water
american’s general _______ of trash per day
4.4 lbs
what is mostly in the landfill
food, plastic, paper
public health impact of waste
- greenhouse gasses
- lung irritants
- organics and heavy metal water contamination
- asthma and bronchitis trigger
- vector attractant
- infectious disease agents
sanitary landfill
controlled method of solid waste disposal
landfill guidelines established by
EPA
RCRA
- 1976
- regulates sanitary landfills
ocean dumping
- people exposed to toxins by eating contaminated seafood
- stopped by Ocean Dumping Act
what makes a sanitary landfill
- location restrictions (faults, wetlands, flood plains)
- daily cover
- leachate collection to sewer
- clay and geotextile liner
- groundwater monitoring
alternatives to landfills
- incineration
- reduce/reuse
- recycle
Lois Gibbs
hazardous waste stats
- RCRA regulated
- 0.5% of US waste stream is hazardous
- reactive
- ignitable
- corrosive
- toxic
hazardous waste
anything that poses a serious threat to human health when improperly manages
annual cost of foodborne illness
10-83B
most common causes of foodborne illness
- salmonella
- campylobacter
- clostridium perfringens
- norovirus
- staphylococcus aureus
salmonella
chicken
campylobacter
- carcasses
- meat
clostridium perfringens
undercooked meat or poultry
- high protein
norovirus
something you don’t cook
staphylococcus aureus
o What makes pimples
o Make food without washing hands
top 5 foodborne illness risk factors
- improper cooling
- preparing too far ahead
- inadequate reheating
- improper hot holding
- poor personal hygiene
145F
- whole meats
- pork
- red meat
- seafood
160F
ground meat and egg
165F
- chicken and poultry
- leftovers
- kills salmonella and cross contamination
what temp gets rid of toxins
no temp
danger zone
40-140
who inspects food
- customs
- animal = usda, not eggs
- fish = NOAA
- FDA = actual egg and everything else
why food labeling is important
- how to get info
- allergens
- fraud
- id card of products
- quality and processing and preservation
organic 100%
- must be 100% organic
organic
95% organic
cosmetics
- FD&C act
- articles intended to be
rubbed, poured, sprinkled,
or sprayed on, introduced
into, or otherwise applied to
the human body…for
cleansing, beautifying,
promoting attractiveness,
or altering the appearance
changes to cosmetics
- access to safety records
- fda recall authority
- mandated adverse event reporting
drugs
- FD&C act
- articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
supplements
not regulated as a food
- FDA only handle misbranding
- safety and effectiveness not evaluated
- product intended for ingestion that contains a dietary ingredient intended to supplement the diet
