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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria

A

A large domain of single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Only a few cause disease

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2
Q

chain of infection

A

a pattern by which an infectious disease is transmitted from person to person.

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3
Q

herd immunity

A

When a sufficient number of people in a population are immunized against a disease, even
unvaccinated people in the population are unlikely to contract the disease

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4
Q

immunization

A

Stimulating immunity to an infectious disease by exposing an individual to a weakened or
inactivated pathogen or a portion of the pathogen.

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5
Q

method of transmission

A

The route or method of transfer by which the infectious microorganism moves or
* is carried from one place to another to

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6
Q

pathogen

A

micro that causes illness

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7
Q

reservoir

A

A place where a pathogen lives and multiplies before invading a noninfected person. Some pathogens
infect only humans; some have animal reservoirs and infect humans only occasionally. Contaminated water or food
may serve as a reservoir for waterborne or foodborne diseases.

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8
Q

susceptible host

A

host that do not have immunity to pathogen

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9
Q

vector

A

animal or insect that transmits a pathogen to a human host

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10
Q

viruses

A

Complexes of nucleic acid and protein that lack the machinery to reproduce themselves and that can only
grow by infecting animal or plant cells; some are infectious agents that cause human disease.

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11
Q

parasite

A

can’t live on it’s own
- relies on host

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12
Q

bacteria

A

killed by antibiotics

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13
Q

virus

A

can’t do anything against them

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14
Q

prion

A

protein
- turns brain into sponge

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15
Q

methods of transmission

A
  • direct (person to person)
  • aerosols (air)
  • food
  • water
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16
Q

conquest of disease

A
  • things did not decrease because of medicine but because of sanitation
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17
Q

chain of infection

A
  • agent
  • reservoir
  • portal of exit
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
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18
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once susceptible

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19
Q

why antibiotic resistance is a PH problem

A
  • 30-60% antibiotics prescribed not necessary
  • hospitals are 65% infections
  • 48 K die
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20
Q

TB resistance

A

still leading cause of infectious death
- on the rise because of antibiotic resistance

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21
Q

vaccine resistance

A

herd immunity

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22
Q

no one immunized

A

disease spreads through population

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23
Q

some immunized

A

disease spreads through some of population

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24
Q

most immunized

A

spread of disease is constrained

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25
emergence of unknown diseases
people started interacting with animals and more with others (funeral, healthcare)
26
NCEZID
responsible for early detection and control of emerging infectious diseases
27
mad cow
proteins cause neurodegeneration - 300/yr - 100% fatal within 1 yr - new, 1982
28
one health
A public health approach that recognizes the health of people is interconnected with the health of our environment and the animals that live in it.
29
air pollution
Airborne substances arising from natural or anthropogenic sources that are known to cause health effects
30
smog
smoke mixed with fog
31
great smog of london
killed 12K
32
donora, PE
smog that killed 20 people and hospitalized 6K
33
effects of air pollutants respiratory
- irritation - affects lung function - increased susceptibility to resp. infection
34
effects of air pollutants on cardiovascular
- vascular inflammation
35
legacy of earth day
after earth day, we had environmental health regulations - started in 1970s
36
6 criteria air pollutants
- ozone - particulate matter - carbon monoxide - sulfur dioxide - nitrogen dioxide - lead
37
where do the six criteria air pollutants comes from
combustion reactions
38
ozone
- not from combustion reactions - in earth atmosphere - main ingredient in smog
39
particulate matter
- mix of solid and liquid in air - harmful solid particles can be inhaled
40
carbon monodixe
- harmful when inhaled - no color or odor - machinery that burns fossil fuels main cause
41
sulfur dioxide
- from power plants burning ff - makes it hard to breath - creates acid rain
42
nitrogen dioxides
- highly reactive gases - from burning fuel and emissions - creates acid rain
43
lead
- processing of ore and metals - high concentration by smelters - negative effect on NS, kidney, IS, repro, CVS, and development
44
primary sources of pollutants
combustion and industrial
45
AQI
- measures ozone, particulate, CM, and SD - PM 2.5 - PM10
46
PM 2.5
fine particulate matter, can be inhaled - smokes, vape, grease, candle, mold spores
47
good AQI
0-50
48
moderate AQI
51-100
49
unhealthy for sensitive groups AQI
101-150 - people with heart disease, lung disease, older adults, children, diabetes patients, and lower SES
50
unhealthy
151-200
50
sources of indoor pollution
- radioactive - chemicals - allergens - infectious agents
51
PM10
deposits in upper airways - becomes bugger - short-term health like allergy - wood/diesel combustion, pollen, dust
52
how to improve air quality
- keep dry - keep air temps comfy - provide ventilation - use filters and exhaust fans - minimize release of pollutants inside
53
less than ____ of all freshwater is suitable for drinking
1%
54
______ gallons of potable water is used each day in US
39 billion - mostly by toilets
55
most people in the US get drinking water from
river
56
FL gets most drinking water from
ground water
57
CWA
- be swimmable and fishable - be safe enough to drink - created national water quality standards for rivers and lakes - established point and non-point source pollution control standards
58
point source
one place that you can trace it back to, can go to one spot and see the pollution
59
non-point source
no one specific point, no sum amount of pollutants
60
SWDA contaminant
anything in the water except water molecules
61
SWDA established MCL
standards for 87 bio, chem, and radiological contaminants
62
water treatment focus is
controlling bacterial diseases
63
primary standards for drinking water
legally enforceable standards to protect public health
64
secondary water standards
guidelines for contaminants impacting tase, odor, or color of water - non enforceable federally - states can enforce them
65
pharmaceutical drugs in water
- flushing - waste
66
THMs in water
disinfection byproduct
67
lead in water
corrosion, pipes
68
fluorine in water
to protect teeth
69
nitrate in water
from fertilized water
70
american's general _______ of trash per day
4.4 lbs
71
what is mostly in the landfill
food, plastic, paper
72
public health impact of waste
- greenhouse gasses - lung irritants - organics and heavy metal water contamination - asthma and bronchitis trigger - vector attractant - infectious disease agents
73
sanitary landfill
controlled method of solid waste disposal
74
landfill guidelines established by
EPA
75
RCRA
- 1976 - regulates sanitary landfills
76
ocean dumping
- people exposed to toxins by eating contaminated seafood - stopped by Ocean Dumping Act
77
what makes a sanitary landfill
- location restrictions (faults, wetlands, flood plains) - daily cover - leachate collection to sewer - clay and geotextile liner - groundwater monitoring
78
alternatives to landfills
- incineration - reduce/reuse - recycle
79
Lois Gibbs
80
hazardous waste stats
- RCRA regulated - 0.5% of US waste stream is hazardous - reactive - ignitable - corrosive - toxic
81
hazardous waste
anything that poses a serious threat to human health when improperly manages
82
annual cost of foodborne illness
10-83B
83
most common causes of foodborne illness
- salmonella - campylobacter - clostridium perfringens - norovirus - staphylococcus aureus
84
salmonella
chicken
85
campylobacter
- carcasses - meat
86
clostridium perfringens
undercooked meat or poultry - high protein
87
norovirus
something you don't cook
88
staphylococcus aureus
o What makes pimples o Make food without washing hands
89
top 5 foodborne illness risk factors
- improper cooling - preparing too far ahead - inadequate reheating - improper hot holding - poor personal hygiene
90
145F
- whole meats - pork - red meat - seafood
91
160F
ground meat and egg
92
165F
- chicken and poultry - leftovers - kills salmonella and cross contamination
93
what temp gets rid of toxins
no temp
94
danger zone
40-140
95
who inspects food
- customs - animal = usda, not eggs - fish = NOAA - FDA = actual egg and everything else
96
why food labeling is important
- how to get info - allergens - fraud - id card of products - quality and processing and preservation
97
organic 100%
- must be 100% organic
98
organic
95% organic
99
cosmetics
- FD&C act - articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body...for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance
100
changes to cosmetics
- access to safety records - fda recall authority - mandated adverse event reporting
101
drugs
- FD&C act - articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
102
supplements
not regulated as a food - FDA only handle misbranding - safety and effectiveness not evaluated - product intended for ingestion that contains a dietary ingredient intended to supplement the diet

Public Health (3 decks)

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