Exam 1 Flashcards
expectation of life
how long people will live
expectation of life in Us
- F 82
expectation of life in Canada
- F 85
- M 81
public health
the science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health
___% of people in PH work in enviro care
65
__% people in PH work in behavioral sciene
16%
__% people in PH work in medical
15
_% people in PH work in lab science
3
_% people in PH work in epidemiology
1
prevention
preventing undesirable health outcomes
tertiary prevention
services and intervention for children and families where there is abuse and neglect
- damage control
secondary prevention
negative outcome happened, trying to limit the severity of the outcome
- target services for families to alleviate emerging problems and prevent escalation
primary prevention
intervening to prevent a problem from every happening
- serves and programs for entire population to provide support and education before problems occur
public health is not
health care for the poor
PH
- community based
goal of PH
prevent disease
federal budget devoted to prevention
less than 3%
PH has increased life expectancy by
25 years
health care
individual based
goal of health care
cure illness
federal budget for health care
31%
health care has increased life expectancy by
5 years
biggest concern in volusia county
diabetes
ph is controversial because
common good vs individual responsibility
- makes decisions about whose needs are most important
1980s
- AIDS outbreak
why the AIDS outbreak was so bad
- no sex education
- conservatives advocated for opposite of what happened during COVID
- blood donations socially expected
__% men used condoms
15
- dropped when birth control pills came out
__% women took BC pills
15
- doesn’t stop disease
perfect storm for invasion of HIV
- social repression
- governmental apathy
rise of Christian right during AIDS
concern about society’s moral decay
__% Catholic do to church regularly
50
__________ people die of HIV in US each year
630,000
1990 _____ people died from sex and sharing needles
100K
Belief of gay men in 1990
if you can’t reproduce, you recruit
in 1990, believed that dying of AIDS was
punishment for being gay
jerry falwell
hard-right Christian push on government
- gay plague
Raegan elected
rise of modern conservative movement
- no money put to research
AIDS started to spread
angry because babies started to die of aids
- realized they couldn’t just isolate people to control it
1800s public protection
living behind fortified walls in crowded conditions
why disease increased in 1800s times
waste disposal in 1800s
done for convenience rather than for health
1800s thing to stop cultural practices that led to disease outbreaks
community rules
why government is involved in PH
- they collect taxes and have money to allocate to other places with consequences
- based on what the states need and want
- about control
1700s tools for disease
- quarantine
- isolation
- disease seen as controllable
1800s problems
- urbanization with sanitation
- industrialization
- cause of disease and vehicle transmission
1800s sanitation
changed the way we thought about social responsibility
Shattuck’s report
one of the most farsighted and influences document today
- initially controversial
- blueprint for PHS
- set up boards of health
Who brought sanitary movement
Chadwick
- london used poop to pave dirt roads
- cholera
now PHS is about
breaking disease patterns
boundary between
medicine and public health
us constitution does not include
the word health
laws not mentioned in constitution_____
deferred to state
general welfare
how federal government got into FDA
- can only regulate food that crosses state boarders
- government concern for health, safety, and peace for people
branches of federal government
- legislative = makes the laws
- executive = carries out laws
- judicial = evaluates/interprets laws
public health functions
- assessment
- policy development
- assurance
assessment
collecting and analyzing NUMBERS
- death and birth certificate
- monitor health
- diagnose and invetigate
assurance
analyzing effectiveness
- competent workforce
- link to services
- enforce laws
- evaluate
policy development
- write policies
- inform, educate, and empower
- mobilize community
- develop policies
international public health
- agency of united nations
- public health’s global community organizer
surgeon general
- US public health service
- protect boarders
- emergency response
- spokes person for PH
- vice admiral Murphy
centralized
state-controlled
decentralized
overlapping jurisdictions between state, country, city
state HD
- regulation and enforcement vary
_____ decide how money is going to flow
politicians
NGO
- not direct service
- funding, attention
____ established that we needed public health preparedness
9/11
disaster
A sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss or destruction
FEMA disaster
a natural catastrophe regardless of the cause or a fire, explosion, or flood within the US that the President has claimed it was a disaster
- President has to declare it a disaster
PH role in disasters
- minimize death and injuries
- prevent disease outbreaks and illnesses
- ensure safe housing and facilities for impacted people
predictable disasters
- know they will happen but not when
- hurricanes
- fires
- floods
- earthquakes
3 primary disaster prevention roles
- mitigation
- preparedness
- recovery
mitigation
reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen society’s ability to withstand or reduce vulnerability
preparedness
make a plan
recovery
trying to get the PH infrastructure back to it’s normal place
strategic national stockpile
- secret locations that store things for disasters
- viles of smallpox vaccines
- biomed supplies
- need to get to site in 12 hours
- can set up a hospital in 24 hours
EPA
- sewage
- water
- air
FDA
- medical devices
- tattoo ink
CDC
pure assessment and policy development
NIH
all research in US that is PH related
_____ lead for disaster response
PH
latency
exposed to infectious
incubation
exposed to disease (symptoms)
period of communicability
can infect others
3 important Ws
- when
- who
- where
prevalence
cases at one point in time
incidence
new cases over a period of time
_____ will increase when people with disease can survive longer
prevalence
types of epi studies
- intervention
- cohort
- case-control
intervention study
- not performed by epi
- experimental and control group
- watch over time and compare
- Aspirin to prevent heart disease
cohort study
- when doing intervention study unethical or too difficult
- get large number of people, collect exposure, track outcomes
- Nurses’ Health Study
how cohort is different from intervention
people get to choose their own exposures
case-control study
- faster and cheaper
- least accurate
- with people who already have the disease vs healthy people
- ask both groups previous exposures
sources of error
- instrumental
- environmental
- procedural
- human
