Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR3100 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors for Heart Failure

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Cholesterol lvls
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Physical activity
  • Nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

High cholesterol levels in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

COPD Complications

A
  1. Hypercapnia & hypoxemia; cause pulm. vascular shunting & vasoconstriction
  2. incrs vascular resistance
  3. Pulm. arterial HTN develops
  4. R side of heart pushes against high pressure in pulm. arteries
  5. RV hypertrophies
  6. RHF (cor pulmonale)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How to Identify Unstable Angina

A

Symptoms occur at rest and unrelieved; severe chest pain & SOA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Peripheral Venous Disease

A
  • When atherosclerosis narrows & thickens veins, dcring bld flow & oxygen delivery
  • CMs: pulse present, skin warm, irregular ulcer borders, skin swelling & weeping, surrounding skin brown/brawny, varicose veins
  • Elevation helps perfusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RAAS - Activation to End Result

A
  1. Blood pressure drops
  2. Sympathetic Nervous System stimulates kidneys (fight or flight)
  3. Kidneys juxtaglomerular (JG) cells are stimulated to release RENIN
  4. Renin enters circulation; activates ANGIOTENSINOGEN
  5. Creates Angiotensin I
  6. ACE (Angiotensin-converting-enzyme); found on surface of lung & kidney
  7. ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II - constricts vessels & incrs bld Vol
  8. Kidneys: keep Na+ * H2O
    Adrenal Cortex; Aldosterone: Na+, H20 & dcr K+
    Pituitary Gland: ADH; keep H2O
    End Result: INCR BLOOD PRESSURE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Patho for Asthma

A

IgE activation causes inflammatory response in airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Patho for Chronic Bronchitis (in COPD)

A

Excessive mucous production, mucous plugging, and fibrosis of bronchial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complications of Aortic Stenosis

A
  • Heart failure
  • Stroke
  • Blood clots
  • Bleeding
  • Arrhythmias
  • Endocarditis
  • Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Reduction of oxygen in arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Pathologic Fracture

A

Fracture due to bone weakened by an underlying disease
(osteoporosis, cancer, Paget’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rheumatoid Arthiritis

A

T cell (type III) mediated response to immunologic trigger (body’s immune system attacks its own joints)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Progressive loss of articular cartilage & synovitis due to overuse of joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Venous Disorders?

A
  • Chronic Venous Insufficiency
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
    (disorders of veins; deoxygenated blood to lungs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reason for assessment of fracture

A

To obtain a baseline to watch for acute compartment syndrome
- Assess long bones; change in alignment, shape, deformity, internal or external rotation, shortened or lengthened
- Assess circulation; skin color & temp, cap refill, pulses distal to fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

A
  • When atherosclerosis narrows & thickens arteries in legs & feet; dcrd bld flow bc of ischemia
  • CMs: calf pain (claudication), poor/absent pulse, cool skin, dry/pale ulcers, surrounding skin dry & shiny, skin pale when elevated, rubor when dependent
  • Gravity (standing) helps perfusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypoxemia Attempts to Decompensate

A
  • dcrd resp. effort
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Cyanosis
  • Arrhythmias
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Right-Sided Heart Failure

A
  • Patho: impaired contractility of RV; incrd fluid pressure backing up from left side
  • Caused by: LHF, cor pulmonale (COPD), pulmonary HTN, valve dysfunction (tri or pulm)
  • CMs: SWELLING
  • Risk Factors: family hx, age, obesity, high BP, diabetes, anemia, afib, arrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2nd Step of Atherosclerosis

A

Plaque Structure: smooth muscle cells of tunica media form fibrous cap of collagen & elastin over fatty streaks & lay down calcium deposits - plaque build up is a repetitive process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A
  • Patho: type III; immune complexes invade connective tissue, antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
  • Comps: complexes deposit in joints, joint pain & Inflammation, Malar rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Pneumothorax

A

Presence of atmospheric air (+) in pleural space (-); breach of parietal or visceral pleura causes lung to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

Product of stroke volume X HR per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Character of Fracture Pieces

A
  • Comminuted: more than 2 pieces
  • Impacted: 2 wedged pieces together
  • Compression: 2 bones crushed together
  • Transverse: across bone at right angle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Acute Compartment Syndrome

A

Decrease in compartment size by cast or dressing, increases compartment volume caused by bleeding or swelling which increases pressure of area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3rd Step of Atherosclerosis

A

Artery Lumen Narrows: dcrs blood flow = less O2 to tissues (ischemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

LHF CMs

A
  • Activity intolerance/dyspnea
  • Pulmonary congestion; impaired gas exchange, cyanosis/hypoxia
  • Pulmonary edema; orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cough w/ frothy sputum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Short Term BP Control - Neural Control

A
  • (Brain) Vagal stimulation > PNS, parasympathetic = slow HR & dilates vessels
  • (Spinal cord) PNS, sympathetic = incrs HR & contractility > vasoconstriction
  • Baroreceptors; pressure sensitive
28
Q

Stenosis

A

Valve does not OPEN completely

29
Q

Patho for Emphysema (in COPD)

A

Abnormal permanent enlargement and destruction of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles

30
Q

What are Arterial Disorders?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
  • Raynaud’s Phenomenon
  • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
  • Coronary Artery Disease & Myocardial Infarction
  • Hypertension
    (disorders of arteries; oxygenated blood to body)
31
Q

Gout

A
  • Patho: incrd uric acid leads to formation of urate crystals which deposit in joints initiating an inflammatory response
  • Risk Factor: males 40+
32
Q

Disorders Leading to Poor Perfusion

A
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Pulmonary HTN
33
Q

Long Term BP Control

A
  • Controlled by kidneys, regulate extracellular body fluid; RAAS
  • High BP = kidneys excrete more sodium + water (less aldosterone)
  • Low BP = kidneys retain more sodium + water (more aldosterone)
34
Q

Communication w/ external environment (fracture)

A
  • Open: exposed to environment
  • Closed: skin intact
35
Q

Unstable Plaque (atherosclerosis)

A

DANGEROUS
Plaque rupture & migration through vessel - thrombus may cause occlusion in artery of heart, brain, or limb - can cause severe ischemia & infarction

36
Q

What is Pleural Effusion

A

Abnormal collection of fluid in pleural cavity causes lung to collapse

37
Q

Chronic Stable Angina

A

Intermittent imbalance; coronary blood flow & metabolic demands of myocardium = chest pain & SOA, relieved by rest & nitro tabs

38
Q

RHF CMs

A
  • Peripheral edema; fluid weight gain (2lbs/day, 5lbs/wk)
  • Liver congestion; impaired liver function
  • GI congestion; anorexia, tissue wasting, GI distress
39
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

Alveoli in lungs

40
Q

Risk Factors for HTN

A
  • Family hx
  • Age related incr
  • Race (African Amer)
  • Insulin resistance / hyperinsulinemia
  • High salt intake = incrd fluid
  • Obesity
  • Excessive alc. consumption
  • Stress
  • Smoking
  • Diet high in saturated fats / cholesterol
41
Q

Patho for Atrial Fibrillation

A

Rapid, disorganized atrial activation causing uncoordinated atrial contraction and V response - most common arrhythmia

42
Q

Regurgitation

A

Valve does not CLOSE completely
(commonly mitral & aortic)

43
Q

Latent TB Infection

A

T cells & macrophages surround organism in granulomas and limit spread, this is NOT an active disease; will not spread

44
Q

What is Congestive Heart Failure

A

The back up of fluid into lungs and/or peripheral tissues secondary to HF

45
Q

Patho of Endocarditis

A

Invasion of valves/endocardium by microbial agent (staph aureus) - formation of vegetations & destruction of underlying cardiac tissues = new heart murmur

46
Q

Stable Plaque (atherosclerosis)

A

Fibrous atheromatous - progressive narrowing of artery dcring blood flow = ischemia bc of inadequate oxygenation & perfusion to distal tissue

47
Q

1st Step of Atherosclerosis

A

Foam Cells: LDL cholesterol invades tunica intima layer; macrophages eat up LDL & die; accumulate & build fatty layers (streaks)

48
Q

Cause of Rheumatoid Heart Disease

A

Rheumatic fever caused by group A streptococcus bacteria inflammatory reaction

49
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Inadequate ventilation; blood carbon dioxide incrs

50
Q

Unstable Angina

A

MORE SERIOUS
Possible myocardial infarction = severe chest pain & SOA

51
Q

Risk Factors for Pneumonia

A
  • Recent exposure
  • Tobacco use/substance abuse
  • Chronic lung disease
  • Aspiration risk
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Immune compromised/age
  • Atelectasis; immobility
52
Q

Degree of Break

A
  • Complete: bone completely broken
  • Incomplete: (crack-greenstick) partially broken
53
Q

Hypoxemia Attempts to Compensate

A
  • incr RR
  • Tachycardia
  • incr CO
  • Vasoconstriction
  • incr BP
54
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure

A
  • Patho: reduced ejection fraction; ventricle cannot pump bld to body
  • Causes: acute MI (left main coronary artery & left anterior descending artery), valve dysfunction (aortic stenosis), cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic), HTN
  • CMs: DROWNIN
  • Risk Factors: diabetes, obesity, sleep apnea, age, smoking
55
Q

What does Atherosclerosis Result in

A

Impaired blood flow: (can be…)
- Ischemia: dcr in arterial flow that dcrs O2 demands & nutrients
- Infarction: total block off, area of ischemia necrosis in an organ produced by occlusion (block off) arterial blood supply or venous drainage

56
Q

Short Term BP Control - Humoral Control

A
  • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS); angiotensin II = vasoconstriction
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin) = vasocontriction
  • Epinephrine = incr HR & vasoconstriction
57
Q

Patho for Atelectasis

A

Incomplete lung expansion

58
Q

Ventilation without perfusion affects…

A

Oxygen saturation in blood flow bc in not being perfused

59
Q

Treatment of Osteomyelitis

A
  • LONG TERM ANTIBIOTICS
  • Surgery debridement
  • Hyperbaric
  • Avoid limb loss
60
Q

DROWNIN (LHF)

A

Dyspnea (SOB)
Rales
Orthopnea
Weakness & fatigue
Nocturnal dyspnea
Impaired gas exchange
Nagging cough

61
Q

Pathology of Atherosclerosis

A

Formation of fibrofatty plaques in intima (inner) of arteries - fibrous plaque form over fatty deposit that result in hypercholesterolemia & inflammation

62
Q

Cystic Fibrosis CMs

A

Airway obstruction
- Accumulation of thick mucus in bronchi (dehydrated mucous)
- Impaired mucociliary clearance
- Chronic inflammation

63
Q

Perfusion without ventilation affects….

A

AIRWAY (poor ventilation) - :shunting” causes alveoli to fill with fluid & cannot exchange gas with bld

64
Q

Patho of Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardial sac

65
Q

SWELLING (RHF)

A

Swelling of legs, liver, GI
Weight gain
Edema
Large neck vein
Lethargy
Irregular HR
Nocturia
Girth

66
Q

How to Identify Chronic Stable Angina

A
  • Physical exertion
  • Exposure to cold
  • Emotional stress
67
Q

Disorders Leading to Poor Ventilation

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Lung cancer
  • Pleural effusion

NUR3100 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions