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NUR3100 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when vascular permeability is increased?

A
  1. Vessels become bigger, blood flows more in that area
  2. The stuff inside of the vessel will get out which causes the swelling
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2
Q

What is the lab to determine if a patient has
progressed to AIDS?

A

Titer for CD4 T cells < 200

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3
Q

P in HELPR

A

PAIN
Mediator will stimulate the nerve ending, causing pain

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4
Q

2nd Stage of Wound Healing

A
  • Proliferation and new tissue formation : 3 days - 2 weeks
  • Granulation tissue grows (2nd step) into wound surrounding healthy tissue
  • Granulation happens bc of angiogenesis (1st step); forms new capillaries
  • Re-epithelialization (3rd step); skin reformation across wound bed
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5
Q

Full Thickness Wound

A
  • Epidermis & full dermis loss
  • Involve fatty tissue, bones, muscles, or tendons
  • Cannot suture
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6
Q

Viral Infection : Herpes Zoster

A
  • Reactivation of virus dormant within dorsal root ganglia
  • Manifestations : pain & itching along 1 or more skin dermatomes, grouped vesicles/pain unilateral along ribcage
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7
Q

Type II Examples

A
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Grave’s disease
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8
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

WBC cancer, bone marrow is overcrowded with nonfunctional WBC

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9
Q

> 10,00 WBC indicates

A
  • IR
  • Recent surgery
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10
Q

What is Polycythemia Vera?

A
  • Opposite of anemia
  • Cancer pluripotent cells of bone marrow increase in RBC, WBC, & platelet
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11
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Leukemia

A
  • Fatigue (anemia)
  • Infections
  • Bleeding
  • Fever/night sweats
  • Bone pain/tenderness
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12
Q

Type IV : Cell-Mediated or Delayed

A
  • Mediated by T cell lymphocytes
  • Delayed hypersensitivity; 24-48hrs after exposure
  • Skin reaction
  • Local tissue destruction
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13
Q

IR : Vascular Response

A

The mast cell is going to degranulate which causes the release of histamine

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14
Q

Goals of Inflammation

A
  • Limit tissue damage
  • Destroy/limit microorganisms
  • Initiate adaptive IR
  • Begin healing
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15
Q

Type I : Immediate

A
  • IgE antibody sensitized to antigen (antibody becomes more sensitive to antigen)
  • Mast cells release histamine bc of allergen
  • Histamine release causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction
  • Nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea
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16
Q

What is the lab to determine if a patient has
progressed to HIV?

A

Western Blot

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17
Q

Examples of Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorder

A
  • Normal physiologic changes: infancy, aging, pregnancy, chronic stress
  • Malnutrition: drug use, alcoholism
  • Illness: HIV, cancer
  • Meds: immunosuppressants, steroids, chemo
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18
Q

What does Histamine cause?

A

Vasodilation

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19
Q

Anaphylaxis Manifestations

A
  • Skin: itch, hives, skin erythema
  • Respiratory: bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, respiratory distress
  • GI: N&V, diarrhea
  • Cardio: hypotension, shock
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20
Q

<500 WBC indicates

A

Risk for fatal infection

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21
Q

Which degree of burn is the most painful?

A

2nd degree

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22
Q

Types of Hypersensitivity Disorders

A
  • Type I
  • Type II
  • Type III
  • Type IV
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23
Q

What are some cancers have a genetic connection?

A
  • Breast
  • Colon
  • Prostate
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24
Q

_______ tissue forms because of _________

A

GRANULATION tissue forms because of ANGIOGENESIS (process)

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25
Q

L in HELPR

A

LOSS OF FUNCTION
Due to swelling, can cause joints or affected area to lose their function

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26
Q

Properties of IR

A
  • Occurs in tissue with blood supply
  • Activated rapidly
  • Depends on activity of both cellular & chemical components
  • Nonspecific
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27
Q

1st Stage of Wound Healing

A

Inflammation : 1-3 days

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28
Q

What is Histamine?

A

A chemical that is stored and released by mast cells in the immune system in response to antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE)

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of Malignant Cell?

A
  • Looking like a crab to infiltrate surrounding tissue
  • Rapid growth; ignore signals to stop growing
  • Do not die
  • Cause destruction & metastasize
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30
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

Infection enters body, enters specialized T cell, slice into DNA and turn cells into virus-making factor
A virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infections

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31
Q

Type II : Cell-Specific

A
  • Antibody-mediated (IgG or IgM), a cell specific hypersensitivity
  • Activates complement system to cause specific cell destruction
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32
Q

Bacterial Infection : Cellulitis

A
  • Infection of dermis & subcutaneous tissue; an extent of wounds or ulcers
  • Clinical Manifestation : HELPR
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33
Q

What does hemoglobin measure?

A

The protein in RBCs that carry OXYGEN

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34
Q

Histamine Reactions
(manifestations of type 1 hypersensitivity)

A
  1. Vasodilation : bigger vessels = redness
  2. Increased vascular permeability : leaky vessels = swelling
  3. Smooth muscle constriction : constrict airway
  4. Itching = healing
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35
Q

What does vasodilation also increase?

A

Vascular permeability

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36
Q

Abnormal Inflammatory Responses

A
  • Subacute (wks-mths)
  • Chronic (autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, infections)
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37
Q

Partial Thickness Wound

A
  • Epidermis & partial dermis lost
  • If left uncovered, area will bleed and form blood clot
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38
Q

What is the role of normal flora?

A

Prevent the colonization of pathogens, over 300 species in GI tract alone, work with immune system as part of defense

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39
Q

What are the INTRINSIC risk factors for pressure ulcers?

A
  1. Age > 75
  2. Immobility
  3. Impaired sensory perception
  4. Poor nutrition
  5. Incontinence
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40
Q

Artificial-Active Immunity

A
  • EX: receiving a vaccine, a deactivated virus
  • Body reacts to vaccine by building (MAKING) antibodies to virus
  • Measles vaccine
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41
Q

Acquired Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Specific response, responds to antigen
  • Natural : already existing
  • Artificial : man-made
42
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease and the trigger for sickling phase

A
  • Patho : decreased 02 causes distortion of RBC shape = sickle cell, clumps of crescent moon shape
  • Triggers : acute infections, high altitude (low o2), cold exposure, severe physical exertion, dehydration
43
Q

Immunodeficiency Disorders

A

Part of immune system not present or not working

44
Q

What does rule of 9 do?

A

Divide a person’s total body surface into portions of 9%, measures the % of the burn on the skin/body

45
Q

Type IV Examples

A
  • TB Skin test
  • Poison ivy
46
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A nonspecific, mediated reaction to any vascular damage

47
Q

What is the first sign of pressure ulcer?

A

When the area does not blanch

48
Q

Type I Examples

A
  • Allergies
  • Asthma
  • Anaphylaxis reactions (more severe reaction)
  • Eczema (atopic dermatitis)
49
Q

Bacterial Infection : Clostridium Difficile (C. diff)

A
  • Gram positive anaerobic bacteria
  • Caregiver to patient
  • Antibiotics kill normal flora of GI
50
Q

Artificial-Passive Immunity

A
  • Body does not make anything
  • EX: injected preformed antibodies, something made in a lab that body does not have already
51
Q

What are risk factors for cancer?

A
  • Age
  • Family hx
  • Smoking
  • Sun exposure
  • Poor diet / Obesity
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Exposure to chemicals
  • Sedentary Lifestyle
52
Q

What is difference between virus and bacteria?

A

Bacteria are single cells that can survive on their own, inside or outside of the body. Viruses are non-living molecules that cause infections by entering and multiplying in the host’s cells.

53
Q

What is Vasodilation?

A

Makes vessels bigger
(vaso=vessel, dilation=larger)

54
Q

Anaphylaxis Reaction

A
  • Systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity to allergen
  • Massive histamine release
  • Vasodilation tanks pt’s BP
55
Q

What is a nursing consideration when taking care of AIDS patients when their immune system is severely compromised?

A

Very susceptible to infection even with ordinary viruses that are usually not that harmful

56
Q

What is Vascular Permeability?

A

Vaso=vessels
Permeability=things going in & out

57
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

Unpredictable spread of lymphoma in the lymph nodes anywhere in the body

58
Q

What are the EXTRINSIC risk factors for pressure ulcer?

A
  1. Pressure intensity & duration
  2. Tissue tolerance
  3. Friction
  4. Shear force
  5. Prolonged moisture softens skin
59
Q

What happens smooth muscle constricts?

A

The airway will constrict, become smaller

60
Q

Bacterial Infection

A

Replicate out of host, most not pathogenic

61
Q

Acute Inflammatory Response

A
  • Injury to vascularized tissue will activate IR
  • EX: infection, necrosis, nutrient deprivation, genetic or immune defects, chemical injury, foreign bodies, temperature extremes, ionizing radiation
62
Q

What is the common complication of Polycythemia Vera?

A

Blood clots because of increased viscosity

63
Q

What is Friction?

A
  • The resistance to movement between 2 forces, rubbing 2 forces against one another
  • Causes damage to epidermis
  • Looks like an abrasion or superficial laceration
64
Q

Cell Mediated & Humoral Immunity has to have…

A
  • A 2nd exposure; exposed to a pathogen/antigen and then the 2nd time with have a stronger reaction
  • 1st time; spike is not very high, Ig & IgG is made
  • The 2nd exposure may not cause severe S/S because of ACQUIRED immunity
65
Q

Natural-Active Immunity

A
  • Human body is reacting to something
  • EX: building antibodies after getting cold
  • Cold was already existing, but body MADE memory cells to fight off antigen
66
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of anemia?

A
  • Diminished 02
  • Fatigue/Weakness
  • Activity intolerance
  • Pallor
  • Cool extremities
  • Exertion dyspnea
  • Rapid HR
  • Low Hgb
67
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • Chemical mediator of IR
  • Increases capillary permeability
  • Attracts WBCs
  • Cause pain (manifestation)
  • Induces fever
68
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation

A

HELPR

69
Q

What is anemia?

A

The lack of healthy RBCs/Hgb which leads to reduced oxygen flow

70
Q

What are the stages of Oncogenesis?

A
  1. Initiation : normal cell DNA is damaged by carcinogens
  2. Promotion : enhancement of growth of original cancer cell
  3. Progression : Malignant changes; proliferation & angiogenesis takes place
71
Q

What is the most severe complication of burns?

A

Bacterial infection - sepsis

72
Q

Natural-Passive Immunity

A
  • Not doing anything, passively receiving
  • EX: if mother is sick and makes antibodies and passes antibodies to fetus in womb
  • Immunity was not made in a lab, baby did nothing to receive antibodies
73
Q

What are Hypersensitivity Disorders caused by?

A

Exaggerated immune responses

74
Q

What does hematocrit measure?

A
  • The % of packed RBCs in the total blood volume
  • Determines if Hgb is high or low due to hydration status
  • if Hgb is low, Hct is low
75
Q

Why does inflammation happen?

A

Histamine release

76
Q

Type III : Immune Complex-Mediated

A
  • Mediated by IgM or IgG
  • Body is making something (complex that binds antibody & antigen) that the immune system does not like
  • Circulating immune complex will attach itself to areas causing destruction of tissue
77
Q

You have exposed to someone who has the flu. Now you have the flu, after recovering you have immunity towards this type of flu. What kind of immunity do you get?

A

Natural-Active

78
Q

3rd Stage of Wound Healing

A
  • Remodeling and Maturation : 3 weeks - >6 months
  • Tissue regeneration, wound contraction continue = scar tissue formation
79
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A
  • Arises as enlargement of single node in localized area
  • Easier to treat than NHL
80
Q

R in HELPR

A

REDNESS
Due to vasodilation from increased RBC blood flow

81
Q

What is Acquired-Immunodeficiency Syndrome?

A
  • Late stage of HIV infection
  • CD4+ is <200; this is when pt is considered to have AIDS
82
Q

What is Pernicious Anemia?

A

The lack of parietal cells unable to excrete intrinsic factor; failure to absorb B12

83
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency Disorder

A
  • Genetic cause
  • EX: constantly sick babies
84
Q

What does shock mean?

A

Vital organs do not get enough blood profusion

85
Q

Type III Examples

A
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • Rheumatoid arthitis
86
Q

What are the warning signs for cancer?

A
  1. Changes in bowel/bladder
  2. Unusual bleeding & discharge
  3. Indigestion, difficulty swallowing
  4. Nagging cough/hoarseness
  5. Sore that does not heal
  6. Thickening or lumps
  7. Changes in mole/wart
87
Q

H in HELPR

A

HEAT
- Caused by vasodilation from histamine release
- Heat happens because of increased blood flow

88
Q

A 60 yr old pt is recommended to receive a pneumonia vaccine. After receiving the vaccine, what kind of immunity does this pt get?

A

Artificial-Active

89
Q

Why does histamine also cause itching?

A

WBC (neutrophil) will enter injured area and attach themselves to vessel walls and start healing process

90
Q

What is Oncogenesis?

A

The formation or development of tumors or neoplasms; the process of tumor formation - initial formation of normal cells into cancerous cells

91
Q

What kind of dressing would
you use to protect granulation tissue?

A

Moist wound bed

92
Q

What happens because of vasodilation?

A

There is more blood flow in that area, which causes the redness

93
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorder

A
  • Depressed immune system bc of disease or medications
  • Underlying cause
  • Low WBC
94
Q

E in HELPR

A

EDEMA
SWELLING happens bc vascular permeability increases, causing fluids to come out of the vessels and accumulate in the inflamed area

95
Q

What is the purpose of staging cancer?

A

To describe the severity of the cancer, help physician plan appropriate treatment, and estimate a prognosis

96
Q

> 30,000 WBC indicates

A

Massive infection

97
Q

Cell Mediated & Humoral Immunity is part of…

A

Acquired immunity

98
Q

What is Shear Force?

A
  • When unaligned forces push body in opposite directions
  • Causes underlying subcutaneous tissue or muscles to rip & separate
  • EX: going down a slide - skin gets dragged while body continues to move down
99
Q

What is opportunistic infection?

A
  • Pathogens taking the opportunity when good bacteria is taken away (defense system impaired), allows the bad bacteria to infect
  • EX: Candida Albicans (yeast)
100
Q

A newborn baby is given breast milk. The baby is getting immunity from the breast milk. What kind of immunity is this?

A

Natural-Passive

NUR3100 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (5 decks)

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