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BIO 302 Unit 2. > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the C-Value Paradox

A

The direct relationship between the complexity of organisms and size of genome

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2
Q

What is a genome

A

All DNA in a cell nuclues and organelles

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3
Q

As genome size increases…

A

So does the number of non-coding sequences

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4
Q

What is a telomere

A

A highly repetitive DNA sequence on the ends of linear chromosomes

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5
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes
(22 autosomes and 1 sex)

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6
Q

What is a Karyotype

A

A complete set of chromosomes from an indivudual

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7
Q

What does Ploidy mean?

A

Refers to the number of sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

What’s the difference between haploid, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid?

A

Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes
Triploid: 3 sets of chromosomes
Tetraploid: 4 sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

What does homologs mean

A

Derived from one common ancestor

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10
Q

What are the components of a chromosome?

A

Long DNA strands and packaging proteins

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11
Q

What are the packaging proteins for eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes: Histones
Prokaryotes: Histone-like

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12
Q

Where are accessory proteins found?

A

In the Nucleus

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13
Q

What do accessory proteins assist in?

A

-DNA replication
-DNA repair
-Gene Expression

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14
Q

What is a centromere

A

A pinch in the center of a chromosome

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15
Q

What are the three types of centromeres?

A
  1. Metacentric
  2. Acrocentric
  3. Telocentric
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16
Q

Who started theorizing about DNA replication

A

Watson and Crick

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17
Q

What type of replication does B-DNA follow?

A

Semi-conservative Replication

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18
Q

What is a nucleosome

A

A structure composed of coiled DNA around a histone protein

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19
Q

What is a histone composed of?

A

8 histones (core)
1 histone (clamp)

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20
Q

True or False
Prokaryotes perform mitosis and meiosis

A

False, Binary fission

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21
Q

Who are the main players in DNA replication?

A

Topoisomerase
Primase
DNA polymerase
DNA Helicase
Single-stranded binding proteins
DNA Ligase

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22
Q

Correct the Statement
DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA from 3’-5’ and reads DNA 5’-3’

A

DNA Polymerase synthesizes DNA 5’-3’ and reads DNA 3’-5’

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23
Q

True or False
DNA polymerase can only add to 3’ OH group

A

True

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24
Q

What are the two types of mutations that occur in DNA?

A

Spontaneous
Induced

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25
Q

What are the types of spontaneous mutations?

A
  1. Depurination
  2. Deamination
  3. Slippage
  4. Mismatch
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26
Q

What are the types of induced mutations?

A
  1. Radiant Energy
  2. Ionizing/ Non-ionizing
  3. Chemicals
  4. Viruses
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27
Q

True or False
All DNA mutations are harmful

A

False, DNA mutations are either neutral, harmful, or beneficial

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28
Q

What is a Depurination mutation?

A

A loss of a Purine base

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29
Q

What is Deamination?

A

Removing an amino group from the amino acid

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30
Q

When and where does Slippage mutation occur?

A

During DNA replication at repeating sites

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31
Q

How does mismatch mutation happen?

A

When DNA polymerase and proof reading subunit don’t catch the mistake

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32
Q

How do viruses affect DNA?

Bonus: What viruses do this?

A

By copying the genome and integrating themselves into the chromosome.

Bonus: HIV and HPV

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33
Q

What do chemicals do to DNA?

A

Cause deletion of DNA and Deamination

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34
Q

What’s the difference between non-ionizing and ionizing energy?

A

Ionizing: X-ray and Gamma rays
-Breaks the DNA
Non-ionizing: UV, UVA, UVC, UVB
-causes covalent bonds to form with adjacent thymines

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35
Q

True or False
DNA Helicase requires ATP

A

True

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36
Q

What are the 3 types of DNA polymerase in Eukaryotes

A

Alpha, Delta, Epsilon

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37
Q

What 3 scientist reconfirmed Mendel’s Work?

A

DeViries, Correns, and Tschermak

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38
Q

What 3 scientists identified the correlation between certain chromosomes and certain traits

A

Sutton, Stevens, and Hunt Morgan

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39
Q

What 4 scientist determined the structure of DNA

A

Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins

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40
Q

True or False
Watson and Crick used experimental models

A

False, only cardboard and models

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41
Q

What’s the difference between unity and diversity

A

Unity: Having faithful copies of cells/organisms of information for making cells/organisms

Diversity: Differences that arise due to inherited information

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42
Q

What did Mendel’s work identified?

A

He identified:
-There are 2 copies of traits that organisms inherit

-There are dominant and recessive traits

-The rule of independent assortment and rule of segregation

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43
Q

What are the base pairs in DNA

A

Cytosine and Guanine

Adenine and Thymine

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44
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can each base pair form?

A

Adenine and Thymine: 2

Guanine and Cytosine: 3

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45
Q

Fill in the blank
The DNA helix is …-handed. For every one turn, there are… bases.

A
  1. Right
  2. 10
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46
Q

… + Sugar= Nucleotide

Base + … + Phosphate group= Nucleotide Group

A
  1. Base
  2. Sugar
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47
Q

True or False
The sugar-phosphate backbone is positively charged.

A

False, Negatively

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48
Q

Who studied the way DNA replicates?

A

Messelson and Stahl

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49
Q

True or False
Eukaryotes synthesizes faster than prokaryotes

A

False

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50
Q

How many base pairs does RNA Primase lay down?

A

10-15

51
Q

Why are Telomeres important?

A

It provides a complementary template for the linear chromosomes.

52
Q

Does Telomere need a primer?

A

NO

53
Q

What are the 3 reasons why neutral mutations happen?

A
  1. When the mutation codes for the original amino acid
  2. If it’s a non-coding sequence
  3. If the mutation codes for a amino acid with similar properties to the original
54
Q

What happens when there’s a harmful mutation in the coding sequence

A

When there’s a mutation in the coding sequence causing a change in the amino acids making the protein not function

55
Q

What happens when there’s a harmful mutation in a regulatory sequence?

A

When there’s a new amino acid but there’s similar properties to the original

56
Q

Promoters are on/off …

A

Dimers

57
Q

True or False
When comparing genome organization prokaryotic operons code for one mRNA that is controlled by multiple promoters and codes for one protein

A

False, the operons are controlled by 1 promoter and they code for multiple proteins

58
Q

True or False
When comparing genome organization prokaryotes have no introns

A

True

59
Q

True or False
When comparing genome organization eukaryotes each gene codes for one protein being controlled by their promoter

A

True

60
Q

True or False
When comparing genome organization prokaryotes have modified mRNA while eukaryotes don’t.

A

False, prokaryotes don’t have modified mRNA while eukaryotes do

61
Q

True or False
Exons code for different domains of proteins

A

True

62
Q

What is the purpose of alternative splicing

A

Allows the same gene to produce different variations of proteins

63
Q

What are the STOP codons?

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

64
Q

What is the purpose of the anitcodon loop

A

-Used to be recognized by ribosomes that match it to complementary codons

65
Q

What are the 3 sites on a ribosome?

A

A site: Acceptor charged tRNA match anticodon tRNA codon mRNA

P site: Peptidyl transferase covalent peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids

E site: Exit site

66
Q

What is the effect of Tetracycline?

A

Blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome

67
Q

What is the effect of Streptomycin?

A

Prevents the transition from initiation complex to chain elongation

68
Q

What is the effect of chloramphenicol?

A

Blocks the peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosomes

69
Q

What is the effect of Erythromycin

A

Binds in the exit channel of the ribosome and inhibits elongation of the peptide chain

70
Q

What is the effect of Rifamycin

A

Blocks initiation of transcription by binding to and inhibiting RNA polymerase

71
Q

True or False
Prokaryotes have 5’ caps

A

False

72
Q

What is the intron sequence called when it’s removed

A

lariat

73
Q

True or False
Spliceosomes are snRNPs

A

True

74
Q

Describe how different Poly A Tails lengths function

A

No Poly A Tail: It degraded after transcription
Short: Slightly more stable after transcription
Moderate: More stable for translation
Very long tail: Is usually stored

75
Q

True or False
Very long Poly A Tails are stored after transcription

A

True

76
Q

When is a Poly A tail added

A

After transcription termination

77
Q

What type of bond is the 5’ cap attached to the 5’ end of mRNA

A

Covalent bond

78
Q

What is the purpose of mRNA and snRNA?

A

mRNA: Codes for protein structure

snRNA: Assist with transcription

79
Q

True or False
snoRNA modifies tRNA and mRNA

A

True

80
Q

What is the purpose of snoRNA and microRNA

A

snoRNA: Modifies tRNA and mRNA

microRNA: Regulates translation

81
Q

True or False
siRNA regulates transcription

A

False, Targets exogenous RNA

82
Q

What is the purpose of tRNA and rRNA

A

tRNA: Assist with Translation

rRNA: Assist with translation

83
Q

What are the 3 stages of translation

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

84
Q

What is the START codon and what amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG codes for Methionine

85
Q

What is a branchpoint

A

An adenosine base which is used as a site to create a lariat structure `

86
Q

During intron formation, snRNP U1 binds at … end and U2 binds at…

A
  1. 5’
  2. 3’
87
Q

True or False
Exons don’t code for different domains of proteins

A

False, they do

88
Q

Why does protein degradation happen?

A
  1. Misfolded protein
  2. Malfunctioning
  3. Has a brief function
89
Q

What is a proteosome?

A

Chamber for protein degradation

90
Q

What is a polyubiquitin Tag?

A

A tag that is recognized to be degraded and or recycled

91
Q

True or False
All cells in the body have the same DNA

A

True

92
Q

What is an example of X inactivation?

A

Barr Body

93
Q

Compare and Contrast Heterochromatin & Euchromatin

A

Heterochromatin:
1. More condensed
2. Genes are turned off
3. Telomeres and Centromeres
Euchromatin
1. Less condensed
2. Genes are more accessible and can be turned on

94
Q

What does Facultative heterochromatin mean?

A

Sometimes the genes are condensed

95
Q

What are the types of chemical modifications of histones?

A
  1. Acetylation
  2. Methylation
  3. Phosphorylation
96
Q

What are the cis elements

A

Enhancers, silencers, and promoters

97
Q

What are the trans elements

A

Activators, inhibitors, RNA polymerase, and initiation factors

98
Q

What is the level called when there are low levels of gene expression?

A

Basal Levels

99
Q

What increases levels of expression?

A

Activators and regulators

100
Q

What does Drosha do?

A

Processes microRNA and exports from the nucleus

101
Q

What is RISC

A

RNA induced silencer complex

102
Q

What does DICER do?

A

Cuts the microRNA into 20-24 double-stranded RNA

103
Q

What happens to the protein when RISC 100% matches with the RNA

A

Degrades the protein

104
Q

What happens to the protein when RISC matches only 1-2 base pairs?

A

Prevents translation

105
Q

True or False
Proteins act as activators

A

True

106
Q

True or False
Histone subunits are negatively charged

A

False, positive

107
Q

Acetylation adds a… group

A

Acetyl

108
Q

Acetylation makes the the chromatin…

A

Loose

109
Q

Phosphorylation adds… to add a phosphate group

A

Kinase

110
Q

How many base pairs are wrapped around the histone?

A

Around 150

111
Q

What does RNA polymerase 1 code for?

A

Most tRNA genes

112
Q

What does RNA polymerase II code for?

A

All protein-coding genes, miRNA genes, and genes for other noncoding RNA

113
Q

What does RNA polymerase III code for?

A

tRNA genes, 5sRNA genes, and genes for other small RNAs

114
Q

In eukaryotes what removes primer?

A

Endonuclease, RNAase, DNA polymerase Delta

115
Q

What is a TATA box

A

A promoter region where transcription begins

116
Q

What are the 3 types of histone modification?

A

Methylation
Phosphorylation
Acetylation

117
Q

What is prokaryotic cell production called?

A

Binary fission

118
Q

What is Ori C

A

The origin of replication in Prokaryotes

119
Q

What is the origin of replication in eukaryotes called?

A

Autonomously Replicating Sequence (ARS)

120
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotes

A

In the nucleus

121
Q

When does DNA replication happen?

A

During Interphase

122
Q

True or False
The replication fork is bi-directional

A

True

123
Q

True or False
In prokaryotes DNA Polymerase 1 removes the primer but doesn’t fill in the gap

A

False, it does fill in the gap and remove the primer

124
Q
A

BIO 302 Unit 2. (3 decks)

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