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BIO 302 Unit 2. > BIO 302 Exam 3 > Flashcards

BIO 302 Exam 3 Flashcards

Stem Cells, Cytoskeleton

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1
Q

What type of cell is produced from a stem cell?

A

A daughter cell

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2
Q

What are the pathways a stem cell can go through?

A

Renewal, Differentiate, or both

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3
Q

What does Totipotent mean?

A

Cells that have the potential to give rise to every cell type in the organism.

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4
Q

What does Pluripotent mean?

A

Cells that have the potential to give rise to many different cells

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5
Q

What does Multipotent mean?

A

Cells that have the potential to give rise to few different cell types.

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6
Q

True or False
Totipotent, Pluripotent, and Multipotent cells go through cell division

A

True

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7
Q

What type of stem cell don’t divide

A

Terminally differentiated

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8
Q

What are terminally differentiated cells?

A

Cells that are in their final stage and can’t give rise to any other cell type.

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9
Q

True or False
Bone marrow is an example of Pluripotent stem cells.

A

False, Multipotent

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10
Q

What determines a cell’s fate?

A

Genome of a fertile egg

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11
Q

True or False
Endoderms, Mesoderms, and Ectoderms are examples of Pluripotent cells.

A

True

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12
Q

What are the components to the Blastula?

A

Trohoectoderm and Inner core

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13
Q

What are part of the intestine is the stem cell?

A

Crypt

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14
Q

What pathway does the crypt go through for creating more cells?

A

Wnt Pathway

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15
Q

In what direction does the crypt grow cells?

A

Up

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16
Q

True or False
Microvilli is an example of terminally differentiated cells

A

True

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17
Q

What part of the skin is the adult stem cell?

A

Basal layer

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18
Q

How does the environment play a role in stem cell division?

A

The environment refers to the signal factors and the genes expressed.

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19
Q

What are the 4 cytoskeletal structures?

A

Intermediate Filament
Microtubules
Actin Filaments
Centrioles

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20
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Motility
Cell structure
Movement within the cell
Internal organization
Cell division

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21
Q

What is the function of intermediate filament?

A

Cell shape
Internal structure
Structure of the nuclear lamina

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22
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Cell Shape
Pathway and transport within the cell
Cell division (spindle fibers)

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23
Q

What is the function of actin filaments?

A

Cell shape
muscle contraction
cell division (cleavage furrow)
Changes in cell shape
cortex underneath outer membrane

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24
Q

Intermediate filament has very high… strength

A

Tensil

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25
Q

What does intermediate filament do for the nuclear lamina

A

Keeps the shape of the nucleus
Acts as an attachment site for chromosomes

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26
Q

How does intermediate filament function for cell-cell junction?

A

Makes the junction stronger

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27
Q

Which cytoskeletal structure relieves the stress of the cells when stretched?

A

Intermediate filaments

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28
Q

True or False
Keratin is not the most diverse type of intermediate filament

A

False, it is!

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29
Q

What are the types of intermediate filaments are in the cytoplasm?

A

Keratin, Vimentin, and neurofilament

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30
Q

What is Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex?

A

A disease of the epidermal tissue caused by the mutation of keratin

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31
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

A

Abnormality accumulation of neurofilament

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32
Q

What is Progeria?

A

Premature aging caused by defects in nuclear lamina

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33
Q

When lamina proteins are phosphorylated this disrupts their… thus disrupting the… thus break down of the…

A
  1. Interaction
  2. Nuclear lamina
  3. nuclear envelope
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34
Q

What is the function of the KASH family of the linker protein?

A

Junctions that link between intermediate filaments, actin filaments, microtubules, nuclear membrane, and cytoplasm

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35
Q

What is the function of the SUN family linker proteins?

A

They link the nuclear lamina, nuclear membrane, and chromosomes

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36
Q

What is the function of the plectin for linker proteins?

A

They link proteins between desmosomes and intermediate filaments

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37
Q

What is microtubules made of?

A

Alpha and Beta tubulin heterodimers

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38
Q

How do microtubules serve for mitosis or meiosis?

A

Assist in separating chromosomes during cell division

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39
Q

What do bundled microtubules form?

A

Cilia

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40
Q

How many protofilaments form a tube of microtubules?

A

13

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41
Q

What are the 2 ends of microtubules?

A

Positive and negative end

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42
Q

What type of tubulin are on the positive end and what type are on the negative end?

A

Positive (Free alpha)
Negative (Free Beta)

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43
Q

What makes up the Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

A

Centrioles=core
Gamma tubulin ring complexes

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44
Q

What is the purpose of gamma-tubulin rings?

A

Act as a foundation starting point for microtubule extension serving as a nucleation site

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45
Q

True or False
Microtubules grow and shrink at the same time when forming

A

True

46
Q

What reaction controls the dynamic stability of a microtubule

A

GTP hydrolysis

47
Q

What is the process of a growing microtubules?

A

Tubulin dimers bind with GTP creating a GTP tubulin_—> GTP tubulin dimers add to the growing microtubules—-> This addition grows faster than GTP hydrolysis by the dimers

48
Q

What is the process of shrinking microtubules?

A

When GTP-hydrolysis is faster than the addition of GTP-tubulin—> Causing the GTP cap to be lost—> the protofilaments containing GTP tubulin will peel away—> Releasing GDP-tubulin into the cytosol

49
Q

What does Taxol do?

A

Binds to filaments and prevents depolymerization

50
Q

What are the effects of Colchicine

A

Form a complex with tubulin dimers that bind to the end of a microtubule, preventing further polymerization

51
Q

What are the effects of Nocodazole?

A

Binds tubulin dimers and prevents their polymerization

52
Q

How many cytosols, mitochondria, and ERs are there in one cell?

A

Cytosol: 1
Mitochondria: 1700
ER: 1

53
Q

How many Nuclei, Golgi Apparatus, and Peroxisomes are there in one cell?

A

Nucleus: 1
Golgi Apparatus: 1
Peroxisomes: 400

54
Q

How many Lysosomes and Endosomes are there in one cell?

A

Lysosomes: 300
Endosomes: 200

55
Q

What is the percentage of total cell volume of the Cytosol, mitochondria, ER, and Nuclei?

A

Cytosol: 54%
Mitocondria: 22%
ER: 12%
Nuclei: 6%

56
Q

What is the percentage of total cell volume of the Nuclei, Golgi Apparatus, Peroxisomes, Lysosomes, and Endosomes?

A

Nuclei: 6
Golgi Apparatus: 3
Peroxisomes: 1
Lysosomes: 1
Endososmes: 1

57
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of Protein import into the organelles?

A
  1. Nuclear Pore Complex
  2. Transport through vesicles
  3. Transport across the membrane
58
Q

If a protein doesn’t have a signal what happens to it?

A

Stays in the cytosol

59
Q

If a protein does have a specific signal what happens to it?

A

The protein is sent to the ER then processed in the Endomembrane

60
Q

What are the types of Endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-Mediated
61
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Engulfment of cell and large macromolecules

62
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

Taking in solution and dissolved solutes

63
Q

What is Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis?

A

using receptor proteins on the cell surface to capture a specific target molecule

64
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of endocytosis?

A
  1. Recycled
  2. Degraded
  3. Transcytosis
65
Q

What is the pH of a lysosome?

A

5.0

66
Q

What is autophagy?

A

A process that delivers cellular waste to the lysosome

67
Q

How does the lysosome keep a low pH?

A

It uses an ATP pump that pumps H+ to the lysosome

68
Q

What does the ER do for misfolded proteins?

A

They send out sensor proteins to bind to the misfolded protein. This binding will send signals to the nucleus to synthesize chaperone proteins.

69
Q

What other sensors increase the size of the ER

A
  1. Enhance protein processing
  2. Promote the transfer of proteins into cytosol to be degraded
  3. Proteins shut down protein synthesis in the ER
70
Q

What type of modifications are done in the ER lumen?

A
  1. Cleavage
  2. Disulfide bridge
  3. Carbohydrate addition
71
Q

What are the reasons to modify proteins?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Signal to remain in ER or Golgi
  3. Transport/packaging signal
  4. Become apart of the ECM
72
Q

Where are V-snares found?

A

On the surface of the vesicles

73
Q

Where are the T-snares found?

A

Found on the surface the target destination

74
Q

What proteins are needed for Vesicle Transport?

A

Dynamin, Clatherin, Adaptin

75
Q

What is the function of the Endomembrane System?

A

To synthesize and modify proteins and lipids

76
Q

What are the outcomes of newly modified proteins and lipids?

A
  1. To be secreted
  2. To be integrated into the outer membrane
  3. Endosomes
77
Q

Where are lipids modified and synthesized?

A

Smooth ER

78
Q

How many proteins are made if the nuclear pore complex?

A

Over 30

79
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?

A

To regulate the movement of proteins in and out of the pore

80
Q

What receptor is needed for the nuclear pore complex?

A

Nuclear import receptor

81
Q

What is Ran?

A

A type of GTPase

82
Q

Where is Ran GEF found?

A

Found in the nucleus

83
Q

What is Ran GAP found?

A

Found in the cytosol

84
Q

What proteins are needed for protein sorting in the mitochondria?

A

Protein of translocator in the outer membrane (TOM)
Import receptor proteins
Protein of translocator in the inner membrane (TIM)

85
Q

What is the process of the nuclear pore complex?

A

The cargo protein binds with the nuclear import receptor—> This protein receptor complex—> Goes into the nuclear pore—> Once in the nucleus the protein unbinds with the receptor

86
Q

What is the function of RAN?

A

To support the nuclear pore complex

87
Q

What is the process of mitochondrial protein import?

A

A protein with a signal sequence binds to the import receptor protein—> This import receptor protein is bound to TOM, TOM will then slide across the outer membrane to meet TIM—> Once they meet TOM and TIM will interlock allowing the protein to enter the inner membrane—> Once in the inner membrane the signal sequence is cleaved off.

88
Q

What proteins are involved with protein sorting of the ER?

A

SRP, SRP receptor, Protein translocator, Signal peptidase

89
Q

What is the process of ER protein sorting?

A

A ribosome translating a protein binds with SRP—> The ribosome SRP complex binds with SRP receptor alongside with protein translocator—> The SRP unbinds with the ribosome allowing the protein to be fed through the protein translocator—> Once fed through the protein translocator the signal sequence is cleaved off by a signal peptidase fusing into the membrane.

90
Q

What is the functions of the membrane?

A
  1. Receive information
  2. Movement and Expansion
  3. Import and export of molecules
91
Q

TRUE or FALSE
The cell membrane is hydrophobic

A

TRUE

92
Q

Rank these from easily getting through the membrane to not.
1. Ions
2. Small non-polar
3. Larger uncharged
4. Small uncharged

A

Easily get through
1. Small non-polar
2. Small uncharged
3. Large uncharged
4. Ions

93
Q

What’s the difference between passive and active transport?

A

Passive: Rely on the concentration gradient
Active: Requires ATP or radiant energy

94
Q

What does osmosis mean?

A

The movement of water across the membrane

95
Q

What type of channel allows water to move through?

A

Aquaporins

96
Q

What secondary structure are aquaporins?

A

Alpha Helices

97
Q

What type of amino acids are on the outside of aquaporins?

A

Hydrophic

98
Q

What type of amino acids are on the inside of aquaporins?

A

Charged polar

99
Q

Osmosis travels from… concentration to… concentration

A
  1. High
  2. Low
100
Q

What is it called when water balances out on both sides of the cell

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

101
Q

What is happening to water in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions?

A

Hypertonic: Water leaves
Hypotonic: Moves in
Isotonic: Balances going in and out

102
Q

What are strategies that Protozoan, animal, and plant cells use to reduce osmotic pressure?

A

Protozoan: Collect excess water and expel it through contracting of the vacuole
Animal: Pump out solutes/ions to make the cytoplasm more isotonic
Plant: osmotic pressure will balance out with the pressure potential of the cell wall

103
Q

Compare and Contrast passive transport of channel and transporter.

A

Channel
-Very selective
- Channel stays in shape
-Can have alpha helices and beta barrels

Transporter
- Conformational changes after bound with a molecule

Similarities
-Both are dependent on concentration gradients moving from high to low

104
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

Gradient driven
ATP driven
Light driven

105
Q

What toxin blocks Na+/K+ pump?

A

Ouabain

106
Q

Does active ATP-driven transport need a specific binding site?

A

YES

107
Q

What does a Na+/K+ pump create?

A

An electrochemical gradient

108
Q

How does the gradient driven pump work?

A

They work against the concentration gradient

109
Q

What is the difference between symporter and antiporter?

A

Symporter: Same direction
Antiporter: Opposite direction

110
Q
A

BIO 302 Unit 2. (3 decks)

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