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BIO 302 Unit 2. > BIO 334 Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO 334 Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fill In the Blank
The endocrine system includes… that secrete…

A
  1. Glands
  2. Hormones
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1
Q

What are the communication and control systems in the body?

A

Nervous and Endocrine

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2
Q

Compare and Contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.

A

Compare
-Both control internal homeostasis
-Both use chemical messengers and receptors

Differences
-Differ in the effective concentration of chemical messengers
-Differ in speed
-Differ in duration or action

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3
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ that secretes something

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4
Q

What are the ways of chemical messengers?

A
  1. Cytoplasmic contact (Gap Junction)
  2. Recognition of molecules on adjacent cells(cell adhesion molecules)
  3. Local diffusion (neurotransmitter & Paracrine and Autocrine)
  4. Blood transport
  5. Outside environment
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5
Q

True or False
Kairomones are released by animals and are detected by plants

A

False, They are released by plants and are detected by animals

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6
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

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7
Q

What are hormones?

A

Metabolically produced chemical substances released by nonneural and neuron cells

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8
Q

Where do hormones travel?

A

In the blood

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Hormones are effective at high levels

A

False, at very low levels

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10
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones

A

Steroids, Peptides/Proteins, and Amines

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11
Q

Lipids are synthesized from…

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Testosterone and estrogen are what type of hormones

A

Steroids

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13
Q

What amino acids are derived from amines

A

Tryptophan and Tyrosine

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14
Q

Amine and Peptide hormones are stored and synthesized where?

A

Secretory vesicles

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Steroids are made from precursors and are immediately secreted

A

True

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16
Q

What is basal secretion?

A

The resting level of hormone secretion

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17
Q

What signals are responsible for tonic secretion

A

Nervous signals, neurohormones, hormones, and conditions in ECF

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors

A

-Intracellular receptors
-G-coupled membrane receptors
-Enzyme-linked membrane receptors

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19
Q

What is the difference between up and down regulation?

A

Up: receptors inserted through exocytosis
Down: internalisation via endocytosis

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20
Q

What are all the layers of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal medulla
Zona Fascitula
Zona reticularis
Zona Glomerolus
Capsule

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21
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the Pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis (Posterior)
Adenohypophysis (Anterior)

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22
Q

What are the 2 nuclei of the neurosecretory neurons?

A

Paraventricular and Supraoptic

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23
Q

What hormone does the paraventricular neuron release?

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

What hormone does the supraoptic neuron release?

A

ADH

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25
Q

What is the condition called when there’s an insufficient ADH value producing more urine?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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26
Q

What is SIADH

A

A condition of releasing too much ADH called Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

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27
Q

What 2 factors regulate the secretion of ADH and Oxytocin?

A

Blood osmolarity and Blood volume

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28
Q

Describe the pathway of hormone release starting with Hypothalamus ending at systemic circulation.

A

Hypothalamus–> Hypothalamic Tropic hormone–> Hypothalamic Pituitary Portal Vein–> Anterior Pituitary–> Anterior Pituitary tropic hormones–> Systemic circulation

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29
Q

What are two types of systemic inputs?

A

Circadian cycle and stress

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30
Q

What happens to the body during the Alarm phase?

A

Adrenaline release
Pupils dilate
Increase respiratory
Increase heart rate
Increase blood sugar

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31
Q

What is CRH

A

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone. Which is the main hormone that stimulates ACTH in response to stress

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32
Q

What is ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone. The main hormone to produce glucocorticoids

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
When the body senses stress the parasympathetic system is activated

A

False, sympathetic

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34
Q

What type of cells are in the thyroid gland?

A

Follicle cells

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35
Q

What hormone is the precursor to produce thyroid hormone?

A

Thyroglobulin

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36
Q

What does the parathyroid regulate?

A

Calcium levels

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37
Q

What is goiter?

A

A condition when the thyroid is enlarged due to an iodine deficiency

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38
Q

What are the 2 endocrine cells found in the pancreas?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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39
Q

What type of cells are found in the pancreas and what doe they secrete?

A

Alpha: Secretes glucagon
Beta: Secretes insulin
Delta: Secretes somatostatin
F: Secretes pancreatic polypeptides

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40
Q

What cells are found in the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

Acinar and duct

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41
Q

What is a normal blood pressure value?

A

120/80

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42
Q

How does the body regulate blood volume after blood loss?

A
  1. Increase the production of aldosterone and vasopressin
  2. Vasopressin increases water reabsorption and aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
  3. Fluid retention is the increased
  4. Blood volume increases
  5. Blood pressure increases
43
Q

What are the 2 endocrine mechanisms to maintain blood volume and pressure

A

Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

44
Q

The nervous system collects… analyzes it and generates co-ordinated…

A
  1. Information
  2. Output
45
Q

What are the 4 functional regions of a neuron?

A
  1. Axon
  2. Dendrite
  3. Pre-synaptic
  4. Cell Body
46
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

A

Afferent: Relay sensory signals to the brain
Efferent: Relay sensory signals from the brain to the target cells

47
Q

What is a glial cell

A

Supports the neuron

48
Q

What’s the ratio between neurons & Glial cells

A

1:10

49
Q

What is the composition of the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

50
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Relay signals within the CNS

51
Q

The PNS extends from… to all points of the body

A

CNS

52
Q

BLANK is a bundle of axons in the PNS

A

Nerve

53
Q

What is a tract/pathway

A

Bundle of axon

54
Q

What’s the difference between the preganglionic and postganglionic in the para and sympathetic of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic: Long preganglionic neuron; Short Postganglionic neuron

Sympathetic: Short Preganglionic neuron; Long postganglionic

55
Q

What’s the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous system?

A

Autonomic: Regulates internal involuntary function

Somatic: Regulates voluntary movements

56
Q

What neuron makes up the somatic nervous system?

A

Somatic motor neuron

57
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic: Dominates during stress

Parasympathetic: Housekeeping functions

58
Q

What regions of the spinal cord is the sympathetic nervous system found?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

59
Q

What regions of the spinal cord is the parasympathetic nervous system found?

A

Cranial and sacral regions

60
Q

True or False
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are normally not activated at the same time

A

False, they are both activated usually in continuous opposition

61
Q

What type of ganglions are chromaffin cells?

A

Modified postganglionic

62
Q

Charged particles interact with the plasma membrane. What are the 2 forces that act on charged atoms?

A

Chemical gradient and Electrical potential

63
Q

What is the voltage difference across a membrane at which an ionic species can diffuse across the membrane?

A

Electrochemical equilibrium

64
Q

True or False
The Nernst Equation applies to 2 ions at a time

A

False, applies to 1

65
Q

What factors determine resting membrane potential?

A
  1. Unequal distribution of inorganic ions
  2. Relative ion permeabilities
66
Q

What are excitable cells?

A

Cells capable of modulating their membrane potential (Em) in response to stimulation from their environment

67
Q

What are examples of excitable cells?

A

Nerve and Muscle

68
Q

What is a threshold potential?

A

the value of Em where the influx of Na+
exactly balances the efflux of K+

69
Q

What ions are outside of the cell?

A

Sodium, Calcium

70
Q

What ions are inside the cells?

A

Potassium and other anion ions

71
Q

What does it mean to De-polarize?

A

This means gaining more positive ions to the inside of the cell

72
Q

What does it mean to Re-polarize?

A

This means gaining more negative ions to the inside of the cell.

73
Q

What type of feedback is the Hodgin’s Cycle

A

Positive

74
Q

What does the skeletal framework provide for the body?

A

Movement and support

75
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Repeating pattern of crosswise of thick and thin filament

76
Q

Describe the structure of thick filament

A

Aggregates of myosin
They consist of a ATP binding globular head and a long fibrous tail

77
Q

Describe the structure of thin filament

A

Long actin strands containing myosin binding sites

78
Q

What regulates thin filaments?

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

79
Q

What is a sacromere?

A

A basic repeating striated pattern of a myofibril

80
Q

What theory describes muscle contraction?

A

Sliding filament Theory

81
Q

What is the body’s response to high levels of Ca2+

A

The thyroid gland releases Calcitonin—> Calcitonin will inhibit the release of Ca2+ from the osteoclast—> Calcitonin reduces Ca2+ uptake in the kidneys—> Calcitonin reduces Ca2+ uptake from the intestines.

82
Q

What is the body’s response to low levels of Ca2+

A

The parathyroid gland releases PTH—> PTh inhibits osteoblast stimulating osteoclast to release Ca2+ into the bloodstream—> PTH will stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+—> PTH stimulates the intestines to absorb more Ca2+.

83
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is your stress response system it triggers the fight-or-flight response

84
Q

You are walking down a mountain trail when you hear the sound of a rattlesnake! What is the HPA axis doing to your body?

A

Hypothalamus releases CRF—> CRF will then stimulate the Adenohypophysis to release ACTH—> ACTH will activate the adrenal glands to release cortisol activating the sympathetic nervous system

85
Q

When is oxytocin released?

A

Breastfeeding, childbirth, and sex

86
Q

A muscle exerts its force on a…

A

Load

87
Q

The force exerted by a muscle on the load is called…

A

Muscle tension

88
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

When the load is exceeds the muscle tension

89
Q

What are the 3 functions of ATP in contraction-relaxation cycle?

A
  1. Activates myosin cross-bridges for binding to actin
  2. Activates the Ca2+ pump to transport Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. Binds to the cross-bridge for de-attachment of myosin from actin
90
Q

How many motor neurons can a muscle have?

A

100 to 1000

91
Q

What makes multiunit smooth muscles different from single smooth muscles?

A

-Not stretch-sensitive
-Little to no gap junctions
-Functioned by the ANS

92
Q

What makes single smooth muscle different from multiunit smooth muscles?

A

-Stretch-sensitive
-Contract together
-Tightly coupled by the gap junctions

93
Q

Is there a summation for cardiac muscles?

A

No

94
Q

Compare and Contrast arteries and veins

A

Similarities
-Connective tissues
-Smooth muscle
-Epithelium
-connected through capillaries

Differences
-Arteries are thicker
-Veins have little pressure compared to arteries
-Veins have valve arteries don’t
-Arteries travel blood away from the heart
-Veins travel blood to the heart

95
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

96
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

97
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume?

A

(End - Diastolic volume) - (End -Systolic volume)

98
Q

What region controls electrical activity in the heart?

A

Pacemaker

99
Q

Where does the SA node spread the electrical signal?

A

Both artia

100
Q

What is the bundle of AV nodes called?

A

Purkinje fibres

101
Q

Contractions are triggered by… of the plasma membrane

A

Depolarization

102
Q

When looking at a mean blood pressure diagram which type of blood vessel causes the shift in pressure?

A

Arterioles

103
Q

Which blood vessels have the highest level of compliance?

A

Veins

104
Q

What the difference between positive and negative feedback?

A

Positive feedback occurs when the release of a hormone causes a further increase in
secretion of that same hormone.

Negative feedback occurs when the release of a hormone ultimately dampens the hormonal response by decreasing the rate of secretion.

BIO 302 Unit 2. (3 decks)

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