exam 2 Flashcards
if lesioned, subject will show memory deficits, this concludes that this is included in memory function
hippocampus
- part of the limbic system
- anatomical substrate for emotion
- includes the amygdala and hippocampus
limbic lobe
if lesioned, subject will show docility, tameness, placidity
this shows it is an excitatory structure
amygdala
if lesioned, subject will show rage
this shows it is an inhibitory structure
septum
- fornix
- mammillothalamic tract
- diffuse fibers
- cingulum
- stria terminalis
Papez’ circuit
gray matter
cerebral cortex
longitudinal fissure
divides cortex into symmetrical halves
central sucus
dorsal surface of cortex and somewhat posterior to the center
lateral fissure
runs posteriorly and dorsally on lateral surface
initiates voluntary movement, involved in motor coordination, abstract thinking, involved in speech
frontal lobe
subserves somesthesis, kinesthesis, and taste
parietal lobe
subserves audition and olfaction, involved in some memory functions
temporal lobe
subserves vision
occipital lobe
the study of differences among different types of cortical areas
architectonics
6 fundamental layers
neocortex
4 to 5 layers (cingulate cortex in limbic system)
transitional cortex
3 to 4 layers (i.e. hippocampus in limbic system)
paleocortex
6 layers, layers 2&4 are sensory, laters 5&6 are motor, 1&3 are association
neocortex
brodmann’s classification
numbers are assigned to brain areas and are associated with different functions
3,1,2 brodmann’s classification
primary sensory areas for taste, some thesis, and kinesthesis
5,7 brodmann’s classification
association areas for somesthesis and kinesthesis
4 brodmann’s classification
primary motor area, initiates voluntary movement
6 brodmann’s classification
premotor areas, initiates motor coordination
8 brodmann’s classification
frontal eye fields, motor area concerned with conscious movement of eyes
9-12 brodmann’s classification
areas involved in abstract thinking
41 brodmann’s classification
primary sensory area for hearing
42&43 brodmann’s classification
association areas for hearing
44 brodmann’s classification
primary speech area
17 (striate cortex) brodmann’s classification
primary visual cortex
18 & 19 brodmann’s classification
association visual areas
white matter
fiber tracts of the cerebral hemispheres (part of corpus striatum)
have their cell bodies in the cortex of one hemisphere and pass in a great white sheet to the other hemisphere
commissural fibers
connect one part of the cortex to another part of the in the same hemisphere
association fibers
radiate upward to the cortex from the thalamus and other subcortical areas (sensory)
afferent/corticopetal fibers
project downwards from the cortex to subcortical areas (motor)
efferent or corticofugal fibers
membranes surrounding entire CNS
meninges
thick, though, and protective
dura mater (outer)
thin weblike sheet of tissue
arachnoid mater
thin and delicate (inner)
pia mater
space between arachnoid mater and Pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
subarachnoid space
within the brain and spinal fluid
the ventricular system
two ventricles _______ _____, are four in each hemisphere
lateral ventricles
the lateral ventricles connect with each other and with the ____ ____ located in midline in the thalamus and hypothalamus
third ventricle
the third ventricle is connected with the ____ ____ which is contained in pons and medulla
fourth ventricle
the fourth ventricle joins to the _____ ____ that runs the length of the spinal cord
central canal
cerebrospinal fluid is manufactured in a _____ ____ which is found in the ventricles
choroid plexus
lateral ventricles, third ventricles, fourth ventricles, central canal
routes of circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (lateral ventricles)
subarachnoid space, down posterior surface of spinal cord, up anterior surface of spinal cord, arachnoid villi, absorbed into venous sinuses of the brain
ventricles
loss of motor ability
paralysis
loss of sensory ability
anesthesia
distortion of sensory ability, tingling and burning sensation
paresthesia
loss of ability to walk in a skilled manner, due to destruction of the gracilis and cuneate tracts, a sensory problem
locomotor ataxia
polio
destroys motor ability, damage to ventral horn in the spinal cord
polio at a higher level in the CNS is bulbar polio (medulla)
disease of the lateral corticospinal tract, destroying voluntary movement, demyelinating disease
aka lou gehrigs disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
demyelinating disease involving several tracts (sensory and/or motor)
multiple sclerosis
shingles
disease of lateral horn of spinal cord, inflammation of dorsal root of nerve, goes from dorsal root into lateral horn, characterized by tenderness of the skin and skin eruptions, caused by a virus
parkinsons disease
disorder characterized by muscle tremors that occur when the person attempts to hold their hand still, due to deficiency of dopamine in basal ganglia
neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by profound personality changes and intellectual impairment, including memory loss (affects frontal Cortex and hippocampus)
alzheimers disease
outside of the cell, beta amyloid (with Alzheimers)
plaques
inside of cell, tangles (with Alzheimers)
tau
an abnormal proliferation of glial cells and meninges cells
tumor
blockage of flow of cerebrospinal fluid
hydrocephalus
disturbance in shape and tone of muscle
dystrophy
progressive muscular weakness, lymphocytes produce antibodies that attack receptors on muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction, thus the nerve impulses are blocked
myasthenia gravis
potentials in neurons are measured by
micro electrode recordings from the cell
a difference of electrical charge on 2 sides of the membrane
polarization
recorded from axon
resting potential
large negative protein ions
anions (a-)
