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psychobiology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

explains behavior from a biological and chemical point of view
psychobiologists seek to discover the relationships between behavior an the underlying physiological mechanisms

A

psychobiology

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2
Q

the stereotaxic instrument is utilized for proper placement of an electrode or cannula
an animal is anesthetized and then placed on the stereotaxic instrument- an electrode or cannula is permanently implanted into the brain

A

stimulation technique for studying the brain

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3
Q

a wire is connected to the electrode- weak electrical currents are passed through the wire

A

electrical stimulation

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4
Q

a cannula is placed in the brain, cannula may be metal (guide cannula) with thinner plastic tubing inserted into guide cannula or a hypodermic needle- chemical administered through the cannula

A

chemical stimulation

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5
Q

micro electrode recording from a single cell, EEG, electroencephalogram, gross electrical recording from a large brain area

A

electrical recording techniques

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6
Q

a stereotaxic instrument is deployed and part of the brain is removed, damaged, destroyed, or inactivated, then the behavior of the subject is carefully assessed

A

lesion method

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7
Q

sucking out tissue

A

aspiration lesions

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8
Q

burning the tissue

A

radio-frequency lesions

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9
Q

leucotome is stereotaxically positioned in the brain, then the blade swings out to make a cut (frontal lobotomy)

A

knife cuts

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10
Q

cooling a target area or injecting an anesthetic into the area

A

reversible lesions

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11
Q

animal is sacrificed at the end of the experiment
- brain is removed, placed in formalin, embedded in paraffin
- brain is then slice, stained, and examined

A

histological examinations

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12
Q

contrast x-ray technique that reveals blood vessels in the brain
before x ray is taken a radio-opaque dye is injected into the blood vessels that enter the brain

A

angiogram

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13
Q

individual images are obtained by passing x-rays through the head
a narrow x-ray beam is emitted by a source on one side of the head and a detector measures the number of x-ray photons that emerge on the other side
similar to conventional x-ray but many different sections through the brain are obtained

A

computerized axial tomography (cat scan)

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14
Q

similar to cat scan, but the signal arises from the decay of a radioisotope that has been injected into the patients circulation
a distinct advantage of this is the radioisotope (radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose) can be linked to glucose, the principal metabolic fuel of the brain
STUDYS FUNCTION

A

positron emission tomography (pet) scan

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15
Q

advantage is taken of the fact that the nuclei of atoms in the brain respond to magnetic field differentially, depending on their local atomic environment
by exposing the head to magnetic fields of different strengths, the computer assisted 3D image of the brain is made

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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16
Q

combines structure and function
utilizes high powered, rapidly oscillating magnetic fields and powerful computation to measure the cerebral blood flow in the brain and obtain a measure of neural activity in the brain
produces images of the increase in oxygen flow in the brain to active areas of the brain

A

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

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17
Q

this is a pattern recorded by electrodes from a specific part of the brain in response to a stimulus such as sight, sound, or touch
record how quickly and completely the nerve signals reach the brain and can indicate problems along nerve pathways that are too subtle to show up during a neurological examination or be noticed by the patient

A

evoked response potential (ERP)

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18
Q

receiving end, specialized for excitation

A

dendrites

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19
Q

controls metabolism of the cell

A

cell body (soma)

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20
Q

delivers impulses, specialized for conduction

A

Axon

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21
Q

area between cell body and axon of a neuron

A

axon hillock

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22
Q

a swelling at the end of an axon

A

terminal button

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23
Q

fatty insulation around many axons, aids in conduction, its found on neurons inside and outside of the CNS, nerve cells with this conduct faster than nerve cells without, its interrupted at regular intervals by the nodes of Ranvier

A

myelin sheath

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24
Q

inside of the CNS: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
-provide nourishment for neurons
-provide support for neurons
-protect and insulate axons
-lay down the myelin sheath

A

satellite cells

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25
Q

outside of the CNS, in the peripheral nervous system
-protect and insulate neurons
- lay down myelin sheath
-involved in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers

A

schwann cells

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26
Q

this is found in sensory nerves sub serving somethesis (pain, touch, temperature, pressure) and kinesthesis (limb position)
axon is connected via a little neck to the cell body

A

unipolar neuron

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27
Q

found in the eye
connected directly to the cell body

A

bipolar neuron

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28
Q

this type is found in motor nerves
consists of a single long axon and a number of dendrites

A

motor neuron (multipolar neuron)

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29
Q

this is located predominantly in the spinal cord and brain and is the most numerous of all types of neurons in the nervous system
found in between other neurons

A

interneurons (multipolar neuron)

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30
Q

has a short, multibranching dendrites and a long axon, a structure that makes it ideally suited for transmitting information over long distances within CNS

A

projection neuron

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31
Q

axons of this area noticeably short and both its axons and dendrites show profuse branching (this enables it to establish multiple relations with other neurons)
typically receives information from a large number of sensory neurons or other interneurons and delivers information to a large number of motor neurons or other interneurons

A

local circuit neuron

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32
Q

towards head

A

rostral

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33
Q

towars tail

A

caudal

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34
Q

above a structure

A

superior

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35
Q

below a structure

A

inferior

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36
Q

towards midline

A

medial

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37
Q

away from midline

A

lateral

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38
Q

toward midline

A

proximal

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39
Q

away from midline

A

distal

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40
Q

front

A

anterior

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41
Q

back

A

posterior

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42
Q

base of brain, front

A

ventralback,

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43
Q

top of brain, back

A

dorsal

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44
Q

sensory

A

afferent

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45
Q

motor

A

efferent

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46
Q

bundles of neurons located outside of CNS

A

nerve

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47
Q

bundle of neurons located inside of CNS

A

tract

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48
Q

collection of nerve cell bodies located outside of CNS

A

ganglion

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49
Q

collection of nerve cells located inside of CNS

A

nucleus

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50
Q

12 pairs of these located inside the somatic nervous system which is located inside the peripheral nervous system

A

cranial nerves

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51
Q
  • olfactory
  • ent./exit from CNS- cerebrum
  • no autonomic functions
  • sensory: smell
    -not a real nerve
A

cranial nerve I

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52
Q
  • optic
  • ent./exit from CNS- thalamus
  • no autonomic function
  • sensory: vision
  • not a real nerve
A

cranial nerve II

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53
Q
  • oculomotor
  • exit from CNS- midbrain
  • autonomic function: constricts pupils
  • motor: eye movement, down and in
A

cranial nerve III

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54
Q
  • trochlear
  • exit from CNS- midbrain
  • no autonomic function
  • motor: eye movement up and out
A

cranial nerve IV

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54
Q
  • trigeminal
  • ent.&exit from CNS- midbrain, pons, medulla
  • no autonomic function’
  • sensory: from face & head
  • motor: chewing
A

cranial nerve V

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55
Q
  • abducens
  • exit: pons and medulla
  • no autonomic function
  • motor: eye movement laterally
A

cranial nerve VI

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56
Q
  • facial
  • exit and ent.: medulla
  • crying, accommodation, salivation
  • sensory: taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
  • motor: face movement
A

cranial nerve VII

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57
Q
  • auditory-vestibular
  • ent.: medulla
  • no autonomic function
  • sensory: hearing/balance
A

cranial nerve VIII

58
Q
  • glossopharyngeal
  • ent from CNS- medulla
  • autonomic function: salivation
  • sensory: taste 1/3 back of tongue
  • motor: pharynx/speech
A

cranial nerve IX

59
Q
  • vagus
  • exit/ent.: medulla
  • autonomic function: heart, viscera, blood vessels
  • sensory: taste (pharynx and epiglottis)
  • motor: swallowing, pharynx, speech
A

cranial nerve X

60
Q
  • spinal accessory
  • exit from CNS- medulla
  • no autonomic function
  • motor: neck muscles/speech
A

cranial nerve XI

61
Q
  • hypoglossal
  • exit from CNS: medulla
  • no autonomic function
  • motor: tongue movement
A

cranial nerve XII

62
Q

cranial nerves ___ through ___ are peripheral nerves- regeneration takes place

63
Q

cranial nerves ___, ___, and ___ work together they’re concerned with eye movement

A

III, IV, and VI

64
Q

cranial nerve ___ is the big parasympathetic nerve

A

cranial nerve X

65
Q

8 pairs positioned in the neck

65
Q

12 pairs positioned in the chest

66
Q

5 pairs positioned in the loin (trunk)

66
Q

5 pairs positioned at the end of spinal column

67
Q

1 pair positioned at the end of the spinal column

68
Q

the ___ ___ of the spinal nerve receives input from receptor

A

dorsal root

69
Q

the ___ ___ of the spinal nerve sends output to effectors

A

ventral root

70
Q

just before entering the vertebral column, the spinal nerves divide into __ roots

71
Q

the ___ ___ is sensory

A

dorsal root

72
Q

the __ ___ is motor

A

ventral root

73
Q

on each dorsal root there is a marked swelling, the ___ ___ ___, that contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers (unipolar neurons)

A

dorsal root ganglion

74
Q

inside the spinal cord itself are the cell bodies of the motor fibers, which are also called ____ ____

A

multipolar neurons

75
Q
  • sensory and motor activities
  • connections found within CNS
  • differentiation
  • distributed to skeletal muscles
  • adjusts between external environment and the organism
A

somatic nervous system

76
Q
  • motor system only
  • many synapses/ganglia lie outside of CNS
  • acts as a whole
  • distributed to smooth/cardiac muscles
  • concerned with internal adjustments
A

autonomic nervous system

77
Q
  • afferent component
  • enters dorsal root of spinal nerves of somatic nervous system
A

visceral nervous system

78
Q
  • efferent component
  • under the influence of the hypothalamus
A

autonomic nervous system

79
Q
  • places of exit from CNS in thorax and lumber regions of spinal cord= thoracolumbar nervous system
  • mobilizes bodily resources “fight or flight”
A

sympathetic nervous system

80
Q
  • goes from spinal cord (lateral horn) to sympathetic chain
  • relatively short
  • secretes acetylcholine (ACH)
A

preganglionic fiber of spinal cord from sympathetic fibers

81
Q
  • goes from sympathetic chain to organ to be innervated
  • relatively long
  • secretes norepinephrine (NE)
A

postganglionic fiber of spinal cord from sympathetic fibers

82
Q

composed of 22 sympathetic chains

83
Q

consists of axons of preganglionic fibers (which are myelinated) from the point where they leave the ventral root to the point where they enter the sympathetic chain

A

white ramus

84
Q

axons of postganglionic fibers (unmyleinated) from the point where they leave the sympathetic chain to the point where they enter the ventral root

A

gray ramus

85
Q
  • places of exit from the CNS: brain and sacral region of spinal cord= craniosacral nervous system
  • conservation and storage of bodily resources, active after eating
A

parasympathetic nervous system

86
Q
  • goes from brain or spinal cord (lateral horn) to a collateral ganglion
  • relatively long
  • secretes acetylcholine (ACH)
A

preganglionic fiber of spinal cord from parasympathetic fiber

87
Q
  • goes from collateral ganglion to the organ to be innervated
  • relatively short
  • secretes acetylcholine (ACH)
A

postganglionic fiber of spinal cord from parasympathetic fiber

88
Q
  • causes the heart to beat faster
  • constricts surface arteries and raises blood pressure
  • dilates blood vessels to skeletal muscles
  • speeds clotting
A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on circulatory system

89
Q
  • causes heart rate to slow
  • inhibits constriction of surface arteries and lowers blood pressure
A

effects of parasympathetic nervous system on circulatory system

90
Q
  • facilitates breathing by dilating bronchioles
A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on respiratory system

91
Q
  • slows breathing by constricting bronchioles
A

effects of parasympathetic nervous system on respiratory system

92
Q
  • inhibits peristalsis of stomach and small intestine
  • inhibits gastric secretion
  • inhibits secretion of saliva
A
  • effects of sympathetic nervous system on digestive system
93
Q
  • facilitates peristalsis of stomach and small intestine
  • facilitates gastric secretion
  • facilitates secretion of saliva
A
  • effects of parasympathetic nervous system on digestive system
94
Q
  • inhibits action of bladder (relaxes muscle wall)
  • vasoconstriction in kidney leading to decreased urine
  • contracts uterus
A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on urinary genital system

95
Q
  • facilitates action of bladder (muscle wall contracted)
  • vasodilation in kidney leading to increased urine flow
  • relaxes uterus
A

effects of parasympathetic nervous system on urinary genital system

96
Q
  • dilates pupil
A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on eye

97
Q
  • constricts pupil
A

effects of parasympathetic nervous system on eye

98
Q

stimulates secretion

A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on adrenal gland

99
Q

secretion augmented

A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on sweat glands

100
Q

pilomotor response (goosebumps)

A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on hair

101
Q

secretes glucose (changes glycogen into glucose)

A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on liver

102
Q

constricts and gives off red blood cells

A

effects of sympathetic nervous system on spleen

103
Q
  • conducts impulses to and from brain
  • regulates reflexes
  • has gray matter and white matter
A

spinal cord

104
Q

place where fibers cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other side

A

gray commissure

105
Q
  • conduction paths or tracts
  • divided into 3 types of columns
  • dorsal, lateral, and ventral
A

white matter

106
Q

between dorsal horn and dorsal fissure

A

dorsal column (afferent)

107
Q

between dorsal horn and ventral horn

A

lateral column (mixed sensory and motor)

108
Q

between ventral horn and ventral fissure

A

ventral columns (efferent)

109
Q
  • found in lateral area of white matter
  • shorts tracts that connect different levels of spinal cord
A

ground bundles /intersegmental tracts

110
Q

name of a tract, first: place it originates, second: places where it terminates

A

unconventional nomenclature

111
Q

gracilis, cuneate
both sensory- kinesthesis

A

dorsal columns

112
Q

dorsal spinocerebellar
ventrolateral spinocerebellar
both sensory- cerebellum

A

lateral column

113
Q
  • lateral column
  • sensory- pain, temperature, diffuse light touch
A

lateral spinothalamic

114
Q
  • lateral column
  • sensory- pressure, specific light touch
A

ventral spinothalamic

115
Q
  • lateral column
  • motor- voluntary movement
A

lateral corticospinal

116
Q
  • lateral column
  • motor- coordination of movement
A

rubrospinal, reitculospinal

117
Q
  • ventral column
  • motor- voluntary movement
A

ventral corticospinal

118
Q
  • ventral column
  • motor- coordination of movement
A

vestibulospinal

119
Q
  • joins spinal cord to the higher parts of the brain
  • contains fiber tracts ascending/descending to various levels of CNS
  • places of eat for a number of cranial nerves (V-XII)
    -contains autonomic nuclei concerned with breathing, blood pressure, and heart beat
    VITAL CENTER OF THE BRAIN
120
Q
  • contains fiber tracts ascending/descending to various levels of the CNS
  • place of exit of cranial nerves V&VI entrance of cranial nerve V
  • contains transverse fibers emerging from one side of the cerebellum and going across the ventral surface of the pons and entering the cerebellum on the other side
  • has a complex of nuclei, pontine nuclei, within bands of transverse nuclei
121
Q
  • ventral portion: receives fibers that have been relayed from the sense organs of equilibrium
  • anterior portion, posterior portion: supplied chiefly with sensory fibers from spinal cord
  • neoecerebellum: has extensive connections with nuclei of pons and frontal cortex
  • organ of motor coordination
A

cerebellum

122
Q
  • connects forebrain and medulla
  • tegmentenum (floor)- mainly passageway
  • tectum (roof)- has sensory duties: two pairs of sensory centers
  • 2 superior colliculi- primitive visual centers
  • 2 inferior colliculi- primitive auditory
123
Q

the medulla, pons, and midbrain

124
Q
  • overlaps forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
  • ascending component: constitutes one of two routes traveled by sensory impulses on the way to the cerebral cortex- indirect sensory system
A

reticular formation

125
Q

stimulus— nerve impulse—- specific part of cortex

A

direct sensory system

126
Q

stimulus— nerve impulse— reticular formation— diffusely to the whole cortex

A

indirect sensory system

127
Q

functions in motor coordination

A

descending component of reticular formation

128
Q

contains the hypothalamus and thalamus

A

diencephalon

129
Q
  • all of the senses except for smell, send impulses to here on the way to the cortex
  • great relay center of the brain
130
Q
  • one of the relay (projection) nucleis
  • responsible for somesthesis, kinesthesis, and taste
A

posteroventral nucleus (PVN)

131
Q
  • one of the relay nuclei
  • part of the limbic system
A

anterior nucleus

132
Q

impulses from the reticular formation

A

reticular nucleus

133
Q
  • one of the geniculate nuclei
  • responsible for vision
A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

134
Q
  • 2/2 of the geniculate nuclei
  • responsible for hearing
A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

135
Q

receives impulses from cerebellum and sends impulses to the cerebral cortex

A

lateroventral nucleus

136
Q
  • part of lateroventral nucleus
  • receives impulses from within thalamus and send impulses to cortex
A

association nuclei

137
Q

projects to the frontal cortex, fibers from this to the cortex are severed in a frontal lobotomy

A

dorsomedial cortex

138
Q

projects to the posterior cortex

A

pulvinar nucleus

139
Q
  • involved in regulation of basic drives (hunger and thirst)
  • controls and integrates functions of the autonomic nervous system
  • involved in endocrine secretions
  • involved in emotion
A

hypothalamus

140
Q
  • consists of 3 large nuclei
  • receives input from substantial nigra to the cerebral cortex and sends messages to midbrain and cerebral cortex
  • significant in maintaining posture of organism and coordination of movement
  • phylogenetically they are the oldest part of the telencephalon
  • degeneration of neurons with dopamine as neurotransmitter that link substania nigra to these leads to Parkinson’s disease
A

basal ganglia

psychobiology (4 decks)

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