Exam 2 Flashcards
Renewable Resource
can be used theoretically for everything
water is not evenly distributed but renewable
Consumption Overpopulation
the population is consuming more than then other populations aligned on earth
ex. USA makes up 20% but consumes 80%
People Overpopulation
overcrowded by numbers, limited resources, life expectancy is about or less 40%
Birth Rate
rapid growth if a country has more births than deaths
Nigeria
Death Rate
decline in growth when death rates are higher than birth rates
Germany
Slow growth
0 population growth when birth rates and death rates are the same.
USA
number of individuals being added to the population is not increasing rapidly over time.
Rate of Natural Increase
a measure of population growth that considers births and deaths within a population
A higher rate of natural increase implies faster population growth, while a lower rate suggests slower growth or even a decrease in population size.
Biotic Potential
where a population can increase if conditions are ideal
shape at the curve looks like the letter j
maximum rate at
Environmental Resistance
the factors in an ecosystem that limit the growth of a population
competition for resources
Exponential Population Growth
a rapid increase in the size of a population over time
growth remains constant and the population doubles in size at regular intervals.
Carrying Capacity
largest population sustained for an indefinite period of time in a particular environment as long as it doesn’t change.
K-Strategy
organism like humans, mammals that care for their young.
larger body
under low reproductive rates
R- Strategy
organism that have fast reproductive cycles that mature very rapidly
have life short life span
fish, insects. sea turtle
Density - Dependent Factors
affect the population stability based on density,
when it gets high, predation is needed as a factor that is affected by density when it;s high we do well, but when it’s low density predators starve
ex. diseases, pandemics
Density - Independent Factors
ex. tidal waves, asteroids, volcanic erruption
Demography
graphs of age control
rapid, slow and decline
by age, sex, and peope in millions
Replacement- Level Fertility
2.1 rate
two parents two children?
if one is lost then you’ll miss replacement facility.
one child below replacement
Fossil Fuels
over time, 300 million years by layers of sediment accumulated over the dead plant material.
Non-Renewable Sources
can’t be replenished in a reasonable amount of time and supply can’t be met due it to not being replenished fast enough.
ex. fossil fuels
Natural Gas
a fossil fuel that comes from underground, mainly composed of methane and is used for energy like heating and electricity
Anthracite
mine
deep shaft mining
a mile or more into earth
oldest and purest
burns the hottest
Bituminous Coal
not the deepest just above anthracite.
easily extracted
most used
dirtiest
very dark
Lignite Coal
brown
soft
wetter then bituminous not as wet as peat
Black Lung Disease
associated w/ anthracite or deep shaft mining operations.
the small particles block the ability for gases to exchange across the cardiovascular system to the breathing.
common in miners.
will lead to cancer.
under osha, miners are to wear PPE mask
Strip Mining
bituminous, most popular
Subsurface Mining
deep into earth
anthracite
lignite
Acid Deposition
occurs when large amount of sulfur dioxide is released in the atmosphere when coal is burning.
when breathing a high dose it can be deadly to the lungs.
Scrubbers
devices that help clean pollutants and harmful chemicals from industrial emissions or smokestacks to reduce air pollution
Crude Oil
comes from microscopic- plankton.
they have oil and when they die they settle to the bottom of the ocean creating sedimentation creating crude oil; natural gas,
comes from green organisms.
Fission
Splitting uranium 235 and capturing the energy to boil water to create steam, and turn electrical power
Chain reaction
splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller fragments followed by the release of a large amount of energy,
Fusion
uses the lightest element on earth; hydrogen fussed together to create helium in a fusion reactor which is 4 times more energetic
Joining of two lightweight atomic nuclei
Fuel = isotopes of hydrogen pros:
No high level waste
fuel is hydrogen
cons:
Takes high temps.
confines plasme
Enrichment
purifying and enriching uranium to increase the concentration of U235
Control Rod
used to regulate rate of fission
if pushed down the process is slowed, less electrical power, if pulled up it speed the process
90 control rods must be kept at all times
Hydropower
Form of renewable energy reliant on flowing or falling water to generate mechanical energy or electricity
if the equalizer allows it to run….
can destruct the ecosystems
silk can build up at the bottom and block the system.
Chernobyl
many mistakes:
Human error
water and steam instead of graphite moderator
did not use a containment top
in ukraine
1986
High Level Radioactive Waste
nuclear waste in nuclear weapon, or power facilites
Low Level Radioactive Waste
nuclear waste from research labs, unis, hospitals
Active Solar Heating
how to het water heater
black shield on the roof that facing south orientation but rather than creating electricity they have tubes within them that water flows through like a radiator and when the sun hits the shield the tubes hits the water and has other f=devices that increase the flow.
merely heating water, fluids or air mass
Passive Solar Heating
heating greenhouses, pools or sun houses
energy is penetrating into the water of the pool or into the greenhouse and keeping it warm because it can’t radiate back out or it gets trapped.
Solar Thermal Heating/ Electric Generation
generates electricity from the heat of the sun
special systems are used to focus sunlight and create steam which drives turbines to produce electricity
Photovoltaic
generates electrical current
shields are semiconductors so when the energy of the sun hits the material
photovoltaic shields excites the electrons which causes a flow of electricity and the flow generates the power for the system.
Fuel Cell
a battery that generates electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen.
produces electricity w/o burning fuel
env. friendly
Wind Power
common in mountain passes
North Sea Area
needs a lot of space
and can be disruptive to the ecosystem
kills large birds of prey
Biomass Methane
found in landfills where the trash and organic materials buried become anaerobic and produces methane gas used to power electricity sent to the power grid.
Geothermal
practical in areas where there in molten material and there is core that is near water. ground water systems below being heated.
geothermal water is very toxic
Biomass (alcohol)
the alcohol is ethenyl, mainly in the USA and made out of corn.
used for fuel
Age Distibution Curves
number in millions, age and sex
shows how a population is spread out in terms of different age groups.
Kerosene
1850 pan oil in the US; main source of fuel from crude oil; kerosene used for lights.
Peat
made out of decayed plant material and is can be used as fuel or in gardening
forms in waterlogged areas like swamps
Reserve
a material that can be extracted profitably with existing technology under present economic conditions
what you’re willing to buy within your affordability
Resource
all of the resources from a substance that can be extract and processed that can be sold to consumers willing to buy.
Sulfur Dioxide
a gas produced when things like coal and oil are burn
harmful to the environment and human health
causes acid rain
