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Ecology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following cannot be an example of evolution?

A

after repeated exposure to high temperatures, an individual turtle can tolerate heat more successfully

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2
Q

Suppose a population of shorthorn cattle has only two alleles (r and R) at a locus. If the frequency of R is .37, what is the frequency of r?

A

.63

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3
Q

Which statement about genetic drift is false?

A

It tends decrease genetic differences among different populations

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4
Q

For which organism would it be advantageous to allocate more resources to reproduction than to growth?

A

one with low adult survival rates

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5
Q

Three different genotypes of garter snakes (A, B, and C) were reared at different temperatures. Four individuals were in each trial. The table below presents their weights (in grams). Based on these data, which genotype appears to show phenotypic plasticity?

A

genotype A only

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6
Q

Ecological interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment can cause evolutionary changes, ranging from allele frequency changes in populations to the formation of new species.

A

true

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7
Q

Which process can produce new combinations of alleles present in a population?

A

recombination

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8
Q

Which classifications scheme of metric is generally most helpful for comparing life histories across broad ranges of size or taxonomy?

A

Charnov’s dimensionless ratio

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9
Q

Which statement about Lack’s experiments on clutch size is true?

A

both a and c (demonstrated ecological tradeoff and showed life histories of birds vary depending on their geography)

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10
Q

Refer to the diagram, showing four cases of selection on egg number in a population of flour beetles. The solid blue line represents the frequency of the original population, and the dashed red line represents the frequency distribution after eight generations. Which graph most likely represents a case of disruptive selection?

A

graph c

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11
Q

What is r selection?

A

in the r-K continuum used for classifying life history strategies, the selection pressure for high population growth rates faced by organisms that live in environments where populations densities are usually low.

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12
Q

What is life history strategy?

A

overall pattern in the timing and nature of life history events, averaged across all the individuals of a species

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13
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A

an abrupt transition from a larval to a juvenile life cycle stage that is sometimes accompanied by a change in habitat

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14
Q

what is phenotypic plasticity?

A

ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions

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15
Q

What is paedomorphic?

A

resulting from a delay of a developmental event relative to sexual maturation

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16
Q

What is sequential hermaphroditism?

A

a change or changes un the sex of an organism during the course of its life cycle

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17
Q

What is a morph?

A

Discrete phenotypes with few or no intermediate forms

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18
Q

What is K selection?

A

In the r-K continuum used for classifying life history strategies, the selection pressure for slower rates of increase faced by organisms that live in environments where population densities are high (at or near the carrying capacity, K)

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19
Q

What is life history?

A

The major events relating to an organism’s growth, development, reproduction, and survival; these events include the age and size of first reproduction, the amount and timing of reproduction, and longevity.

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20
Q

There is a trade-off between offspring size and number, such that organisms tend to produce large numbers of relatively small offspring or small numbers of relatively large offspring.

A

true

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21
Q

All plants and some algae have a complicated life cycle with both a multicellular diploid _______ stage and a multicellular haploid _______ stage. This type of life cycle is called _______.

A

sporotype, gametophyte, alteration of generations

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22
Q

The graph shows the relationship between the trunk diameter and the leaf mass of ponderosa pine trees from both moist and desert climates. According to the graph, a tree in a desert climate with a trunk diameter of about 40 cm would have about the same leaf mass as a tree in a cool moist climate whose trunk diameter is about _______ cm.

A

30

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23
Q

Sequential hermaphrodism and paedomorphic development are both adaptations that allow individuals to take advantage of

A

conditions that are most favorable for reproduction

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24
Q

Grasshoppers and crickets share many similar characteristics such as general body form, elongated hind wings (which they use for jumping), and particular wing structures. The simplest hypothesis that would explain the similarities between these insects is that they resulted from

A

shared ancestry

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25
Q

According to Grime’s classification scheme, processes that destroy plant biomass are called

A

disturbances

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26
Q

Evergreen foliage would most likely be found in which of Grime’s categories of plants?

A

stress tolerant

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27
Q

Which of the following has resulted from commercial fishing for cod?

A

a reduction in the age and size at which fish become sexually mature

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28
Q

Based on the graph, the largest mass extinction occurred about _______ million years ago.

A

250

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29
Q

Adaptive radiations can be promoted by factors such as the removal of competitor groups by a mass extinction or the evolution of a major new adaptation.

A

true

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30
Q

Natural selection modifies populations by favoring individuals with some heritable traits over other individuals.

A

true

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31
Q

Tall people generally have tall parents, and short people tend to have short parents. Based on this observation, we can infer that height is

A

a heritable trait

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32
Q

Which pair of evolutionary processes can introduce new alleles into a population?

A

gene flow and mutation

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33
Q

Which organism are most likely to be K selected?

A

lions

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34
Q

Which statement about the r-K continuum is true?

A

most species are intermediate between two extremes

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35
Q

Trophy hunting in bighorn sheep has had an inadvertent evolutionary consequence: the sheep have become _______ and their horns have become _______.

A

smaller, smaller

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36
Q

Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Albert measures 15 cm, Barry is 12 cm, Cindy is 8 cm, and Diane is 6 cm. Based on what you know about clownfish biology, which statement is most likely true?

A

Albert is the only female

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37
Q

the term r selection refers to selection…

A

under crowded populations

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38
Q

Which process is least likely to be the direct cause of appreciable change in allele frequencies over short periods of time?

A

mutation

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39
Q

According to Grime, under conditions of low stress and low disturbance _______ plants should predominate.

A

ontogenic

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40
Q

Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Albert measures 15 cm, Barry is 12 cm, Cindy is 8 cm, and Diane is 6 cm. Based on what you know about clownfish biology, which statement is most likely true?

A

Albert is the only breeding male

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41
Q

What is a genotype?

A

genetic makeup of an individual

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42
Q

What is an allele?

A

One of two or more forms of a gene that result in the production of different versions of the protein that the gene encodes

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43
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

An event in which a group of organisms gives rise to many new species that expand into new habitats or new ecological roles in a relatively short time

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43
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Selection that favors individuals with an intermediate phenotype

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44
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Selection that favors individuals with a phenotype at either extreme over those with an intermediate phenotype

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45
Q

What is trade off?

A

An organism’s allocation of its limited energy or other resources to one structure or function at the expense of another

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46
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The transfer of alleles from one population to another via the movement of individuals or gametes

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47
Q

What is adaptive evolution?

A

A process of evolutionary change in which traits that confer survival or reproductive advantages tend to increase in frequency in a population over time

48
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Selection that favors individuals with one extreme of a heritable phenotypic trait

49
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A process in which chance events determine which alleles are passed from one generation to the next, thereby causing allele frequencies to fluctuate randomly over time; the effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations

50
Q

There are advantages and disadvantages to sexual reproduction. The low levels of genetic variation resulting from sexual reproduction may be beneficial in challenging environments.

A

true

51
Q

Suppose that, following the experiments by Dodd, Drosophila pseudoobscura are fed one of two diets (starch or maltose) for many generations. Once they have adapted to the new food sources, individual females from the starch treatment are given a choice between a male adapted to starch (a starch male), or a male adapted to maltose (a maltose male). When 50 females have chosen a mate, the experiment is repeated with females adapted to maltose. According to the results, what percentage of starch females chose maltose males?

A

28%

52
Q

If a population of monkeyflowers has 500 members with 135 of genotype DD, 280 of genotype Dd, and 85 of genotype dd,
what is the frequency of the D allele?

A

.55

53
Q

What is semelparous?

A

reducing only once in a lifetime

54
Q

What is dispersal?

A

movement of organisms or propagules from their birthplace

55
Q

What is alterations generations?

A

A complex life cycle, found in many algae and all plants, in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte

56
Q

What is fitness?

A

genetic contribution of an organism’s descendants to future generations

57
Q

What is allocation?

A

relative amounts of energy or resources that an organism devotes to different functions

58
Q

What is anisogamy?

A

production of two types of gametes of different size

59
Q

What is iteroparous?

A

having the capacity to reproduce multiple times in a lifetime

60
Q

What is isogamy?

A

the production of equal sized gamates

61
Q

what is complex life style?

A

A life cycle in which there are at least two distinct stages that differ in their habitat, physiology, or morphology

62
Q

What is direct development?

A

A simple life cycle that goes directly from fertilized egg to juvenile without passing through a free-living larval stage

63
Q

In cod fishing, older and larger fish are more likely to be retained in nets than younger and smaller fish. Despite the removal of these large breeders, the population is still reproducing. How do you think cod characteristics have changed due to the selection pressure from over-fishing?

A

selection has led to the decrease in the size of fish at the age of maturity

64
Q

According to the graphs, in 2005 the sheep, on average, weighed approximately _______ than sheep weighed in 1976.

A

20 kg less

65
Q

Which statement about the impacts of climate change on the snowshoe hare is true?

A

the number of days of camouflage mismatch has increased

66
Q

Genetic divergence between populations over time can lead to speciation, the process by which one species splits into two or more species. Speciation requires the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations.

A

true

67
Q

Although natural selection acts on individuals, an individual does not evolve – either it has a favored trait or it does not. Only populations evolve.

A

true

68
Q

Adaptive radiations can be promoted by factors such as the removal of competitor groups by a mass extinction or the evolution of a major new adaptation.

A

true

69
Q

You see a high proportion of winged individuals in a population of the bean aphid. The most likely explanation is that…

A

the population density is high or was high when the aphids developed

70
Q

Individuals of a plant species are counted in five transects that are each 2 ´ 2 meters. In these transects, 8, 15, 19, 27, and 31 plants are found. What is the density per square meter of this species?

A

5

71
Q

What factor is most responsible for the behavior pattern of young Seychelles warblers that postpone breeding and the establishment of their own nests in order to help their parents rear their siblings?

A

scarcity of high quality territories

72
Q

The dispersion of individuals within a population may be regular, random, or clumped. In the field, regular dispersions are most common.

A

false

73
Q

Dispersal and events in the evolutionary and geologic history of Earth influence the distribution and abundance of organisms.

A

true

74
Q

the presence of suitable habitat limits the distribution and abundances of organisms.

A

true

75
Q

which organism most likely has a survivorship curve most like that of human living in the United States?

A

dall mountian sheep

76
Q

Which type of survivorship curve is most frequently seen in the wild?

A

type iii

77
Q

Some Aleutian Islands are surrounded by urchin barrens while others are surrounded by kelp forests. Which statement gives the primary explanation for these differences?

A

Grazing by urchins prevents the formation of kelp forests

78
Q

Which statement is not an assumption of the mark–recapture method of estimating population size?

A

all of the above are assumptions of the mark-recapture method

79
Q

What is dispersion?

A

the spatial arrangement of individuals in a population

80
Q

What is distribution?

A

geographic area where individuals of a species are present

81
Q

What is random dispersion?

A

A dispersion pattern that is similar to what would occur if individuals were positioned at locations selected at random

82
Q

What is regular dispersion?

A

A dispersion pattern in which individuals are relatively evenly spaced throughout their habitat

83
Q

What is dismal limitation?

A

A situation in which a species’ limited capacity for dispersal prevents it from reaching areas of suitable habitat

84
Q

What is clumped dispersion?

A

A dispersion pattern in which individuals are grouped together.

85
Q

Which type of mammals would you most likely find on a small oceanic island that is 2,000 kilometers away from any other land mass and has not been colonized by humans?

A

bats

86
Q

King’s Lomatia (Lomatia tasmanica) is a most unusual plant. In the wild, only a single genetic individual of this shrub is known to be alive, and this colony has existed for at least 40,000 years. When a branch of this shrub falls to the ground, it sometimes establishes roots, and thus can function as a physiologically independent plant that is genetically identical to all other plants in the colony. What is the technical term for the single genetic individual?

A

genet

87
Q

Which principle is best illustrated by Erickson’s studies of the shrub Clematis fremontii?

A

population distributions can be patchy at several levels of spatial scale

88
Q

Niche models can be used to estimate the distribution of a species when we have insufficient data on its geographic range or when we want to predict the future locations of its populations.

A

true

89
Q

Which statement about the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) that emerged in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States is false?

A

High levels of rainfall during the same year as the outbreak led to enhanced plant growth and thus high mouse densities.

90
Q

Which factor most likely affects the northern limit of the geographic range of monarch butterflies?

A

availability of milkweed plants

91
Q

Suppose that two species of rabbits inhabit an area. Which technique would provide estimates of their relative population densities, as opposed to estimates of their absolute densities?

A

Comparisons of the number of tracks made by each species

91
Q

Adult monarch butterflies winter..

A

in the mountains west of Mexico City

92
Q

What is a ramet?

A

an actually or potentially physiologically independent member of a genet that may compete with other members for resources

93
Q

What is a clone?

A

a genetically identical copy of an individual

94
Q

What is a genet?

A

A genetic individual, resulting from a single fertilization event; in organisms that can reproduce asexually, a genet may consist of multiple, genetically identical parts, each of which has the potential to function as an independent physiological unit

95
Q

What is a disturbance?

A

An abiotic event that kills or damages some individuals and thereby creates opportunities for other individuals to grow and reproduce.

96
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

The abiotic and biotic conditions that a species needs to grow, survive, and reproduce

97
Q

What is a niche model?

A

A predictive tool that models the ecological niche occupied by a species based on the conditions at locations the species is known to occupy.

98
Q

What is absolute population size?

A

the actual number of individuals in a population

99
Q

What is abundance?

A

number of individuals of a species that are found in a given area; abundance is often measured by population sizer density

100
Q

What is population?

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live within a particular area and interact with one another

101
Q

What is population density?

A

number of individuals per unit of area

102
Q

A population of cicadas has a current size of 150. If () is 1.2, what will the expected population size be after two generation be?

A

216

103
Q

What is relative population size?

A

An estimate of population size based on data that are related in an unknown way to the absolute population size, but which can be compared from one time period or place to another

104
Q

What is population size?

A

number of individuals in a population

105
Q

There are 80 swamp sparrows in a 20-hectare section of Mount Meadow. The average population density of sparrows at this site is _______ per hectare.

A

4

106
Q

In some trees and shrubs, competition among seedlings causes individuals to be spaced relatively evenly throughout the habitat. These plants exhibit a _______ type of dispersion pattern.

A

regular

107
Q

point sampling is a type of..

A

distance method

108
Q

Which of the following best explains why the mammal families in the Philippines are more similar to those in Africa than to those in New Guinea?

A

continental drift

109
Q

A researcher studying apple maggot flies marks 180 flies in an orchid in Michigan. The next day, she collects 70 flies and finds that 14 are marked. If the assumptions of the mark–recapture method are met, what is the best estimate for the number of apple maggot flies in that orchid?

A

900

110
Q

Which statement about the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) that emerged in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States is false?

A

High levels of rainfall during the same year as the outbreak led to enhanced plant growth and thus high mouse densities.

111
Q

Suppose that two species of rabbits inhabit an area. Which technique would provide estimates of their relative population densities, as opposed to estimates of their absolute densities?

A

comparisons of the number of tracks made by each species

112
Q

A population of drosophila Mauritian reproduces ins synchrony at discreet time periods every generation, and generations occur at two week intervals. the current population size is 2000 and its geometric population growth rate is 3.0 per generation. What will the expected size of the population be after six weeks?

A

27,000

113
Q

What is the equation for exponential growth?

A

N(t)= N(0)e^rt

114
Q

Which population would be expected to remain stable in size?

A

both a and b

115
Q

a continuously growing population of alligators has a population of 1000 and an intrinsic rate of increase r = .05 per year. Assuming that this rate of increases remains the same, about how long should it take for the population to grow larger than 4000 individuals?

A

about 28 years

116
Q

population regulation occurs when…

A

density dependent factors affect birth and death rates

117
Q

which of the following would not be an example of density dependent factors regulating population size?

A

predation on mosquitofish is high

Ecology (4 decks)

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