exam 2

Question 1

Which of the following cannot be an example of evolution?

Answer 1

after repeated exposure to high temperatures, an individual turtle can tolerate heat more successfully

Question 2

Suppose a population of shorthorn cattle has only two alleles (r and R) at a locus. If the frequency of R is .37, what is the frequency of r?

Answer 2

.63

Question 3

Which statement about genetic drift is false?

Answer 3

It tends decrease genetic differences among different populations

Question 4

For which organism would it be advantageous to allocate more resources to reproduction than to growth?

Answer 4

one with low adult survival rates

Question 5

Three different genotypes of garter snakes (A, B, and C) were reared at different temperatures. Four individuals were in each trial. The table below presents their weights (in grams). Based on these data, which genotype appears to show phenotypic plasticity?

Answer 5

genotype A only

Question 6

Ecological interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment can cause evolutionary changes, ranging from allele frequency changes in populations to the formation of new species.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

Which process can produce new combinations of alleles present in a population?

Answer 7

recombination

Question 8

Which classifications scheme of metric is generally most helpful for comparing life histories across broad ranges of size or taxonomy?

Answer 8

Charnov’s dimensionless ratio

Question 9

Which statement about Lack’s experiments on clutch size is true?

Answer 9

both a and c (demonstrated ecological tradeoff and showed life histories of birds vary depending on their geography)

Question 10

Refer to the diagram, showing four cases of selection on egg number in a population of flour beetles. The solid blue line represents the frequency of the original population, and the dashed red line represents the frequency distribution after eight generations. Which graph most likely represents a case of disruptive selection?

Answer 10

graph c

Question 11

What is r selection?

Answer 11

in the r-K continuum used for classifying life history strategies, the selection pressure for high population growth rates faced by organisms that live in environments where populations densities are usually low.

Question 12

What is life history strategy?

Answer 12

overall pattern in the timing and nature of life history events, averaged across all the individuals of a species

Question 13

What is metamorphosis?

Answer 13

an abrupt transition from a larval to a juvenile life cycle stage that is sometimes accompanied by a change in habitat

Question 14

what is phenotypic plasticity?

Answer 14

ability of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions

Question 15

What is paedomorphic?

Answer 15

resulting from a delay of a developmental event relative to sexual maturation

Question 16

What is sequential hermaphroditism?

Answer 16

a change or changes un the sex of an organism during the course of its life cycle

Question 17

What is a morph?

Answer 17

Discrete phenotypes with few or no intermediate forms

Question 18

What is K selection?

Answer 18

In the r-K continuum used for classifying life history strategies, the selection pressure for slower rates of increase faced by organisms that live in environments where population densities are high (at or near the carrying capacity, K)

Question 19

What is life history?

Answer 19

The major events relating to an organism’s growth, development, reproduction, and survival; these events include the age and size of first reproduction, the amount and timing of reproduction, and longevity.

Question 20

There is a trade-off between offspring size and number, such that organisms tend to produce large numbers of relatively small offspring or small numbers of relatively large offspring.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

All plants and some algae have a complicated life cycle with both a multicellular diploid _______ stage and a multicellular haploid _______ stage. This type of life cycle is called _______.

Answer 21

sporotype, gametophyte, alteration of generations

Question 22

The graph shows the relationship between the trunk diameter and the leaf mass of ponderosa pine trees from both moist and desert climates. According to the graph, a tree in a desert climate with a trunk diameter of about 40 cm would have about the same leaf mass as a tree in a cool moist climate whose trunk diameter is about _______ cm.

Answer 22

30

Question 23

Sequential hermaphrodism and paedomorphic development are both adaptations that allow individuals to take advantage of

Answer 23

conditions that are most favorable for reproduction

Question 24

Grasshoppers and crickets share many similar characteristics such as general body form, elongated hind wings (which they use for jumping), and particular wing structures. The simplest hypothesis that would explain the similarities between these insects is that they resulted from

Answer 24

shared ancestry

Question 25

According to Grime’s classification scheme, processes that destroy plant biomass are called

Answer 25

disturbances

Question 26

Evergreen foliage would most likely be found in which of Grime’s categories of plants?

Answer 26

stress tolerant

Question 27

Which of the following has resulted from commercial fishing for cod?

Answer 27

a reduction in the age and size at which fish become sexually mature

Question 28

Based on the graph, the largest mass extinction occurred about _______ million years ago.

Answer 28

250

Question 29

Adaptive radiations can be promoted by factors such as the removal of competitor groups by a mass extinction or the evolution of a major new adaptation.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

Natural selection modifies populations by favoring individuals with some heritable traits over other individuals.

Answer 30

true

Question 31

Tall people generally have tall parents, and short people tend to have short parents. Based on this observation, we can infer that height is

Answer 31

a heritable trait

Question 32

Which pair of evolutionary processes can introduce new alleles into a population?

Answer 32

gene flow and mutation

Question 33

Which organism are most likely to be K selected?

Answer 33

lions

Question 34

Which statement about the r-K continuum is true?

Answer 34

most species are intermediate between two extremes

Question 35

Trophy hunting in bighorn sheep has had an inadvertent evolutionary consequence: the sheep have become _______ and their horns have become _______.

Answer 35

smaller, smaller

Question 36

Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Albert measures 15 cm, Barry is 12 cm, Cindy is 8 cm, and Diane is 6 cm. Based on what you know about clownfish biology, which statement is most likely true?

Answer 36

Albert is the only female

Question 37

the term r selection refers to selection...

Answer 37

under crowded populations

Question 38

Which process is least likely to be the direct cause of appreciable change in allele frequencies over short periods of time?

Answer 38

mutation

Question 39

According to Grime, under conditions of low stress and low disturbance _______ plants should predominate.

Answer 39

ontogenic

Question 40

Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Albert measures 15 cm, Barry is 12 cm, Cindy is 8 cm, and Diane is 6 cm. Based on what you know about clownfish biology, which statement is most likely true?

Answer 40

Albert is the only breeding male

Question 41

What is a genotype?

Answer 41

genetic makeup of an individual

Question 42

What is an allele?

Answer 42

One of two or more forms of a gene that result in the production of different versions of the protein that the gene encodes

Question 43

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 43

An event in which a group of organisms gives rise to many new species that expand into new habitats or new ecological roles in a relatively short time

Question 43

What is stabilizing selection?

Answer 43

Selection that favors individuals with an intermediate phenotype

Question 44

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 44

Selection that favors individuals with a phenotype at either extreme over those with an intermediate phenotype

Question 45

What is trade off?

Answer 45

An organism's allocation of its limited energy or other resources to one structure or function at the expense of another

Question 46

What is gene flow?

Answer 46

The transfer of alleles from one population to another via the movement of individuals or gametes

Question 47

What is adaptive evolution?

Answer 47

A process of evolutionary change in which traits that confer survival or reproductive advantages tend to increase in frequency in a population over time

Question 48

What is directional selection?

Answer 48

Selection that favors individuals with one extreme of a heritable phenotypic trait

Question 49

What is genetic drift?

Answer 49

A process in which chance events determine which alleles are passed from one generation to the next, thereby causing allele frequencies to fluctuate randomly over time; the effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations

Question 50

There are advantages and disadvantages to sexual reproduction. The low levels of genetic variation resulting from sexual reproduction may be beneficial in challenging environments.

Answer 50

true

Question 51

Suppose that, following the experiments by Dodd, Drosophila pseudoobscura are fed one of two diets (starch or maltose) for many generations. Once they have adapted to the new food sources, individual females from the starch treatment are given a choice between a male adapted to starch (a starch male), or a male adapted to maltose (a maltose male). When 50 females have chosen a mate, the experiment is repeated with females adapted to maltose. According to the results, what percentage of starch females chose maltose males?

Answer 51

28%

Question 52

If a population of monkeyflowers has 500 members with 135 of genotype DD, 280 of genotype Dd, and 85 of genotype dd, what is the frequency of the D allele?

Answer 52

.55

Question 53

What is semelparous?

Answer 53

reducing only once in a lifetime

Question 54

What is dispersal?

Answer 54

movement of organisms or propagules from their birthplace

Question 55

What is alterations generations?

Answer 55

A complex life cycle, found in many algae and all plants, in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte

Question 56

What is fitness?

Answer 56

genetic contribution of an organism's descendants to future generations

Question 57

What is allocation?

Answer 57

relative amounts of energy or resources that an organism devotes to different functions

Question 58

What is anisogamy?

Answer 58

production of two types of gametes of different size

Question 59

What is iteroparous?

Answer 59

having the capacity to reproduce multiple times in a lifetime

Question 60

What is isogamy?

Answer 60

the production of equal sized gamates

Question 61

what is complex life style?

Answer 61

A life cycle in which there are at least two distinct stages that differ in their habitat, physiology, or morphology

Question 62

What is direct development?

Answer 62

A simple life cycle that goes directly from fertilized egg to juvenile without passing through a free-living larval stage

Question 63

In cod fishing, older and larger fish are more likely to be retained in nets than younger and smaller fish. Despite the removal of these large breeders, the population is still reproducing. How do you think cod characteristics have changed due to the selection pressure from over-fishing?

Answer 63

selection has led to the decrease in the size of fish at the age of maturity

Question 64

According to the graphs, in 2005 the sheep, on average, weighed approximately _______ than sheep weighed in 1976.

Answer 64

20 kg less

Question 65

Which statement about the impacts of climate change on the snowshoe hare is true?

Answer 65

the number of days of camouflage mismatch has increased

Question 66

Genetic divergence between populations over time can lead to speciation, the process by which one species splits into two or more species. Speciation requires the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations.

Answer 66

true

Question 67

Although natural selection acts on individuals, an individual does not evolve – either it has a favored trait or it does not. Only populations evolve.

Answer 67

true

Question 68

Adaptive radiations can be promoted by factors such as the removal of competitor groups by a mass extinction or the evolution of a major new adaptation.

Answer 68

true

Question 69

You see a high proportion of winged individuals in a population of the bean aphid. The most likely explanation is that...

Answer 69

the population density is high or was high when the aphids developed

Question 70

Individuals of a plant species are counted in five transects that are each 2 ´ 2 meters. In these transects, 8, 15, 19, 27, and 31 plants are found. What is the density per square meter of this species?

Answer 70

5

Question 71

What factor is most responsible for the behavior pattern of young Seychelles warblers that postpone breeding and the establishment of their own nests in order to help their parents rear their siblings?

Answer 71

scarcity of high quality territories

Question 72

The dispersion of individuals within a population may be regular, random, or clumped. In the field, regular dispersions are most common.

Answer 72

false

Question 73

Dispersal and events in the evolutionary and geologic history of Earth influence the distribution and abundance of organisms.

Answer 73

true

Question 74

the presence of suitable habitat limits the distribution and abundances of organisms.

Answer 74

true

Question 75

which organism most likely has a survivorship curve most like that of human living in the United States?

Answer 75

dall mountian sheep

Question 76

Which type of survivorship curve is most frequently seen in the wild?

Answer 76

type iii

Question 77

Some Aleutian Islands are surrounded by urchin barrens while others are surrounded by kelp forests. Which statement gives the primary explanation for these differences?

Answer 77

Grazing by urchins prevents the formation of kelp forests

Question 78

Which statement is not an assumption of the mark–recapture method of estimating population size?

Answer 78

all of the above are assumptions of the mark-recapture method

Question 79

What is dispersion?

Answer 79

the spatial arrangement of individuals in a population

Question 80

What is distribution?

Answer 80

geographic area where individuals of a species are present

Question 81

What is random dispersion?

Answer 81

A dispersion pattern that is similar to what would occur if individuals were positioned at locations selected at random

Question 82

What is regular dispersion?

Answer 82

A dispersion pattern in which individuals are relatively evenly spaced throughout their habitat

Question 83

What is dismal limitation?

Answer 83

A situation in which a species' limited capacity for dispersal prevents it from reaching areas of suitable habitat

Question 84

What is clumped dispersion?

Answer 84

A dispersion pattern in which individuals are grouped together.

Question 85

Which type of mammals would you most likely find on a small oceanic island that is 2,000 kilometers away from any other land mass and has not been colonized by humans?

Answer 85

bats

Question 86

King’s Lomatia (Lomatia tasmanica) is a most unusual plant. In the wild, only a single genetic individual of this shrub is known to be alive, and this colony has existed for at least 40,000 years. When a branch of this shrub falls to the ground, it sometimes establishes roots, and thus can function as a physiologically independent plant that is genetically identical to all other plants in the colony. What is the technical term for the single genetic individual?

Answer 86

genet

Question 87

Which principle is best illustrated by Erickson’s studies of the shrub Clematis fremontii?

Answer 87

population distributions can be patchy at several levels of spatial scale

Question 88

Niche models can be used to estimate the distribution of a species when we have insufficient data on its geographic range or when we want to predict the future locations of its populations.

Answer 88

true

Question 89

Which statement about the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) that emerged in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States is false?

Answer 89

High levels of rainfall during the same year as the outbreak led to enhanced plant growth and thus high mouse densities.

Question 90

Which factor most likely affects the northern limit of the geographic range of monarch butterflies?

Answer 90

availability of milkweed plants

Question 91

Suppose that two species of rabbits inhabit an area. Which technique would provide estimates of their relative population densities, as opposed to estimates of their absolute densities?

Answer 91

Comparisons of the number of tracks made by each species

Question 91

Adult monarch butterflies winter..

Answer 91

in the mountains west of Mexico City

Question 92

What is a ramet?

Answer 92

an actually or potentially physiologically independent member of a genet that may compete with other members for resources

Question 93

What is a clone?

Answer 93

a genetically identical copy of an individual

Question 94

What is a genet?

Answer 94

A genetic individual, resulting from a single fertilization event; in organisms that can reproduce asexually, a genet may consist of multiple, genetically identical parts, each of which has the potential to function as an independent physiological unit

Question 95

What is a disturbance?

Answer 95

An abiotic event that kills or damages some individuals and thereby creates opportunities for other individuals to grow and reproduce.

Question 96

What is an ecological niche?

Answer 96

The abiotic and biotic conditions that a species needs to grow, survive, and reproduce

Question 97

What is a niche model?

Answer 97

A predictive tool that models the ecological niche occupied by a species based on the conditions at locations the species is known to occupy.

Question 98

What is absolute population size?

Answer 98

the actual number of individuals in a population

Question 99

What is abundance?

Answer 99

number of individuals of a species that are found in a given area; abundance is often measured by population sizer density

Question 100

What is population?

Answer 100

A group of individuals of the same species that live within a particular area and interact with one another

Question 101

What is population density?

Answer 101

number of individuals per unit of area

Question 102

A population of cicadas has a current size of 150. If () is 1.2, what will the expected population size be after two generation be?

Answer 102

216

Question 103

What is relative population size?

Answer 103

An estimate of population size based on data that are related in an unknown way to the absolute population size, but which can be compared from one time period or place to another

Question 104

What is population size?

Answer 104

number of individuals in a population

Question 105

There are 80 swamp sparrows in a 20-hectare section of Mount Meadow. The average population density of sparrows at this site is _______ per hectare.

Answer 105

4

Question 106

In some trees and shrubs, competition among seedlings causes individuals to be spaced relatively evenly throughout the habitat. These plants exhibit a _______ type of dispersion pattern.

Answer 106

regular

Question 107

point sampling is a type of..

Answer 107

distance method

Question 108

Which of the following best explains why the mammal families in the Philippines are more similar to those in Africa than to those in New Guinea?

Answer 108

continental drift

Question 109

A researcher studying apple maggot flies marks 180 flies in an orchid in Michigan. The next day, she collects 70 flies and finds that 14 are marked. If the assumptions of the mark–recapture method are met, what is the best estimate for the number of apple maggot flies in that orchid?

Answer 109

900

Question 110

Which statement about the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) that emerged in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States is false?

Answer 110

High levels of rainfall during the same year as the outbreak led to enhanced plant growth and thus high mouse densities.

Question 111

Suppose that two species of rabbits inhabit an area. Which technique would provide estimates of their relative population densities, as opposed to estimates of their absolute densities?

Answer 111

comparisons of the number of tracks made by each species

Question 112

A population of drosophila Mauritian reproduces ins synchrony at discreet time periods every generation, and generations occur at two week intervals. the current population size is 2000 and its geometric population growth rate is 3.0 per generation. What will the expected size of the population be after six weeks?

Answer 112

27,000

Question 113

What is the equation for exponential growth?

Answer 113

N(t)= N(0)e^rt

Question 114

Which population would be expected to remain stable in size?

Answer 114

both a and b

Question 115

a continuously growing population of alligators has a population of 1000 and an intrinsic rate of increase r = .05 per year. Assuming that this rate of increases remains the same, about how long should it take for the population to grow larger than 4000 individuals?

Answer 115

about 28 years

Question 116

population regulation occurs when...

Answer 116

density dependent factors affect birth and death rates

Question 117

which of the following would not be an example of density dependent factors regulating population size?

Answer 117

predation on mosquitofish is high