Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a full term birth?
Full term: 38-42 weeks from conception
What is considered preterm birth?
37 weeks
What are the risk factors of having a preterm birth?
- not able to finish prenatal development
-Low Birth Weight: < 5.5 pounds
What can cause low birth weight?
-smoking, alcohol, low weight gain, nutrition, chromosomal abnormalities
What is vernix caseosa?
(“Cheesy Varnish”); protects skin from bacteria
How long on avg. Do new born babies sleep for?
16 hrs. Per day
What are innate reflexes?
Uncontrolled response to external stimulation
What are some examples of innate reflexes that we keep?
- Blinking
- coughing
- sneezing
- jerking
What are some examples of innate reflexes that we lose?
-Rooting
- grasping
-swimming
- walking/stepping
- Moro/ startle
- babinski
What are the capabilities of a new born?
- Head can turn while lying down
-vision is nearsighted but can focus well 12-18 in
-other senses- fully developed
What is neonatal abstinence syndrome?
When drugs pass from the placenta to the baby and after birth, the baby suffers from withdrawal
What are long time complication of low birth weight?
•Health issues: High blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurological problems, reproductive issues
•Death in childhood; cognitive, educational, and behavioral problems.
What percentage of the brain is developed by year 1?
80%
What is the maturation process?
One task must be achieved before the next
What are the major approaches to cognitive dev. ?
- Psychometric
- behavioral/learning approach
- information processing approach
- cognitive approach
What is the three main components of behavioral I learning perspective?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
What is classical conditioning?
Envoirmental stimuli’s produces reflexive response
What is operant conditioning?
Associating consequences with actions
What is Observational learning?
Imitation
What is information processing approach?
- Attention and memory
- concept formation (simple categorization)
What is infantile amnesia?
Children can’t remember anything from before they were three
Why do children have infantile amnesia?
Because the frontal lobe which is used for critical thinking isnt fully developed
What is Vygotsky’s
Social development theory?
Social interaction leads to learning, and forming apprenticeships with adults
What is the sequencefor learning language?
- Social speech
- private speech ( out loud)
- inner speech
What are the characteristics of social speech?
Baby speaks for their own entertainment, unaware if anyone else can understand
What are the characteristics of private speech?
Speech spoken and directed to themselves, helps control behavior
What are the characteristics of inner speech?
Perform actions w/o talking out loud to self or others around
What are the stages of Piaget’s theory? (4)
- Sensorimotor
- pre-operational
-concrete operation - formal operational
What is the age range for sensorimotor stage?
(Birth- 2yrs old)
What are the age ranges are proportional stage?
(2 -7 years old )
What are the age ranges for concrete operational?
(7 - 11 years old)
What are the age ranges for formal operational
( Adolescence - adulthood)
Sensorimotor stage
Construct an understanding of the world by sensory and physical experience ( exploring envoirment )
What is object permanence?
Understanding objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen
What are the results of sensorimotor stage?
- Object permanence
- spatial knowledge
- some causality
- # ’s
- some categorization
-imatation - understand pictures as symbols
What influences language development?
- Brain maturation
- social interaction
- family characteristics
- reading aloud
- child directed speech
What is the 1st stage of language development?
6-8 weeks: cooing
What are the visual capabilities of new borns?
- Nearsighted( can only focus well @12-18 in)
-prefer faces ( black and white) - can distinguish red and green
What is the apgar scale/ purpose?
a quick way for health professionals to evaluate the health of all newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
On the apgar scale what does the # rating scale signify?
- 0-3 critically low
- 4-6 fairly low
- 7-10 generally normal
What is the Cephalocaudal Principle?
growth and development follow a pattern that starts with the head then proceeds to the rest of the body (head to toe).
What are two methods that will help the preterm baby?
-maternal education
- kangaroo care
What does the brain stem control?
Coordinates breathing, sleeping, and sucking
What does the cerebral cortex control?
Cognition like thinking, storing, memories,and reasoning
What is SIDS?
Sudden infant death syndrome is a sudden, unexplained death during sleep of healthy infants
What is the second stage of language development?
Babbling (6-8 months)
What is the third stage for language development?
Holophrase (12 months)
What is the fourth stage of language development?
Morphology (2 -3 years)
What age range do infants go through trust vs. Mistrust according to Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
0 to 18 months
Around what age range do children feel autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
12 or 18 months to 3 years
What is the first stage of attachment according to bowlby?
Drawn to humans but inconsistent preference (0-2 mon.)
What is the second stage of attachment according to bowlby?
Preference for a regular caregiver (2-7 months)
What is the third stage of attachment according to bowlby?
Develop specific attachments; cling to caregiver when upset; use caregiver as base to explore (7-24 months)
What are the different attachment styles?
- Secure attached
- avoidant
- ambivalent / resistant
- disorganized/disoriented
What is stranger anxiety?
Wariness of an unknown person
What is separation anxiety?
Distress when a caregiver leaves (10-18months)
What are the early signs of emotional development?
- Crying
-smiling - laughing
What are the different innate emotions?
- Interest
- distress
- contentment
What are the different emotions around six months?
- Anger
- surprise
- joy
- sadness
- fear
- digest
What are the different emotions around 18 to 24 months
- Empathy
- jealousy
-Embarrassment
What are the different emotions around 30-36 months?
- Shame
- guilt
- pride
