Exam 2 Flashcards
Alcohol prohibition
1920-1933
Eugenics
Superior people creating more superior people
underground society
caused by prohibition
Speakeasy
an underground bar that serves alcohol and has gambling maybe and dancers and musicians
stock market crash
1929
F. Scott Fitzgerald
wrote the great gatsby
suffrage
women’s right to vote
Alma Nash
An all-female military marching band from Maryville Missouri organized by Alma Nash was present in the parade during the riot they forged a path through the people who didn’t want the parade to happen (riot in front of the white house pertaining to women’s suffrage)
Jim Crow Laws
reconstruction tried to help out those who were slaves and rebuild this country, but the Jim Crow Laws hindered reconstruction because they didn’t allow people to vote unless they were landowners or white males
Harlem renaissance
Artists are celebrating Black culture and the things they are doing
Classic Jazz (Dixie Land)
Combination of Ragtime Syncopation, Brass band instruments, and the Blues
French Quarter
3 or 4-block area that held all these brothels and things of that sort in New Orleans
Classic Jazz group
The trumpet is king. Front Line - trumpet, clarinet noodles over the trumpet melody or Descant, trombone (horn section). (Rhythm section) in the back - Tuba or Bass, drums, guitar, or maybe a banjo sometimes a piano.
2 beat
The tuba will play on the first and third beats
Louis Armstrong
father of Jazz Improvisation (He is HIM)
ODJB
The Original Dixieland Jazz Band, now referred to as Traditional Jazz (Trad Jazz)
Dixie Jass Band One-Step
They recorded Dixie Jass One-Step. It has an up-tempo very quick, the first recorded jazz tune. Pg. 87
One-Step Balance
Sounds like the clarinet is leading the group because the clarinet was probably too close to the megaphone, and it threw off the balance
One-Step Percussion
the drums don’t get recorded very easily and the drummer played wood blocks close to the megaphone
One-Step Time
These recordings are less than 3 minutes long because there was not enough space on the records
One-Step Front Line
Trumpet, clarinet (Noodling), and trombone
One-Step Rhythm Section
Tuba or bass, drums, guitar or banjo, and piano
ODJB (Name Change)
Jass band went to jazz band because someone erased the J and made it ass band
King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band
led by cornetist Joe Oliver, eventually with Louis Armstrong and pianist Lillian Hardin
Louis Armstrong (childhood) and Coronet
played the coronet visual the trumpet difference is just wrapped a little bit tighter, and the coronet also gradually gets bigger through the biggening to the bell. Was born In New Orleans in a place called the battlefield, His mom had him at 16 and she also worked as a sex worker, he grew up not knowing when his next meal would be and was also surrounded by violence. Louis Armstrong at 11 years old fired his stepfather’s revolver and got in trouble for it
Joe Oliver nickname
(King) he oversaw the Creole Jazz band. Dipper mouth blues
Dipper Mouth Blues
coronet solo almost like he is crying through the instrument played by Joe Oliver. 12 bar blues. Stop time section in the middle. Pretty fast tempo
Jelly Roll Mortons Red Hot Peppers
The piano player – a Creole musician from New Orleans would travel the country in groups doing menstrual shows these included black face sometimes basically a white person painting themselves black and acting “stupid” – Claims to be the inventor of Jazz Music he may of been one of the first people to write down the way it was performed kind of. Worked in a Brothel in Story Work part of New Orleans. Jelly Roll would play music to set the mood on his piano for the sex worker and gentlemen having intercourse. Apparently the sex workers loved having Jelly Roll playing for them
Black Bottom Stomp
pg. 92, Red Hot Peppers – Better recording quality
Cadenza
A section where a single performer shows off. Usually at the end of a piece of music.
Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five
Louis Armstrong made these groups after lots of hesitation. He often played with his pianist his second wife Hardin
West end blues 1928
Cadenza is at the beginning, and it is Louis Armstrong playing. Louis Armstrong also sings a little bit of sounds like noises, not actual words
Sidney Bacchae importance
Introduced the saxophone to jazz music.
Saxophones
Soprano, Alto, tenor, and Baritone
Sidney Bacchae
He usually played the clarinet and soprano sax. He owned a speakeasy at one point. He went to jail for 11 months in Paris because he got in a gunfight in broad daylight
Josephine Baker
she was a dancer compared to a snake
Boogie Woogie
has kind of a swing feel to it and has an emphasis on beats 2 and 4. Played by the piano. Also called 8 to the bar
Stride Piano
James P. Johnson made this popular in the 1920s
Kid Ory
Trombone
Carolina Shout
Carolina shout uses stride piano (James P. Johnson)
Hot Band
Very authentic New Orleans-style groups heavy focus on improvisation (party music). Black musicians.
Sweet Band
Groups that are focused on playing in the right style but didn’t have the right soloists (imitates jazz) some would say it’s not actual jazz music. Mostly white musicians.
South Side of Chicago nickname
The Levy
Levy
where black run speakeasies were, and a lot of black musicians and hot bands would reside here. Sweet bands would play in ballrooms for lots of segregated white areas.
New Orleans Rhythm Kings
A white band that recorded some music in 1922 and copied the style of New Orleans musicians.
Frankie Trumbauer
instrument (C melody Sax) in between the alto and tenor sax was the C Melody Saxophone more powerful than an alto sax but lighter than the tenor sax had qualities of alto and tenor sax. Frankie was the businessman of the group they were both white musicians.
Bix Beiderbecke
instrument (coronet) was from Davenport Iowa and was very talented got involved in music because of his brother coming back from WW1 and bringing coronet and records. His parents did not want him to play jazz music. His parents sent him to a strict boarding school, but he found ways around to get to black clubs to hear real jazz. Heavy drinker but music was what he was passionate about.
Frankie and Bix importance
These two break the trend that only black musicians played jazz and Bix copied and studied Louis Armstrong
Paul Whiteman
He had a sweet band of all-white musicians and classically trained musicians. His orchestra would have string players and a separate section of string players as well. They would play in front of massive banquet halls with thousands of people in them. He hired Bix and Frankie.
Vrbata
Altering the pitch to change the color of the sound, most times jazz musicians do this at the end of notes.
Mississippi Mudd 1928
played by Paul Whiteman and his orchestra. Hired Bix and Frankie to play on this record.
Chicago
A lot of speakeasies are affiliated with people who run the Mafia. The prohibited bars would get raided a lot and the musicians would get taken into custody for a day or two, but it was a difficult place for musicians to be. Musicians started traveling to other places for this reason like St. Louis and Kansas City.
Harlem renaissance and New York
Harlem – Hotbed of activity for black intellectualism. Harlem Renaissance was a celebration of black people creating things like music, singing, writing, and other things maybe drawing.
Cotton Club
run by Gangsters but did not get busted as much as others
Langston Hughes
Loosely connected with jazz music in general.
Edward Kennedy Ellington nickname
Duke
Duke Ellington facts
Originally from the Washington D.C. area. His conditions are way different than for say Louis Armstrong’s very bad Duke’s parents and family were middle class (not actually self-taught) His parents bought him piano lessons
Duke Ellington facts continued
Got hired at the most famous jazz club The Cotton Club a white club other than the performers. Composer. Broke all the rules of jazz composition. The greatest composer of “Jungle Music” background music where the dancers or women had little clothing and would dance on stage.
Mood Music
example - Sophisticated ladies (attaches itself to a mood)
Dance pieces
example Don’t get around anymore.
solo pieces
Duke says his gimmick is paying his musicians very well because he paid so well that some of his players stayed for decades and years, they would travel 200 days out of the year on a bus with 20 very good friends.
Cootie Williams
Concerto for Cootie written by Duke displays a solo for Cootie.
Harry Carney
was a baritone sax player who played very well so Duke made a solo piece for him.
Sacred Music
“Come Sunday” celebration of religion. His sacred music is sometimes performed in churches sometimes.
Bi-Tonal
Improvising in a different key but the group stays in the same key.
Big Band
4 or 5 trumpets Back
4 or 5 trombones
5 saxophones Front
Piano, drums, or guitar Side
(The trumpet and trombone soloist are closest to the piano)
Sugar foot stomp 1931
Doesn’t Have the full big band yet.
Coleman Hawkins Importance
father of modern jazz tenor saxaphone
Coleman Hawkins life
Coleman Hawkins was a tenor sax player, born in St. Joe, studied music at Washburn University, played with Henderson in New York then created his own big band, (Father of the Modern Jazz Tenor Saxophone) His Vorbato is very pronounced and kind of a deep tone in general. He improvises up and down.
Ko-Ko
uses Bi tonal element where the Duke piano goes into a different key but the group stays in the same key.
Benny Goodman
Grew up in Chicago and took clarinet lessons at a Jewish synagogue, was really interested in Jazz. The clarinet wasn’t considered the jazz woodwind instrument anymore by the time they got popular, he was a white man and was one of the first people to integrate his band with blacks. Vibe player Lyonel Hampton a black guy would work together a lot. Benny would use his skin color to make sure black and white got to perform together if he was there. Helped break the color barrier.
Lets Dance
a radio show, Benny got very famous from this. Very influential and helped break the color barrier.
The Benny Goodman Sextet -Good Enough to Keep
The vibes are played, the guitar being played, the piano also being played, as well as the clarinet. LISTENING PART OF EXAM
Artie shaw
Fiery than Benny Goodman Artie is more aggressive. Played the clarinet and was a band leader
Midwest swing
Would travel almost 90 miles in a radius around a certain city for say Kansas City and they had these territories almost. Happened a lot in the Midwest more than in other areas.
Tom Pendergast
In Kansas City was a guy who was involved in some mob-like activity they called him BOSS part of the reason Harry S. Truman got elected to Congress. Truman was supported by Tom early in his career. In Kansas City, a lot of jazz musicians ended up being sort of connected with the mob almost.
Benny Motin
Goes to have his tonsils removed and this band leader died because the guy nicked an artery or vein. His band was left without a conductor however a piano player named William Basie from New Jersey came and took Benny’s spot.
Mary Lou Williams
piano player and composer. Her music is a combination of Count Basie and Duke Ellington style became more famous after she left Kansas City and moved to New York.
Count Basie
All American Rhythm section Basie Piano, Freddie Green Bass, Walter Page, Bass, Joe Jones Drums. All American Rhythm section Basie Piano, Freddie Green Bass, Walter Page, Bass, Joe Jones Drums. In Kansas City.
Lester Young
Had a light airy style of playing the tenor sax his improvisation was more linear.
Basies style
Did a lot of comping. They Swing Hard.
Every tub
pg. 179 of the textbook – Performed by Count Basie
Billie Holiday nickname
Lady Day
Billie Holiday facts
Had some substance abuse problems come out into her singing. Has limited vocal range. Her instrument (her voice) wasn’t the strongest, but she took it and made her own thing out of it and became very successful.
Body and soul
Sang by Billie Holiday. She doesn’t improvise a whole lot.
Ella Fitzgerald nickname
First lady of song
Ella Fitzgerald facts
is an aggressive singer wide vocal range and uses a lot of improvisation.
Norman Gance
He would bring great jazz musicians out of clubs and into big events.
Honeysuckle Rose
Signature song. Has an improvisation part in the middle of it.
