Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANFS 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Enzymes

A

Organic catalysts which promote change and composed of amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Fermentation

A

Process by which you’re growing bacteria in an environment which effects flavor of food product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of the nutrients released in digestion, through the intestinal wall to the circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prehension

A

Process by which an animal gathers food.

Ex: Tongue, teeth, lips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing food. Begins mechanical breakdown of food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does saliva secretion in ruminants contain?

A

Anti-foaming agent. Lubricant and pH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Proventriculus

A

In birds. Pretty much same as stomach in humans, pig, and horse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of the abomasum in cattle.

A

Physical breakdown, chemical breakdown (HCl, Acidic, helps enzymes work.), enzymatic breakdown (pepsin, renin, lipase.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of pH does Chyme have?

A

Acidic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the Lg intestine?

A

Water, electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and volatile fatty acids absorbed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Another name for urination is?

A

Micturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Four compartments of a ruminants stomach are?

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The rumens main function is?

A

Anaerobic fermentation
Produces VFA
Produce protein and gas.
Food storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The reticulums main function is?

A

Fermentation and is the “pacemaker” for rumen contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The function of the omasum is?

A

Probably water, electrolyte and VFA absorption.

Reduces particle size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Abomasum (True stomach)

A

lined with mucous membrane and gastric juice is secreted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins.

A

Vitamin A, D, and E.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is eructation?

A

Very important for ruminants. Belching out of the rumen- enters lungs and is breathed out (muffling sound).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a VFA?

A

Volatile fatty acid. Major product of fermentation. VFA’s may provide as much as 50-70% of the total energy needs of the animal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are two advantages of the ruminant system?

A

1) Fermentation has the potential to digest poor quality feeds and increase their feeding value.
2) Essential nutrients not found in the animals diet (Vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids) are made by microbes and used by the animal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two disadvantages of the Ruminants system are:

A

1) fermentation has the potential to decrease the overall quality in high quality feeds.
2) the fermentation process also requires a considerable quantity of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The function of the Crop (in birds):

A

Adds moisture to help move through system.

In some species is where fermentation occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are horses able to digest roughages?

A

Has an active cecal bacteria population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is the equine stomach different compared to other mammals?

A

Capacity is smaller (same as pigs),
does not have equivalent muscular activity,
mores susceptible to stomach disorders like colic and rupture stomachs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The horses small intestine is similar to that of other monogastrics with the exception of what?

A

It does not have a gall bladder. Because it evolved into a continuous eater.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the overall goal of digestion for all species?

A

To release nutrients for the animal to absorb and metabolize in order to maintain and produce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Genotype

A

The “profile”, not necessarily what we see.

28
Q

Phenotype.

A

What you see. Doesn’t tell you about genotype but can show some things about it.

29
Q

Locus

A

Position. Where to find it on that chromosome.

30
Q

Allele

A

Specific form. What form of a gene.

31
Q

DNA

A

Composed of repeating nucleotide molecules. Codes to make proteins.

32
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Genes that affect the same trait. The genes are formed from alleles.

33
Q

Homogametic

A

Same chromosomes.

XX (Female)

34
Q

Heterogametic

A

Different chromosomes.

XY (Male)

35
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of somatic cell division.
Replication of cells.
Diploid undergoes division.

36
Q

Gametogenisis

A

Forms cells that contain half of the genetic message.

37
Q

What is the cell division that occurs in gametogenisis called? And what is it?

A

Meiosis.

Separation of paired chromosomes.

38
Q

Qualitative Traits.

A

(One gene pair) (Simple genetics)
Phenotypes classified into groups.
Usually controlled by one gene pair.
Ex: Coat color, horns.

39
Q

Quantitative Traits.

A

(Can be measured) (Complex genetics)
Phenotype measured.
Usually controlled by many gene pairs.
Influenced by environment.

40
Q

Heritability.

A

The measure of proportion of phenotypic variation that can be passed from parent to offspring.
Part of what you see that is due to genetics.

41
Q

Heterosis

A

(Hybrid vigor)
Offspring out perform average of parents
Inversely related to heritability.

42
Q

Inbreeding

A

Closely related individuals.

43
Q

Outbreeding.

A

Individuals less closely related than average population.

44
Q

Crossbreeding.

A

Different breeds.

45
Q

What are the uses of EPD’s?

A
  • Purchase breeding stock
  • If within a breed, are directly comparable between herds.
  • Cannot be compared between breeds- because contemporary groups are different.
46
Q

Contemporary Group.

A

A group in which animals of a given sex and age, having similar treatment, are given an equal opportunity to perform.

47
Q

Dairy Herd Improvement System (DHI)

A

Consists of comparing sire daughters with contemporaries in the same herd.

48
Q

One half the breeding value is equal to the?

A

Predicted Transmitting Ability. (PTA).

49
Q

Reliability (REL)

A

(%R)

Is the measure of accuracy, or the amount of information in an evaluation.

50
Q

Swine Testing and Genetic Evaluation System. (STAGES)

A

Across herds.
Incorporates performance info to genetic breeding values.
National System.

51
Q

Ewe Breed.

A

Wool and reproductive traits.

52
Q

Ram Breed.

A

Growth and carcass traits (feed efficiency).

53
Q

National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP)

A

Designed to provide both purebred and commercial producers with a performance records and genetic evaluation.

54
Q

Endocrinology

A

A coordinated cascade of hormonal events.

HYPOTHALAMUS—GnRH—> ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND—–FSH/LH—> OVARIES (FSH causes Follicle development, LH causes Follicle burst)
OR
TESTES (FSH causes Sperm development, LH causes Testosterone production)

55
Q

Follicles Develop because of?

A

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) And secretes estrogen.

56
Q

Follicles Burst because of?

A

LH. Triggered by estrogen increase, cell lining burst follicle change (happens to most mature follicle)

57
Q

What happens after the follicle burst?

A

Corpus Luteum forms- secretes progesterone(inhibits follicles FSH,LH) and maintains pregnancy.

58
Q

What happens if no fertilization?

A

CL regresses and cycle repeats.

59
Q

Yolk Sac.

A

Provides nutrients to fetus.

60
Q

Freemartin

A

In cattle, blood supply fuses, 10/11 heifers sterile.

61
Q

Signs of a cow in estrus.

A

Really easy, walk around more, will stand to be mounted, vocalization increases, sometimes a discharge but not always.

62
Q

Signs of a sow in estrus.

A

Seek out males, increased vocalization and agitation, less feed consumption, will lock knees if push weight on hips, has “alert” ears.

63
Q

Signs of a ewe in estrus.

A

Cannot tell from any physical signs. Sometimes use castrated males to see if shes in heat. Most likely use natural breeding more often than AI, because difficult.

64
Q

What are the three basic approaches to Estrous synchronization?

A
  • Give injections of prostaglandin during the causing regression of the CL.
  • Use of progesterone, which can be fed orally or administered as a vaginal insert.
  • Incorporate the use of GnRH into the synchronization regime. (To time not only estrous but ovulation as well.)
65
Q

Biotechnology

A

The development of products by a biological process

66
Q

Transgenic.

A

contains genes of two different organisms

67
Q

The products of biotechnology may be used in what?

A

in disease research, food production, waste management, or a myriad of other areas of need.

ANFS 101 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions