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Human Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

The term chond- refers to…

A

Cartilage

Peri= around

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1
Q

tendons connect ….. To ……..

Ligaments connect ……… to …………

A

Muscles to bones

Bones to bones

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2
Q

Define perichondrium

A

Cartilaginous structure enclosed in fibrous connective tissue covering

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3
Q

Bone has _____ _____ in the matrix and organic collagen.

A

Mineral salts

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4
Q

Mean the four types of membranes.

A

Serous membrane, mucous membrane, cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane

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5
Q

These membranes line body cavities that don’t have openings to the outer surface. Line the thorax, abdomen and organs in these cavities. Made of simple squamous epithelium on top of loose connective tissue usually areolar tissue.

A

Serous membranes

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6
Q

Try membrane. Skin.

A

Cutaneous membrane

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7
Q

This membrane lines cavities and tubes that open to the outside. Consists of various types of epithelial tissue, usually stratified squamous or simple columnar. Globlet cells secrete mucus. May also function in absorption. They are wet membranes.

A

Mucous membranes, mucosae

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8
Q

Define synovial membranes

A

Inner lining of synovial joints. Fibrous connective tissue over loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. Secrete synovial fluid.

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9
Q

Synovial vs. serous fluid

A

Serous fluid is found between organs and membranes lining the inside part of the body.

Synovial fluid is in the joints. Is more viscous.

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10
Q

Skin is composed of two layers, they are the……

A

Epidermis-outer layer, specified squamous epithelium

Dermis-many different tissues

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11
Q

This layer is under the dermis but is not part of the skin. It’s made of loose connective tissue areolar and adipose tissue that connects the skin to underlying organs.

A

Subcutaneous layer, hypodermis

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12
Q

Where is the basement membrane located.

A

Under the epidermis.

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13
Q

This layer is made of epithelium tissue, so does not have blood supply.

A

Epidermis

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14
Q

Most epidermal cells are these.

A

Keratinocytes.

Produce keratin

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15
Q

What is the deepest layer of epidermis that reproduces more cells.

A

Stratum basale

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16
Q

As older cells are pushed away from the blood vessels, they hardened by developing a tough protein called….

A

Keratin, this process called keratinization

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17
Q

Define stratum corneum.

A

Tough dead layer of cells accumulate on the outer portion of the epidermis and are stuffed off.

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18
Q

Specialized cells in the deepest part of the epidermis that produce a dark pigment

A

Melanocytes, produce melanin. Melanin absorbs light energy. Transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes.

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19
Q

What is the function of merkel cells, Meissner’s corpuscles.

A

sensory receptors for touch.

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20
Q

Name all five layers of the epidermis from top to bottom.

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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21
Q

Strong flexible connective tissue, the hide.

A

Dermis

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22
Q

Dermal papillae are…

A

Fingerlike projections pointing outwards of the dermis.

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23
Q

This layer of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue actslike a heat insulator contains large blood vessels that supply the skin.

A

Subcutaneous layer, hypodermis

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24
Q

What three pigments give skin it’s color?

A

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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25
Q

Name the five types of hemostatic imbalances

A

Cyanosis, erythema (redness), pallor (blanching), jaundice, bronzing

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26
Q

When hemoglobin in blood is not well oxygenated, the blood and skin of Caucasians appears blue.

A

Cyanosis

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27
Q

Reddened skin, may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation or allergy.

A

Erythema

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28
Q

Define polycythemia

A

Overproduction of red blood cells

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29
Q

This hemostatic imbalance may indicate fear, anger, emotional stress, low blood pressure.

A

Pallor, blanching

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30
Q

May indicate liver problems, yellow blue pigments accumulate.

A

Jaundice

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31
Q

Addison’s disease, hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

A

Bronzing

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32
Q

Define hematoma

A

Blood has gotten out of circulation and has clotted under the skin. This is also known as bruising.

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33
Q

Name the four accessory organs of the skin.

A

Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, nails, sweat glands.

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34
Q

These are located at the deep ends of the hair follicles. The amount and type of pigment they produce will determine the haircolor.

A

Melanocytes

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35
Q

Androgens, male sex hormones, stimulate ….

A

Hair growth

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36
Q

What is the term for excessive hairiness?

A

Hirsutism

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37
Q

Groups of specialized epithelial cells usually associated with hair follicles, that produce globules of fatty material

A

Sebaceous glands

Material is called sebum

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38
Q

Name the three parts of the nail

A

Nail plate which lines on top of the skin called the nail bed. The nail plate is made of specialized epithelial cells that keratinized. The lunula (half-moon) is the region of reproducing cells.

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39
Q

Primary role is to prevent overheating of the body.

A

Sweat glands

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40
Q

The deep coiled end of sweat glands is lined with….

A

Epithelial cells

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41
Q

Phone structure is composed of what five things?

A

Bone tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, blood, nerve tissue

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42
Q

What is the term for blood cell formation that occurs in bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

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43
Q

Name the six classifications of bones.

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, Wormian (sutural)

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44
Q

These bones are cube like and are more spongy bone than compact bone

A

Short bones

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45
Q

Vertebrae and some facial bones are these type

A

Irregular bones

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46
Q

Define sesamoid bones

A

These are small bones found within tendons, e.g. patella, various among individuals

47
Q

Any bones between major cranial bones, varies among individuals

A

Wormian (sutural) bones

48
Q

What is an osteon, Haversian system?

A

These make up compact bone. The haversian, Osteonic, or central canal has small blood vessels and nerve fibers.
Lamellae-concentric rings of bony matrix.
Lacunae-pits or depressions containing osteocytes.
Osteocytes-mature bone cells, maintain the bone matrix
Canaliculi- thin hair like canals connect to lacunae to each other and to Haversian canal

49
Q

These form right angles to haversian canals, connect blood and nerve supply of periosteum to the various osteons

A

Volkmann’s canals

50
Q

Compare periosteum to endosteum

A

The periosteum is a membrane around the outside of the bone whereas the endostium is a membrane lining the medullary cavity inside the bone.

51
Q

What is spongy bone also known as.

A

Cancellous bone

52
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Spiky open laced appearance from arrangement of spicules of bony material

53
Q

List the organic properties of bone.

A

Cells such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Oseteoid- collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins-Provide flexibility in tensile strength

54
Q

Name the inorganic part of bone

A

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)-calcium phosphate causes hardness

55
Q

Name the seven different parts of the long bone.

A

Epiphysis, articular cartilage, diaphysis, periosteum, sharpies fibers, medullary cavity, endostium

56
Q

An extended portion of the end of the long bone, it articulates with another bone

A

Epiphysis

57
Q

Layer of hyaline cartilage on outer surface of epiphysis where joint is formed. Forms smooth surface to prevent friction.

A

Articular cartilage

58
Q

Shaft of bone made of compact bone

A

Diaphysis

59
Q

Tough vascular fibrous tissue covering the bone. Is source of blood vessels and nerves that enter the bone.

A

Periosteum

60
Q

Fibers of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone

A

Sharpies fibers

61
Q

Define medullary cavity

A

Hollow tube like chamber in the diaphysis, continuous with the spaces of the spongy bone in epiphysis, contains marrow.

62
Q

Thin layer of squamous cells lining the medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

63
Q

Name the three types of cartilages.

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

64
Q

Cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the ______.

A

Perichondrium.

This prevents outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed.

65
Q

The perichondrium is the source of blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to the ________.

A

Chondrocytes

The perichondrium also limits thickness of cartilage.

66
Q

Which two ways does cartilage grow?

A

Appositional and interstitial growth

67
Q

Define appositional growth.

A

Growth from the outside-cartilage forming cells in the perichondrium secrete new matrix

68
Q

_______ growth; growth from the inside-chondrocytes in lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

A

Interstitial

69
Q

When does cartilage usually stop growing.

A

During adolescence

70
Q

Define osteogenesis

A

Bone tissue formation

71
Q

Until what week of pregnancy are the bones still fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage

A

Week 8

72
Q

Bones that first appear between sheet like layers of connective tissue is called

A

Intramembranous bones

73
Q

Bones that begin to form as masses of cartilage that are later replaced by bone are called

A

Endochondral bones

74
Q

____________ cells collect on the outside of the bone and form the periosteum.

A

Mesenchymal

75
Q

Give examples of intramembranous bones.

A

Broad flat bones of the skull and clavicles

76
Q

Primitive if tissue forms layers at sites of these future Bones.

A

Intramembranous bones

77
Q

These bones are developed from hyaline cartilage.

A

Endochondral bones

78
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Perichondrium is infiltrated with blood vessels, converting it to a vascularized periosteum. The underlying mesenchymal CT cells differentiate into osteoblasts. They secrete osteoid forming a bony collar around the diaphysis.

79
Q

At the same time that the cartilage cells are dying blood vessels and on differentiated connective tissue cells invade the tissue forming the

A

Periosteal bud

80
Q

What is the primary ossification center

A

Is formed by endochondral ossification, replacing hyaline cartilage with endochondral bone.

81
Q

Define trabeculae

A

Spongy bone

82
Q

What is the secondary ossification center

A

Where spongy bone forms after birth

83
Q

Define epiphyseal plate closure

A

Occurs at about age 18 for females 21 for males.

Ossification centers come together and the epiphyseal disk becomes ossified.

84
Q

Secreted from the pituitary gland, stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood

A

Growth hormone GH

Also stimulates reproduction of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disks, causes bones to lengthen.

85
Q

Define acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults

86
Q

Define thyroid hormones t3 t4

A

Causes cartilage to be replaced by bone tissue. Can hold growth by causing premature ossification of the disks. Thyroid hormones modulate the activity of GH to keep bones in proportion.

87
Q

At puberty these hormones are secreted in large quantities, promotes growth spurts, long bones grow considerably, they also cause masculinization or feminization of the skeleton

A

Testosterone and estrogen

Male and female sex hormones

88
Q

Every week we recycle___-___% of our bone mass.

A

5-7

89
Q

Spongy bone is replaced every ____-____ years, compact bone every ____ years.

A

3-4, 10

90
Q

What is needed for healthy bone growth or remodeling

A

Proteins, vitamin C for collagen synthesis, vitamin D to absorb calcium vitamins A to replace bone resorption and deposition, minerals

91
Q

This hormone stimulate the osteoclasts to resorb bone therefore release calcium when blood levels are low

A

PTH. Parathyroid hormone

92
Q

Secreted by thyroid gland when calcium levels in blood rise, it inhibits bone resorption and stimulates calcium assault deposit into the bone matrix

A

Calcitonin

93
Q

When calcium levels are too low or high in the blood..

A

Neuromuscular problems may arise.

When calcium levels are too low muscle cramps may occur (pregos)

When to high muscles May be nonresponsive

94
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Physical stress or exercise that stimulates bone growth and causes the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen

95
Q

Lack of exercise causes bones to become thinner and weaker, this is called..

A

Atrophy

96
Q

State Wolff’s Law.

A

A bone grows or remodels itself in response to the forces or demands placed on it

97
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Soft bones in adults, bones are not mineralized very well.

98
Q

Soft bones in children. Have bold legs, deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage. Epiphyseal plate cannot be calcified so that the epiphysis continue to widen and become abnormally long and enlarged.

A

Rickets

99
Q

This disease causes bone to form and breakdown excessively. Newly formed phone is hastily made and is primarily spongy bone rather than compact bone and has reduced mineralization

A

Paget’s disease

100
Q

Name the 12 different types or subtypes of fractures

A

Nondisplaced, displaced, complete, incomplete, linear, transverse, compound, simple, traumatic, spontaneous, simple,

101
Q

Describe it displaced fracture

A

A displaced fracture is when bone ends are out of normal alignment

102
Q

What is the difference between a complete and incomplete fracture?

A

Complete fractures have bone broken completely through whereas incomplete does not

103
Q

What is the difference between a linear any transverse fracture

A

Linear means it breaks parallel to the axis of the bone

Transverse means the fracture happened perpendicularly to the bones long access.

104
Q

What is a simple fracture

A

Broken bone does not penetrate skin

If it penetrates skin, it is a compound f.

105
Q

Break in bone due to injury

A

Traumatic fracture

106
Q

Spontaneous (pathologic) fractures happen because of a _______.

A

Disease

107
Q

Realignment of the ends of the broken bone

A

Reduction

108
Q

Open reduction

A

Bone ends are secured with pins or wires by surgeon.

109
Q

Name the four steps to repair a bone

A

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

110
Q

Fractures of the articulating process of vertebrae, commonly occur in athletes.

A

Spondylolysis

111
Q

Large thoracic curve, rounded shoulders and hunchback.

A

Kyphosis

112
Q

Abdominal lateral curve-one hip or shoulder is lower than the other, most common in adolescent females

A

Scoliosis

113
Q

Large lumbar curve, swayback

A

Lordosis

114
Q

Present in highest quantities as an infant. Is responsible for formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It is right because it contains hemoglobin

A

Red bone marrow

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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