Exam 2 Flashcards
0
Q
The term chond- refers to…
A
Cartilage
Peri= around
1
Q
tendons connect ….. To ……..
Ligaments connect ……… to …………
A
Muscles to bones
Bones to bones
2
Q
Define perichondrium
A
Cartilaginous structure enclosed in fibrous connective tissue covering
3
Q
Bone has _____ _____ in the matrix and organic collagen.
A
Mineral salts
4
Q
Mean the four types of membranes.
A
Serous membrane, mucous membrane, cutaneous membrane, synovial membrane
5
Q
These membranes line body cavities that don’t have openings to the outer surface. Line the thorax, abdomen and organs in these cavities. Made of simple squamous epithelium on top of loose connective tissue usually areolar tissue.
A
Serous membranes
6
Q
Try membrane. Skin.
A
Cutaneous membrane
7
Q
This membrane lines cavities and tubes that open to the outside. Consists of various types of epithelial tissue, usually stratified squamous or simple columnar. Globlet cells secrete mucus. May also function in absorption. They are wet membranes.
A
Mucous membranes, mucosae
8
Q
Define synovial membranes
A
Inner lining of synovial joints. Fibrous connective tissue over loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. Secrete synovial fluid.
9
Q
Synovial vs. serous fluid
A
Serous fluid is found between organs and membranes lining the inside part of the body.
Synovial fluid is in the joints. Is more viscous.
10
Q
Skin is composed of two layers, they are the……
A
Epidermis-outer layer, specified squamous epithelium
Dermis-many different tissues
11
Q
This layer is under the dermis but is not part of the skin. It’s made of loose connective tissue areolar and adipose tissue that connects the skin to underlying organs.
A
Subcutaneous layer, hypodermis
12
Q
Where is the basement membrane located.
A
Under the epidermis.
13
Q
This layer is made of epithelium tissue, so does not have blood supply.
A
Epidermis
14
Q
Most epidermal cells are these.
A
Keratinocytes.
Produce keratin
15
Q
What is the deepest layer of epidermis that reproduces more cells.
A
Stratum basale
16
Q
As older cells are pushed away from the blood vessels, they hardened by developing a tough protein called….
A
Keratin, this process called keratinization
17
Q
Define stratum corneum.
A
Tough dead layer of cells accumulate on the outer portion of the epidermis and are stuffed off.
18
Q
Specialized cells in the deepest part of the epidermis that produce a dark pigment
A
Melanocytes, produce melanin. Melanin absorbs light energy. Transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes.
19
Q
What is the function of merkel cells, Meissner’s corpuscles.
A
sensory receptors for touch.
20
Q
Name all five layers of the epidermis from top to bottom.
A
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
21
Q
Strong flexible connective tissue, the hide.
A
Dermis
22
Q
Dermal papillae are…
A
Fingerlike projections pointing outwards of the dermis.
23
Q
This layer of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue actslike a heat insulator contains large blood vessels that supply the skin.
A
Subcutaneous layer, hypodermis
24
What three pigments give skin it's color?
Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
25
Name the five types of hemostatic imbalances
Cyanosis, erythema (redness), pallor (blanching), jaundice, bronzing
26
When hemoglobin in blood is not well oxygenated, the blood and skin of Caucasians appears blue.
Cyanosis
27
Reddened skin, may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation or allergy.
Erythema
28
Define polycythemia
Overproduction of red blood cells
29
This hemostatic imbalance may indicate fear, anger, emotional stress, low blood pressure.
Pallor, blanching
30
May indicate liver problems, yellow blue pigments accumulate.
Jaundice
31
Addison's disease, hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
Bronzing
32
Define hematoma
Blood has gotten out of circulation and has clotted under the skin. This is also known as bruising.
33
Name the four accessory organs of the skin.
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, nails, sweat glands.
34
These are located at the deep ends of the hair follicles. The amount and type of pigment they produce will determine the haircolor.
Melanocytes
35
Androgens, male sex hormones, stimulate ....
Hair growth
36
What is the term for excessive hairiness?
Hirsutism
37
Groups of specialized epithelial cells usually associated with hair follicles, that produce globules of fatty material
Sebaceous glands
Material is called sebum
38
Name the three parts of the nail
*Nail plate* which lines on top of the skin called the *nail bed.* The nail plate is made of specialized epithelial cells that keratinized. The *lunula* (half-moon) is the region of reproducing cells.
39
Primary role is to prevent overheating of the body.
Sweat glands
40
The deep coiled end of sweat glands is lined with....
Epithelial cells
41
Phone structure is composed of what five things?
Bone tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, blood, nerve tissue
42
What is the term for blood cell formation that occurs in bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
43
Name the six classifications of bones.
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, Wormian (sutural)
44
These bones are cube like and are more spongy bone than compact bone
Short bones
45
Vertebrae and some facial bones are these type
Irregular bones
46
Define sesamoid bones
These are small bones found within tendons, e.g. patella, various among individuals
47
Any bones between major cranial bones, varies among individuals
Wormian (sutural) bones
48
What is an osteon, Haversian system?
These make up compact bone. The haversian, Osteonic, or central canal has small blood vessels and nerve fibers.
Lamellae-concentric rings of bony matrix.
Lacunae-pits or depressions containing osteocytes.
Osteocytes-mature bone cells, maintain the bone matrix
Canaliculi- thin hair like canals connect to lacunae to each other and to Haversian canal
49
These form right angles to haversian canals, connect blood and nerve supply of periosteum to the various osteons
Volkmann's canals
50
Compare periosteum to endosteum
The periosteum is a membrane around the outside of the bone whereas the endostium is a membrane lining the medullary cavity inside the bone.
51
What is spongy bone also known as.
Cancellous bone
52
What are trabeculae?
Spiky open laced appearance from arrangement of spicules of bony material
53
List the organic properties of bone.
Cells such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
| Oseteoid- collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins-Provide flexibility in tensile strength
54
Name the inorganic part of bone
Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)-calcium phosphate causes hardness
55
Name the seven different parts of the long bone.
Epiphysis, articular cartilage, diaphysis, periosteum, sharpies fibers, medullary cavity, endostium
56
An extended portion of the end of the long bone, it articulates with another bone
Epiphysis
57
Layer of hyaline cartilage on outer surface of epiphysis where joint is formed. Forms smooth surface to prevent friction.
Articular cartilage
58
Shaft of bone made of compact bone
Diaphysis
59
Tough vascular fibrous tissue covering the bone. Is source of blood vessels and nerves that enter the bone.
Periosteum
60
Fibers of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone
Sharpies fibers
61
Define medullary cavity
Hollow tube like chamber in the diaphysis, continuous with the spaces of the spongy bone in epiphysis, contains marrow.
62
Thin layer of squamous cells lining the medullary cavity
Endosteum
63
Name the three types of cartilages.
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
64
Cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the ______.
Perichondrium.
This prevents outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed.
65
The perichondrium is the source of blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to the ________.
Chondrocytes
The perichondrium also limits thickness of cartilage.
66
Which two ways does cartilage grow?
Appositional and interstitial growth
67
Define appositional growth.
***Growth from the outside***-cartilage forming cells in the perichondrium secrete new matrix
68
_______ growth; growth from the inside-chondrocytes in lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.
Interstitial
69
When does cartilage usually stop growing.
During adolescence
70
Define osteogenesis
Bone tissue formation
71
Until what week of pregnancy are the bones still fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage
Week 8
72
Bones that first appear between sheet like layers of connective tissue is called
Intramembranous bones
***
73
Bones that begin to form as masses of cartilage that are later replaced by bone are called
Endochondral bones
***
74
____________ cells collect on the outside of the bone and form the periosteum.
Mesenchymal
75
Give examples of intramembranous bones.
Broad flat bones of the skull and clavicles
76
Primitive if tissue forms layers at sites of these future Bones.
Intramembranous bones
77
These bones are developed from hyaline cartilage.
Endochondral bones
78
Endochondral ossification
Perichondrium is infiltrated with blood vessels, converting it to a vascularized periosteum. The underlying mesenchymal CT cells differentiate into osteoblasts. They secrete osteoid forming a bony collar around the diaphysis.
79
At the same time that the cartilage cells are dying blood vessels and on differentiated connective tissue cells invade the tissue forming the
Periosteal bud
80
What is the primary ossification center
Is formed by endochondral ossification, replacing hyaline cartilage with endochondral bone.
81
Define trabeculae
Spongy bone
82
What is the secondary ossification center
Where spongy bone forms after birth
83
Define epiphyseal plate closure
Occurs at about age 18 for females 21 for males.
| Ossification centers come together and the epiphyseal disk becomes ossified.
84
Secreted from the pituitary gland, stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood
Growth hormone GH
Also stimulates reproduction of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal disks, causes bones to lengthen.
85
Define acromegaly
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults
86
Define thyroid hormones t3 t4
Causes cartilage to be replaced by bone tissue. Can hold growth by causing premature ossification of the disks. Thyroid hormones modulate the activity of GH to keep bones in proportion.
87
At puberty these hormones are secreted in large quantities, promotes growth spurts, long bones grow considerably, they also cause masculinization or feminization of the skeleton
Testosterone and estrogen
Male and female sex hormones
88
Every week we recycle___-___% of our bone mass.
5-7
89
Spongy bone is replaced every ____-____ years, compact bone every ____ years.
3-4, 10
90
What is needed for healthy bone growth or remodeling
Proteins, vitamin C for collagen synthesis, vitamin D to absorb calcium vitamins A to replace bone resorption and deposition, minerals
91
This hormone stimulate the osteoclasts to resorb bone therefore release calcium when blood levels are low
PTH. Parathyroid hormone
92
Secreted by thyroid gland when calcium levels in blood rise, it inhibits bone resorption and stimulates calcium assault deposit into the bone matrix
Calcitonin
93
When calcium levels are too low or high in the blood..
Neuromuscular problems may arise.
When calcium levels are too low muscle cramps may occur (pregos)
When to high muscles May be nonresponsive
94
Define hypertrophy
Physical stress or exercise that stimulates bone growth and causes the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen
95
Lack of exercise causes bones to become thinner and weaker, this is called..
Atrophy
96
State Wolff's Law.
A bone grows or remodels itself in response to the forces or demands placed on it
97
What is osteomalacia?
Soft bones in adults, bones are not mineralized very well.
98
Soft bones in children. Have bold legs, deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage. Epiphyseal plate cannot be calcified so that the epiphysis continue to widen and become abnormally long and enlarged.
Rickets
99
This disease causes bone to form and breakdown excessively. Newly formed phone is hastily made and is primarily spongy bone rather than compact bone and has reduced mineralization
Paget's disease
100
Name the 12 different types or subtypes of fractures
Nondisplaced, displaced, complete, incomplete, linear, transverse, compound, simple, traumatic, spontaneous, simple,
101
Describe it displaced fracture
A displaced fracture is when bone ends are out of normal alignment
102
What is the difference between a complete and incomplete fracture?
Complete fractures have bone broken completely through whereas incomplete does not
103
What is the difference between a linear any transverse fracture
Linear means it breaks parallel to the axis of the bone
Transverse means the fracture happened perpendicularly to the bones long access.
104
What is a simple fracture
Broken bone does not penetrate skin
If it penetrates skin, it is a compound f.
105
Break in bone due to injury
Traumatic fracture
106
Spontaneous (pathologic) fractures happen because of a _______.
Disease
107
Realignment of the ends of the broken bone
Reduction
108
Open reduction
Bone ends are secured with pins or wires by surgeon.
109
Name the four steps to repair a bone
Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling
110
Fractures of the articulating process of vertebrae, commonly occur in athletes.
Spondylolysis
111
Large thoracic curve, rounded shoulders and hunchback.
Kyphosis
112
Abdominal lateral curve-one hip or shoulder is lower than the other, most common in adolescent females
Scoliosis
113
Large lumbar curve, swayback
Lordosis
114
Present in highest quantities as an infant. Is responsible for formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It is right because it contains hemoglobin
Red bone marrow
