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Human Anatomy > Endocrine System 133-149 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 133-149 Flashcards

0
Q

Glands that secrete substances into ducts that open onto an internal or external surface are?

A

Exocrine glands

ie. single goblet cells or multicellular sweat glands in the skin.

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1
Q

What are the glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood or tissue fluid?

A

Endocrine glands

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2
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

It’s the main regulator of metabolism, of growth and development, helps regulate water and electrolyte balance, critical in reproductive processes and in the response to stress. Extremely important in homeostasis.

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3
Q

***The endocrine system interacts with the ______ to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells.

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

The endocrine glands located in the brain are…

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

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5
Q

The endocrine glands located in the neck are…

A

Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland

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6
Q

What Endocrine gland is located on the heart?

A

Thymus

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7
Q

The endocrine gland located in the abdomen are….

A

Adrenal gland located on the kidneys and the pancrea

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8
Q

A _______ is a substance secreted by a cell that affects the function of another cell.

A

Hormone

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9
Q

Define target cells?

A

Cells that are affected by a particular hormone;

The hormone is only going to affect cells that have receptors for that particular hormone on their cell surfaces.

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10
Q

Hormones are _________ substances that are very potent and can cause changes in their target cells even in extremely low concentrations.
A. Organic
B. Inorganic

A

Organic

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11
Q

What is the normal concentration for hormones in the body?
A. 1x10^-9
B. 1x10^-6
C. 0.325

A

A. Pharmacological concentrations are at 0.325

Normal concentrations
0.000000001

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12
Q

Name the different types of hormones.

A

Steroids, comedians, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins

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13
Q

What is the most common type of hormones?

A

Steroids

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14
Q

___________ are compounds made from cholesterol.

A

Steroids

They are also made of complex rings of carbon hydrogen atoms.

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15
Q

Aldosterone and cortisol are steroid hormones that are secreted by__________.

A

The adrenal cortex

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16
Q

How do steroids get into the cells?

A

Because they are lipid soluble they pass through the membrane via diffusion easily and combine with receptors inside the nucleus.

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17
Q

After a steroid has gained access to a cell, what are its next steps?

A

Finds tDNA molecules and activates certain genes which then cause mRNA to be synthesized (transcription) which causes certain proteins to be synthesized (translation).

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18
Q

The proteins are synthesized in response to the hormone can…

A
  • act as enzymes and alter rates of metabolic processes
  • act as parts of membrane transport systems (pores, carrier proteins)
  • activate or inhibit other enzymes
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19
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine properties from amino acids and are examples of…
A. Steroidal hormones
B. Nonsteroidal hormones

A

Nonsteroidal hormones

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20
Q

List some nonsteroidal hormone facts.

A

Peptide hormones are made of short chains of amino acids.
Protein hormones are made of many amino acids.
Act through secondary messengers
Produce amplified results

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21
Q

Nonsteroidal hormones do not passively cross the lipid bilayer, instead they…

A

Attached to specific receptors on the cell. From there they Control actions of the cell from the outside.

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22
Q

List four types of second messengers

A

cAMP
cGMP
Calcium
Polyphosphoinositides

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23
Q

cAMP activates enzymes called…

A

Protein kinases

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24
Q

Cellular responses to second messengers include…

A
  1. Altering cell membrane permeability
  2. activating enzymes
  3. Promoting synthesis of various proteins
  4. Stimulating or inhibiting certain metabolic pathways.
  5. Causing the secretion of other substances and hormones
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25
Q

***cAMP is inactivated by…

A

Phosphodiesterase. So the action does not last a long time.

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26
Q

Hormones whose actions involve cAMP?

A 
TSH
ACTH
FSH
ADH
PTH
RELEASING HORMONES, NOREPINEPHRINE, EPINEPHRINE, CALCITONIN, AND GLUCAGON
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27
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released by…

A

Adrenal Medela

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28
Q

This hormone allows us to hold onto our water longer without it we die.

A

ADH

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29
Q

Calcium enters a cell through…

A

Active transport, this is because it is nonsteroidal

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30
Q

cGMP is formed from which enzyme

A

Guanylate cyclase

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31
Q

***Used by the body to maintain homeostasis, keeps systems within a narrow range. The output of the system will “feedback” on itself to decrease its output.

A

Negative feedback

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32
Q

True or false

Blood clotting/supplying complex does not use negative feedback

A

True

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33
Q

Endocrine glands are stimulated to produce and release their hormones by three major types of stimuli, they are…

A

Humoral, neural, hormonal stimuli

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34
Q

Which stimuli involves changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients

A

Humoral

35
Q

Which stimuli involves releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones produced by hypothalamus or hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

A

Hormonal

36
Q

Which stimuli involves nerve fibers to release hormones

A

Neural

Posterior pituitary gland

37
Q

The pituitary gland is also known as…

A

Hypophysis

38
Q

Infundibulum connects what to what

A

Hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

39
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes…

A

Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH

40
Q

The posterior pituitary gland secretes…

A

Nerve hormones

Antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin OT

41
Q

The hypothalamus releases either __________ or _________ which signals the pituitary gland to release the appropriate hormones.

A

Releasing hormones or inhibitory hormones

42
Q

This hormone stimulates body cells to increase in size and undergo rapid cell division. Increases the rate of movement of aas through the cell membrane, thus increasing the rate of production of proteins. Also causes cells to decrease the rate at which they utilize carbohydrates and to increase the rate at which they use fats. Stimulates you long deletion of bone tissue. Causes the release of somatomedin

A

GH growth hormone

43
Q

If insufficient amounts of growth hormone is secreted during childhood, body growth is stunted and ______ _______ develops.

A

Hypopituitary dwarfism

The body parts are correctly proportioned and mental development is normal, but other hormonal deficiencies may be present in the dwarf and may not develop adult sexual features.

44
Q

If too much growth hormone is secreted in childhood, the person will have ______.

A

Gigantism

Usually caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland which also causes other hormones to be secreted excessively.

45
Q

Define acromegaly.

A

Condition where growth hormone is secreted as an adult after epiphyseal disc ossification. This usually results in club fingers, toes and a square jawline. Bones continue to get thicker as the person ages.

46
Q

Colostrum does what?

A

Improves baby’s immune system’s by secreting antibodies

47
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin stimulates and maintains milk production

48
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone, a glycoprotein which controls the secretion of certain hormones t3/t4 from the thyroid gland.

Anterior pituitary -> thyroid -> t3/t4

49
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A peptide the controls secretion of certain hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland.

50
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone, responsible for growth and development of eggs cell & estrogens in females and males sperm cells at puberty

51
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone
Causes secretion of sex hormones in males and females and is needed to release eggs from ovaries

Causes ovulation

52
Q

Oxytocin and ADH are examples of…

A

Posterior pituitary hormones

53
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes contradictions of the smooth muscle in the uterine wall and stimulates uterine contractions during paturation

Responsible for milk let down

54
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Secretes T3 and T4 hormones

Needs iodine to synthesize them

55
Q

T3 and T4

A

Help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates lipids and proteins.
Critical in the maturation of the nervous system.
Needs iodine to be synthesized

56
Q

Calcitonin

A

Inhibits bone resorption (breakdown)

Lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels

57
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Cretinism-child’s thyroid does that really does not produce thyroid hormones

Myxedema-happens in adults, and normally sluggish, low appetite, often gains weight, extremely sensitive to cold

58
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Toxic goiter
Graves’ disease-Oversecretion of thyroid hormones, exophthalmos occurs eyes bulge
Simple goiter-Low iodine in soil and drinking water causes goiter

59
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Secrete PTH, increases blood calcium concentration and decreases blood phosphates

Stimulates bone resorption

60
Q

This disorder causes bone tissue to be resorbed, so bones get soft, osteoporosis

A

Hyperparathyroidism

61
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Muscle cramps and seizures calcium levels drop

62
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Nerves overly excited

63
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Nervous system and muscles become sluggish

64
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Sit on the top of kidneys, central portion adrenal Medela, outer portion adrenal cortex

65
Q

The adrenal Medela secretes

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Is part of the sympathetic nervous system

66
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Produce 30 different steroids.

Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones

67
Q

Aldosterone is it secreted through the adrenal cortex and regulates….

A

Concentrations of mineral electrolytes such as sodium and potassium.

Retain sodium which allows us to save water

68
Q

Cortisol

A

Released from the adrenal cortex.
Produced by the Z fasciculata.
Inhibits protein synthesis, increases aas in blood, increases the use of fatty acids, stimulates formation of glucose by the liver.

69
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Hyposecretion of cortical hormones

Increases skin pigmentation, bronzy coloration to skin

70
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Causes fat pad between shoulders, person has great loss of protein, muscle atrophy, gains weight, masculinization of women

71
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine-islets of longerhans

Exocrine-acinar cells digestive enzymes

72
Q

Islets of longerhans contain want three cell types

A

Alpha- glucagon
Beta-insulin
Delta cells- somatostatin helps regulate carbohydrate synthesis by inhibiting glucagon from alpha cells

73
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, and turns noncarbohydrates into glucose. And stimulates break down fats

Released when blood sugar low

74
Q

Insulin

A

Promotes the facilitated diffusion of glucose through so membranes of tissues that have insulin receptors

Decreases blood glucose concentration

Increases synthesis of proteins and fats

Also regulated by negative feedback system that is sensitive to the blood glucose levels

75
Q

Disorders of the pancreas

A

Diabetes mellitus

Hypoglycemia

76
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin.
Blood sugar levels remain high because glucose is unable to enter most tissue cells
Hyperglycemia-high blood glucose levels; sugar in urine. Ketones accumulate in the blood decreasing pH of blood causing ketoacidosis breath smells like rotten fruit

77
Q

Polyurea
polyphagia
polydipsia

A

Polyurea is excessive urination
Polyphagia is excessive hunger
Polydipsia excessive thirst

78
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Disorder of the pancreas where blood sugar levels are low caused by oversecretion of insulin

Causes disorientation, convulsions, loss of consciousness, and possibly death

79
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin

80
Q

Thymus gland

A

Affects production of lymphocytes so plays role in immunity.

81
Q

The adrenal pituitary gland secretes

A 
GH growth hormone
PRL prolactin
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
LH Luteinizing hormone, sex hrmns, sperm in males
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
82
Q

Samatomedin

A

Promotes growth of cartilage

Growth hormone causes the release of it

83
Q

Acromegaly

A

Clubbed fingers/toes
Square jawline
Caused by too much growth hormone
Associated with gigantism

84
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland which is regulated by the hypothalamus.

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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