exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
which theories state that criminal behavior is caused by some underlying physical or mental condition that separates the criminal from the noncriminal
A
biological and psychological theories
2
Q
which theories seek the reasons for differences in crime rates in the social environment
A
sociological theories
3
Q
which theories focus on the social forces that cause people to engage in criminal activity
A
strain and cultural deviance theories
4
Q
breakdown of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values
A
anomie
5
Q
who believed that when a simple society develops into a modern, urbanized one, the intimacy needed to sustain a common set of norms declines
A
emile durkheim
6
Q
_______ is a result of a sudden changes that causes prosperity or depression
A
anomie
7
Q
what is strain theory an explanation of
A
merton’s explanation of criminal behavior
8
Q
assumes that people are law-abiding but when under great pressure will resort to crime
argues that all members of society subscribe to cultural values of the middle class
A
strain theory
9
Q
what theory argues that all members of society subscribe to cultural values of the middle class
A
strain theory
10
Q
opportunities for success are not equally distributed
A
merton’s theory of anomie
11
Q
what does merton’s theory of anomie ephasize
A
cultural aspirations or goals that people believe are worth striving for
institutionalized means or accepted ways to attain the desired ends
12
Q
what could strain lead to
A
delinquency or crime
13
Q
individuals’ responses (modes of adaptation) depend on their attitudes toward the cultural goals and the institutional meanso f attaining those goals
A
mertons 5 ways in which people adapt to society’s goals and means
14
Q
what are merton’s 5 ways in which people adapt to society’s goals and means
A
conformity
innovation
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion
15
Q
which modes of adaptation accept cultural goals
A
conformity
innovation
rebellion (kind of)
16
Q
which modes of adaptation accept institutional means
A
conformity
ritualism
rebellion (kind of)
17
Q
what does the american dream encourage
A
high crime rates
18
Q
______ will decrease only when noneconomic institutions have the capacity to control behavior
A
crime
19
Q
what are some strain producing events:
strain cause by…
A
failure to achieve positively valued goals
the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual
the presentation of negative stimuli
20
Q
acknowledges that not all persons who experience strain become criminals
A
general strain theory
21
Q
any behavior that members of a social group define as violating their norms
A
deviance
22
Q
claim that lower-class people have a different set of values, which tend to conflict with the values of the middle class
A
cultural deviance theories
23
Q
what are the three major cultural deviance theories
A
social disorganization
differential association
cultural conflict
24
Q
people learn to commit crimes as a result of contact with antisocial values, attitudes, and criminal behavior patterns
A
differential association theory
25
which theory is a culture conflict theory
differential association theory
26
the breakdown of effective social bonds, family and neighborhood associations, and social controls in neighborhoods and communities
social disorganization theory
27
high-delinquency areas were characterized by a high percentage of:
immigrants
nonwhites
low-income families
low percentage of home ownership
28
in high-delinquency areas there was a general acceptance of unconventional norms
these norms competed with conventional ones held by some of the inhabitants
cultural transmission
29
what does social disorganization theory fail to explain
why delinquents stop committing crime as they grow older
most people in socially disorganized areas do not commit criminal acts
some bad neighborhoods seem to be insulated from crime
30
what does the social disorganization theory not consider
middle-class delinquents
31
the social influences that people encounter determines their behavior
differential association theory
32
whether a person becomes law-abiding or criminal then depends on...
contacts with criminal values, attitudes, definitions, and behavior patterns
33
who introduced differential association theory
edwin sutherland
34
crime is learned through social interation
edwin sutherland on differential association theory
35
sutherland's 9 positions
Criminal behavior is learned
Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication
Principal part of learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
Learnings of criminal behavior
Direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable
Person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law
Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
Learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves mechanisms involved in any othe rlearning
While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values
36
differential association theory suggests that...
there is an inevitability about the process of becoming a criminal
37
when does subculture emerge
when people in similar circumstances find themselves isolated from the mainstream and band together for mutual support
38
where does subculture exist
within a larger society not apart from it
39
why do delinquent subculture emerge
in response to special problems that members of the dominant culture do not face
40
which theory explains why delinquent subculture emerge in the first place
strain theory
41
which theory explains why subcultures take a particular form
social disorganization theory
42
which theory explains how subcultures are passed on from one generation to the next
differential association theory
43
what are the three roles subcultures adopt after experiencing status frustration and strain
corner boy
college boy
delinquent boy
44
__________ boy
hangs out in the neighborhood with his peer group
most lower-class boys become this
they get menial jobs and live a conventional lifestyle
corner boys
45
______ boy
strive to live up to middle-class standards
their chances for success are limited because of academic and social hardships
college boys
46
_________ boys
band together to form a subculture in which they can define status in ways that seem attainable
These boys turn the middle-class norms upside down, thereby making conduct right in their subculture precisely because it is wrong by the norms of the larger culture
delinquent boys
47
explains the origin of delinquent behavior and why some youths raised in the same neighborhoods and attending the same schools do not become involved in delinquent subcultures
cohen's theory
48
what does cohen's theory not explain
why most delinquents eventually become law-abiding even though their position in the class structure remains relatively fixed
49
who developed differential opportunity theory
richard cloward and lloyd ohlin
50
delinquent subcultures flourish in lower-class areas and take the particular forms they do because opportunities for illegitimate success are no more equitably distributed than those of conventional success
differential opportunity theory
51
_______ gangs
older criminals serve as role models
criminal gangs
52
_________ gangs
Neighborhood itself has a lot of population turnover (transience)
Goal is to gain a reputation for toughness and destructive violence
More feared than criminal gangs because they’re unpredictable
conflict gangs
53
________ gangs
Described as double failures because they have been unsuccessful in the legitimate world and the illegitimate worlds of organized criminal activity and violence-oriented gangs
retreatist gangs
54
violence in subcultures is...
Not used in all situations, but is frequently an expected response
Not considered antisocial
55
focuses on techniques and strategies that regulate human behavior and lead to conformity, or obedience to society’s rules-the influences of family and school, religious beliefs, moral values, friends, and even beliefs about government
social control theory
56
According to the theorists who have adopted this orientation, social control defines what is considered...
deviant behavior
57
what are the forms of control in social control theory
laws
norms
customs
mores
ethics
etiquette
58
explore formal systems for the control of groups
macro sociological studies
59
law enforcement
court systems
criminal justice systems
formal systems
60
how can control be positive
inhibit rule-breaking behavior by a type of social guidance
61
how can control be negative
foster oppressive, restrictive, or corrupt practices by those in power
62
focus on the informal systems
micro sociological studies
63
family
friends
religion
school
informal systems
64
what are the social bonds that promote socialization and conformity by hirschi
attachment
commitment
involvement
belief
65
investment in conventional lines of action-vocational aspirations, educational expectations, and educational aspirations
commitment
66
Preoccupation with activities that promote the interests of society-involvement in school-related activities
involvement
67
Assent to the society’s value system-respect for its laws and for the people and institutions that enforce them
belief
68
juveniles feel morally obligated to by bound by the law but may drift into a period between convention and crime
social control (matza)
69
defense mechanisms that release the youth from the constraints of the moral order
Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemner, and appeal to higher loyalties
drift (matza)
70
Help explain the onset, continuance, escalation, de-escalation, and desistance of crime
Consider each phase of life in relation to the life span of an offender
developmental theories
71
Combine a criminological theory with a number of social controls
integrated theories
72
what are some applications of social control theory
parent training
positive action through holistic education
strengthen neighborhood cohesion
73
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about tradional/consensus origin of criminal law
laws reflect shared values
74
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about tradional/cnsesus causes of criminal behavior
psychological, biological, or sciological facts
75
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about traditional/consensus focus of study
biological and psychological factors
unequal opportunity
learning criminal behavior in disorganized neighborhoods
subculture values
social control
76
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about labeling perspective's origin of criminal law
those in power create the laws, decide who will be the rule breakers
77
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about labeling perspective's causes of criminal behavior
the process that defines certain persons as criminals
78
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about labeling perspective's focus of study
effects of stigmatizing by the label "criminal"; sociopolitical factors behind reform legislation; origin of laws; deviant behavior
79
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about conflict perspective's origin of criminal law
powerful groups use laws to support their interests
80
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about conflict perspective's causes of criminal behavior
interests of one group do not coincide with needs of another
81
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about conflict perspective's focus of study
bias and discrimination in criminal justice system; differential crime rates of powerful and powerless; developmental of criminal laws by those in power; relationship between rulers and ruled
82
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about radical/marxist perspective's origin of law
laws serve interests of ruling class
83
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about radical/marxist perspective's causes of criminal behavior
class struggle over distribution of resources in a capitalist system
84
what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about radical/marxists perspective's focus of study
Relationship between crime and economics; ways in which state serves capitalist interests; solution to crime problem based on collapse of capitalism
85
The supreme court, under earl warren, found a pervasive influence of rules and customs that violated the concepts of:
Due process: people cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without lawful procedures
Equal protection: no one can be denied the safeguards of the law
86
declares that the reactions of other people and the subsequent effects of those reactions create deviance
labeling theory
87
view human self as formed through a process of social interaction
social interactionists
88
described the creation of a criminal as a process that dramatizes evile
frank tannenbaum
89
what were the two kinds of deviant acts edwin lemert came up with
primary deviations and secondary deviations
90
are the initial deviant acts that bring on the first social response
primary deviations
91
the acts that follow the societal response to the primary deviation
secondary deviations
92
who expanded on lemert’s secondary deviance with his own concept of “secondary elaboration,”
edwin schur
93
The effects of the labeling process become so significant that individuals who want to escape from their deviant groups and return to the conventional world find it difficult to do so
secondary elaboration
94
-the people whose high social position gives them the power to make and enforce the social rules by which members of society have to live
moral entrepreneurs
95
Members of society by and large agree on what is right and wrong
Law is the codification of these agreed-upon social values and helps settle disputes that arise when individuals stray too far from what the community considers acceptable
consensus model
96
Laws do not exist for the collective good
They represent the interests of specific groups that have the power to get them enacted
Key concept is power
Laws have their origin in the interests of those few who shape the values and laws
conflict model
97
what does conflict theory do in terms of crime
It identifies social conflict as a basic face of life and as a source of discriminatory treatment by the criminal justice system of groups and classes that lack the power and status of those who make and enforce the laws
98
explained the association between crime and poetry as a political problem
friedrich engels
99
Argued that all aspects of social life are determined by economic organization
The most important relationship in industrial society is between the capitalist bourgeoisie and the proletariat
Concluded that revolution is the only means to bring about change
The cornerstone of the marxist explanation is that people who are kept in a state of poverty will rebel by committing crimes
karl marx
100
Concerned with the way the system controlled people rather than with traditional sociological and psychological explanations of crime
radical criminology
101
what is the one dominating segment for marxist criminologists
the capitalist ruling class
102
Addresses the male-centered approach present in marxist theories
Radical criminologists find the cause of crime in women to be male aggression as well as men’s attempts to control and subordinate women
they view female crime in terms of class, gender, and race oppression
radical feminist theory
103
Recognizes crime as an inevitable outcome of social and political deprivation
Seek a crime-control agenda, capable of being implemented in a capitalist system, that will protect the more vulnerable members of the lower classes from crime and the fear of crime
left realism
104
States that crime and punishment have a reciprocal effect on each other
Advocates the redistribution of power by returning it to communities and individuals, in order to fix the existing power differential
abolitionist theory of criminology
105
Destruction of communities by the state is at the root of crime
anarchist theory of criminology
106
Advocates humanistic, nonviolent, and peaceful solutions to crime
Part of an intellectual and social movement outward restorative justice
peacemaking criminology
107
what are the three distinct approaches of of crime
Environmental criminology
The rational-choice perspective
The routine-activity approach
108
These theoretical approaches to crime are sometimes called “__________________________” because they analyze the various situations that provide opportunities for specific crimes to occur
opportunity theories
109
examines the location of a specific crime and the context in which it has occurred
explains crime patterns
environmental criminology
110
how do environmental criminologists look for crime patterns
through mapping
111
what is rational choice perspective based on
utilitarianism
112
people make decisions with a goal in mind and that they are made more or less intelligently and with free will
rational choice perspective
113
a thief might consider these things before committing a crime
The number of targets and their accessibility
Familiarity with the chosen method (for example, fraud by credit card)
The monetary yield per crime
The expertise needed
The time required to commit the act
The physical danger involved
The risk of apprehension
114
characteristics of the crime fall into two distinct sets
those of the offender and those of the offense
115
who developed the routine-activity approach
lawrence cohen and marcus felson
116
A crime can occur only if there is someone who intends to commit a crime (likely offender), something or someone to be victimized (a suitable target), and no other person present to prevent or observe the crime (the absence of a capable guardian)
routine-activity approach
117
what are some factors that influence the decision t o burglarize
Location or setting of the building, time, presence of guards or dogs, type of burglar alarms and external lighting
118
Items are attractive if they are visible, easy to take away, valuable, concealable, removable, available, enjoyable, and disposable (i.e., can be easily fenced)
hot products to steal
119
who developed the lifestyle theory of victimization
Developed by michael hindelang, michael gottfredson, and james garofalo
120
It argues that because of changing roles (working mother versus homemaker) and schedules (a child’s school calendar), people lead different lifestyles (work and leisure activities
Variations in lifestyle affect the number of situations with high victimization risks that a person experiences
lifestyle theory of victimization
121
Used to refer to situations where victims initiate the confrontations that lead to their death
marvin wolfgang's victim precipitation
122
stresses that the way victims and offenders interact plays a large role in violent crime
james tedeschi and richard felson's theory of coercive actions
123
Types of crimes were committed in specific places
hot spot
124
what did researchers conclude to prevent victimization should be focused on
not on victims, but on the places themselves by making them less vulnerable to crime
125
Theories of repeat victimization focus on
characteristics of situations
126
Large number of crimes occur at small number of places
geography of crime
127
where do more crimes occur
around high schools and blocks with bars, liquor stores, the city center, and abandoned buildings
128
posits that environments can be altered to decrease victimization
Crime prevention through environmental design (CPET)
129
refers to improved architectural designs, particularly of public housing, in order to provide increased security
Defensible space
130
Consists of the knowledge of implementing specific measures that will alter a particular situation to prevent crime
Situation crime preventions (SCP)
131
protecting targets and increasing the presence of capable guardians
Target-hardening techniques
132
Commission of a quantitatively similar crime at a different time or place
displacement
133
Crime can be moved from one location to another
geographical displacement
134
Crime can be moved from one time to another
temporal displacement
135
Crime can be directed away from one target to another
target displacement
136
One method of committing crime can be substituted for another
tactical displacement
