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socl 2301 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which theories state that criminal behavior is caused by some underlying physical or mental condition that separates the criminal from the noncriminal

A

biological and psychological theories

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2
Q

which theories seek the reasons for differences in crime rates in the social environment

A

sociological theories

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3
Q

which theories focus on the social forces that cause people to engage in criminal activity

A

strain and cultural deviance theories

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4
Q

breakdown of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values

A

anomie

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5
Q

who believed that when a simple society develops into a modern, urbanized one, the intimacy needed to sustain a common set of norms declines

A

emile durkheim

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6
Q

_______ is a result of a sudden changes that causes prosperity or depression

A

anomie

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7
Q

what is strain theory an explanation of

A

merton’s explanation of criminal behavior

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8
Q

assumes that people are law-abiding but when under great pressure will resort to crime
argues that all members of society subscribe to cultural values of the middle class

A

strain theory

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9
Q

what theory argues that all members of society subscribe to cultural values of the middle class

A

strain theory

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10
Q

opportunities for success are not equally distributed

A

merton’s theory of anomie

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11
Q

what does merton’s theory of anomie ephasize

A

cultural aspirations or goals that people believe are worth striving for
institutionalized means or accepted ways to attain the desired ends

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12
Q

what could strain lead to

A

delinquency or crime

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13
Q

individuals’ responses (modes of adaptation) depend on their attitudes toward the cultural goals and the institutional meanso f attaining those goals

A

mertons 5 ways in which people adapt to society’s goals and means

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14
Q

what are merton’s 5 ways in which people adapt to society’s goals and means

A

conformity
innovation
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion

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15
Q

which modes of adaptation accept cultural goals

A

conformity
innovation
rebellion (kind of)

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16
Q

which modes of adaptation accept institutional means

A

conformity
ritualism
rebellion (kind of)

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17
Q

what does the american dream encourage

A

high crime rates

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18
Q

______ will decrease only when noneconomic institutions have the capacity to control behavior

A

crime

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19
Q

what are some strain producing events:
strain cause by…

A

failure to achieve positively valued goals
the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual
the presentation of negative stimuli

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20
Q

acknowledges that not all persons who experience strain become criminals

A

general strain theory

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21
Q

any behavior that members of a social group define as violating their norms

A

deviance

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22
Q

claim that lower-class people have a different set of values, which tend to conflict with the values of the middle class

A

cultural deviance theories

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23
Q

what are the three major cultural deviance theories

A

social disorganization
differential association
cultural conflict

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24
Q

people learn to commit crimes as a result of contact with antisocial values, attitudes, and criminal behavior patterns

A

differential association theory

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25
Q

which theory is a culture conflict theory

A

differential association theory

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26
Q

the breakdown of effective social bonds, family and neighborhood associations, and social controls in neighborhoods and communities

A

social disorganization theory

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27
Q

high-delinquency areas were characterized by a high percentage of:

A

immigrants
nonwhites
low-income families
low percentage of home ownership

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28
Q

in high-delinquency areas there was a general acceptance of unconventional norms
these norms competed with conventional ones held by some of the inhabitants

A

cultural transmission

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29
Q

what does social disorganization theory fail to explain

A

why delinquents stop committing crime as they grow older
most people in socially disorganized areas do not commit criminal acts
some bad neighborhoods seem to be insulated from crime

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30
Q

what does the social disorganization theory not consider

A

middle-class delinquents

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31
Q

the social influences that people encounter determines their behavior

A

differential association theory

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32
Q

whether a person becomes law-abiding or criminal then depends on…

A

contacts with criminal values, attitudes, definitions, and behavior patterns

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33
Q

who introduced differential association theory

A

edwin sutherland

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34
Q

crime is learned through social interation

A

edwin sutherland on differential association theory

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35
Q

sutherland’s 9 positions

A

Criminal behavior is learned
Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication
Principal part of learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
Learnings of criminal behavior
Direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable
Person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law
Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
Learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves mechanisms involved in any othe rlearning
While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values

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36
Q

differential association theory suggests that…

A

there is an inevitability about the process of becoming a criminal

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37
Q

when does subculture emerge

A

when people in similar circumstances find themselves isolated from the mainstream and band together for mutual support

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38
Q

where does subculture exist

A

within a larger society not apart from it

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39
Q

why do delinquent subculture emerge

A

in response to special problems that members of the dominant culture do not face

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40
Q

which theory explains why delinquent subculture emerge in the first place

A

strain theory

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41
Q

which theory explains why subcultures take a particular form

A

social disorganization theory

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42
Q

which theory explains how subcultures are passed on from one generation to the next

A

differential association theory

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43
Q

what are the three roles subcultures adopt after experiencing status frustration and strain

A

corner boy
college boy
delinquent boy

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44
Q

__________ boy
hangs out in the neighborhood with his peer group
most lower-class boys become this
they get menial jobs and live a conventional lifestyle

A

corner boys

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45
Q

______ boy
strive to live up to middle-class standards
their chances for success are limited because of academic and social hardships

A

college boys

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46
Q

_________ boys
band together to form a subculture in which they can define status in ways that seem attainable
These boys turn the middle-class norms upside down, thereby making conduct right in their subculture precisely because it is wrong by the norms of the larger culture

A

delinquent boys

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47
Q

explains the origin of delinquent behavior and why some youths raised in the same neighborhoods and attending the same schools do not become involved in delinquent subcultures

A

cohen’s theory

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48
Q

what does cohen’s theory not explain

A

why most delinquents eventually become law-abiding even though their position in the class structure remains relatively fixed

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49
Q

who developed differential opportunity theory

A

richard cloward and lloyd ohlin

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50
Q

delinquent subcultures flourish in lower-class areas and take the particular forms they do because opportunities for illegitimate success are no more equitably distributed than those of conventional success

A

differential opportunity theory

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51
Q

_______ gangs
older criminals serve as role models

A

criminal gangs

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52
Q

_________ gangs
Neighborhood itself has a lot of population turnover (transience)
Goal is to gain a reputation for toughness and destructive violence
More feared than criminal gangs because they’re unpredictable

A

conflict gangs

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53
Q

________ gangs
Described as double failures because they have been unsuccessful in the legitimate world and the illegitimate worlds of organized criminal activity and violence-oriented gangs

A

retreatist gangs

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54
Q

violence in subcultures is…

A

Not used in all situations, but is frequently an expected response
Not considered antisocial

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55
Q

focuses on techniques and strategies that regulate human behavior and lead to conformity, or obedience to society’s rules-the influences of family and school, religious beliefs, moral values, friends, and even beliefs about government

A

social control theory

56
Q

According to the theorists who have adopted this orientation, social control defines what is considered…

A

deviant behavior

57
Q

what are the forms of control in social control theory

A

laws
norms
customs
mores
ethics
etiquette

58
Q

explore formal systems for the control of groups

A

macro sociological studies

59
Q

law enforcement
court systems
criminal justice systems

A

formal systems

60
Q

how can control be positive

A

inhibit rule-breaking behavior by a type of social guidance

61
Q

how can control be negative

A

foster oppressive, restrictive, or corrupt practices by those in power

62
Q

focus on the informal systems

A

micro sociological studies

63
Q

family
friends
religion
school

A

informal systems

64
Q

what are the social bonds that promote socialization and conformity by hirschi

A

attachment
commitment
involvement
belief

65
Q

investment in conventional lines of action-vocational aspirations, educational expectations, and educational aspirations

A

commitment

66
Q

Preoccupation with activities that promote the interests of society-involvement in school-related activities

A

involvement

67
Q

Assent to the society’s value system-respect for its laws and for the people and institutions that enforce them

A

belief

68
Q

juveniles feel morally obligated to by bound by the law but may drift into a period between convention and crime

A

social control (matza)

69
Q

defense mechanisms that release the youth from the constraints of the moral order
Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemner, and appeal to higher loyalties

A

drift (matza)

70
Q

Help explain the onset, continuance, escalation, de-escalation, and desistance of crime
Consider each phase of life in relation to the life span of an offender

A

developmental theories

71
Q

Combine a criminological theory with a number of social controls

A

integrated theories

72
Q

what are some applications of social control theory

A

parent training
positive action through holistic education
strengthen neighborhood cohesion

73
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about tradional/consensus origin of criminal law

A

laws reflect shared values

74
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about tradional/cnsesus causes of criminal behavior

A

psychological, biological, or sciological facts

75
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about traditional/consensus focus of study

A

biological and psychological factors
unequal opportunity
learning criminal behavior in disorganized neighborhoods
subculture values
social control

76
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about labeling perspective’s origin of criminal law

A

those in power create the laws, decide who will be the rule breakers

77
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about labeling perspective’s causes of criminal behavior

A

the process that defines certain persons as criminals

78
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about labeling perspective’s focus of study

A

effects of stigmatizing by the label “criminal”; sociopolitical factors behind reform legislation; origin of laws; deviant behavior

79
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about conflict perspective’s origin of criminal law

A

powerful groups use laws to support their interests

80
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about conflict perspective’s causes of criminal behavior

A

interests of one group do not coincide with needs of another

81
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about conflict perspective’s focus of study

A

bias and discrimination in criminal justice system; differential crime rates of powerful and powerless; developmental of criminal laws by those in power; relationship between rulers and ruled

82
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about radical/marxist perspective’s origin of law

A

laws serve interests of ruling class

83
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about radical/marxist perspective’s causes of criminal behavior

A

class struggle over distribution of resources in a capitalist system

84
Q

what does hirschi and gottfredsons comparison of four criminological perspectives table say about radical/marxists perspective’s focus of study

A

Relationship between crime and economics; ways in which state serves capitalist interests; solution to crime problem based on collapse of capitalism

85
Q

The supreme court, under earl warren, found a pervasive influence of rules and customs that violated the concepts of:

A

Due process: people cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without lawful procedures
Equal protection: no one can be denied the safeguards of the law

86
Q

declares that the reactions of other people and the subsequent effects of those reactions create deviance

A

labeling theory

87
Q

view human self as formed through a process of social interaction

A

social interactionists

88
Q

described the creation of a criminal as a process that dramatizes evile

A

frank tannenbaum

89
Q

what were the two kinds of deviant acts edwin lemert came up with

A

primary deviations and secondary deviations

90
Q

are the initial deviant acts that bring on the first social response

A

primary deviations

91
Q

the acts that follow the societal response to the primary deviation

A

secondary deviations

92
Q

who expanded on lemert’s secondary deviance with his own concept of “secondary elaboration,”

A

edwin schur

93
Q

The effects of the labeling process become so significant that individuals who want to escape from their deviant groups and return to the conventional world find it difficult to do so

A

secondary elaboration

94
Q

-the people whose high social position gives them the power to make and enforce the social rules by which members of society have to live

A

moral entrepreneurs

95
Q

Members of society by and large agree on what is right and wrong
Law is the codification of these agreed-upon social values and helps settle disputes that arise when individuals stray too far from what the community considers acceptable

A

consensus model

96
Q

Laws do not exist for the collective good
They represent the interests of specific groups that have the power to get them enacted
Key concept is power
Laws have their origin in the interests of those few who shape the values and laws

A

conflict model

97
Q

what does conflict theory do in terms of crime

A

It identifies social conflict as a basic face of life and as a source of discriminatory treatment by the criminal justice system of groups and classes that lack the power and status of those who make and enforce the laws

98
Q

explained the association between crime and poetry as a political problem

A

friedrich engels

99
Q

Argued that all aspects of social life are determined by economic organization
The most important relationship in industrial society is between the capitalist bourgeoisie and the proletariat
Concluded that revolution is the only means to bring about change
The cornerstone of the marxist explanation is that people who are kept in a state of poverty will rebel by committing crimes

A

karl marx

100
Q

Concerned with the way the system controlled people rather than with traditional sociological and psychological explanations of crime

A

radical criminology

101
Q

what is the one dominating segment for marxist criminologists

A

the capitalist ruling class

102
Q

Addresses the male-centered approach present in marxist theories
Radical criminologists find the cause of crime in women to be male aggression as well as men’s attempts to control and subordinate women
they view female crime in terms of class, gender, and race oppression

A

radical feminist theory

103
Q

Recognizes crime as an inevitable outcome of social and political deprivation
Seek a crime-control agenda, capable of being implemented in a capitalist system, that will protect the more vulnerable members of the lower classes from crime and the fear of crime

A

left realism

104
Q

States that crime and punishment have a reciprocal effect on each other
Advocates the redistribution of power by returning it to communities and individuals, in order to fix the existing power differential

A

abolitionist theory of criminology

105
Q

Destruction of communities by the state is at the root of crime

A

anarchist theory of criminology

106
Q

Advocates humanistic, nonviolent, and peaceful solutions to crime
Part of an intellectual and social movement outward restorative justice

A

peacemaking criminology

107
Q

what are the three distinct approaches of of crime

A

Environmental criminology
The rational-choice perspective
The routine-activity approach

108
Q

These theoretical approaches to crime are sometimes called “__________________________” because they analyze the various situations that provide opportunities for specific crimes to occur

A

opportunity theories

109
Q

examines the location of a specific crime and the context in which it has occurred
explains crime patterns

A

environmental criminology

110
Q

how do environmental criminologists look for crime patterns

A

through mapping

111
Q

what is rational choice perspective based on

A

utilitarianism

112
Q

people make decisions with a goal in mind and that they are made more or less intelligently and with free will

A

rational choice perspective

113
Q

a thief might consider these things before committing a crime

A

The number of targets and their accessibility
Familiarity with the chosen method (for example, fraud by credit card)
The monetary yield per crime
The expertise needed
The time required to commit the act
The physical danger involved
The risk of apprehension

114
Q

characteristics of the crime fall into two distinct sets

A

those of the offender and those of the offense

115
Q

who developed the routine-activity approach

A

lawrence cohen and marcus felson

116
Q

A crime can occur only if there is someone who intends to commit a crime (likely offender), something or someone to be victimized (a suitable target), and no other person present to prevent or observe the crime (the absence of a capable guardian)

A

routine-activity approach

117
Q

what are some factors that influence the decision t o burglarize

A

Location or setting of the building, time, presence of guards or dogs, type of burglar alarms and external lighting

118
Q

Items are attractive if they are visible, easy to take away, valuable, concealable, removable, available, enjoyable, and disposable (i.e., can be easily fenced)

A

hot products to steal

119
Q

who developed the lifestyle theory of victimization

A

Developed by michael hindelang, michael gottfredson, and james garofalo

120
Q

It argues that because of changing roles (working mother versus homemaker) and schedules (a child’s school calendar), people lead different lifestyles (work and leisure activities
Variations in lifestyle affect the number of situations with high victimization risks that a person experiences

A

lifestyle theory of victimization

121
Q

Used to refer to situations where victims initiate the confrontations that lead to their death

A

marvin wolfgang’s victim precipitation

122
Q

stresses that the way victims and offenders interact plays a large role in violent crime

A

james tedeschi and richard felson’s theory of coercive actions

123
Q

Types of crimes were committed in specific places

A

hot spot

124
Q

what did researchers conclude to prevent victimization should be focused on

A

not on victims, but on the places themselves by making them less vulnerable to crime

125
Q

Theories of repeat victimization focus on

A

characteristics of situations

126
Q

Large number of crimes occur at small number of places

A

geography of crime

127
Q

where do more crimes occur

A

around high schools and blocks with bars, liquor stores, the city center, and abandoned buildings

128
Q

posits that environments can be altered to decrease victimization

A

Crime prevention through environmental design (CPET)

129
Q

refers to improved architectural designs, particularly of public housing, in order to provide increased security

A

Defensible space

130
Q

Consists of the knowledge of implementing specific measures that will alter a particular situation to prevent crime

A

Situation crime preventions (SCP)

131
Q

protecting targets and increasing the presence of capable guardians

A

Target-hardening techniques

132
Q

Commission of a quantitatively similar crime at a different time or place

A

displacement

133
Q

Crime can be moved from one location to another

A

geographical displacement

134
Q

Crime can be moved from one time to another

A

temporal displacement

135
Q

Crime can be directed away from one target to another

A

target displacement

136
Q

One method of committing crime can be substituted for another

A

tactical displacement

socl 2301 (3 decks)

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