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socl 2301 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

killing of one human by another

A

homicide

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2
Q

killing of one human by another sanctioned by law

A

justifiable homicide

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3
Q

unlawful killing without justification or excuse

A

criminal homicide

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4
Q

Intentional killing of another person with malice aforethought

A

murder

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5
Q

Premeditated, deliberate, intentional killing

A

murder in the first degree

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6
Q

Intentional killing without premeditation and deliberation

A

murder in the second degree

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7
Q

the killing of a head of state or government or of an otherwise highly visible figure

A

assasination

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8
Q

requires intention to commit some other felony and the death of a person during the commission of or flight from that felony

A

felony murder

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9
Q

unlawful killing of another person without malice

A

manslaughter

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10
Q

killing committed intentionally but without malice
In the heat of passion or in response to strong provocation

A

voluntary manslaughter

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11
Q

killing unintentionally but recklessly by consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk

A

involuntary manslaughter

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12
Q

criminal liability for grossly negligent killing in situations where the offender assumed a lesser risk

A

negligent homicide

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13
Q

how many estimated number of murders in the US in 2018

A

over 16,000

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14
Q

which regions rank highest to lowest in murders in 2018

A

south
midwest
west
northeast

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15
Q

A killing in which killer and victim have had no known previous contact
Impact is great on quality of urban life

A

stranger homicide

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16
Q

A significant percentage of all homicides occurs among these people

A

relatives and acquaintances homicide

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17
Q

what is the most common victim perp relationship

A

intimate relationship

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18
Q

which ages have the least amount of homicides

A

very young and very old

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19
Q

how many homicides dont have clear motives

A

1/4

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20
Q

Killing of several victims over a period of time

A

serial murder

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21
Q

Killing of multiple victims in one event or in very quick succession

A

mass murder

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22
Q

about how many mass murders do we have annually since the number has increased

A

7 to 8 annually

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23
Q

Levin and fox suggest that the recent increase in mass and serial murders, despite a general decline in the murder rate, is to some extent attributable to the …

A

publicity given to mass murders and the resulting copycat phenomenon

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24
Q

lack internal controls, disregard values, and dominate others

A

sociopaths

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25
Q

where are homicide rates higher

A

poorer countries
in more diverse countries
in countries which spend less on defense
in less-democratic societies
in countries where fewer young people are enrolled in school

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26
Q

Attack on a person with an apparent ability to inflict injury and is intended to frighten or to cause physical harm

A

assault

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27
Q

Results in touching or striking the victim

A

battery

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28
Q

Little or no physical hurt

A

simple assault

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29
Q

Serious harm on the victim or use of a deadly weapon

A

aggravated assault

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30
Q

what is the most common violent crime reported to the police

A

assault

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31
Q

where is the rate of child abuse higher

A

lower-income families
children living with a single parent

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32
Q

what are the different types of abuse of the elderly

A

Domestic elder abuse
Institutional elder abuse
Self-neglect or self-abuse

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33
Q

Common law definition-act of forced intercourse by a man on a woman (other than the attacker’s wife) without her consent

A

rape

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34
Q

Recent victimization data show that 48 percent of rapes are committed by

A

men who know their victims

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35
Q

occurs when the victim has had little or no prior contact with the offender

A

stranger rape

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36
Q

use of deception or force to rape by pretending to engage in legitimate dating behavior

A

predatory rape

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37
Q

involves a legitimate dating situation turned bad, when force is eventually used to gain sex from a woman who is an unwilling participant

A

date rape

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38
Q

Taking of property from a victim by force and violence or by threat of violence

A

robbery

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39
Q

what are the types of robbers

A

professional
Opportunistic
Addict
Alcoholic

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40
Q

where did organize crime originate

A

the immigrants from southern italy

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41
Q

sicilian families that were loosely associated with one another in operating organized crime

A

mafia

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42
Q

Groups resorting to violence or threat of violence against opposition of constituted authority

A

terrorism

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43
Q

Memberships consist of white, christian, working- and middle-class americans whose fundamental belief is that their constitutional right to bear arms is threatened

A

militias

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44
Q

Taking and carrying away of personal property belonging to another with the intent to deprive the owner of the property permanently

A

larceny

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45
Q

_____ thieves are occasional offenders who tend to be opportunists
they resolve some immediate crisis by stealing

A

amateurs

46
Q

________ thieves make a career of stealing
they are imaginative and creative in their work and accept its risks

A

professional

47
Q

stealing of goods from retail merchants

A

shoplifting

48
Q

illicit trade in objects with artistic or historic significance (also includes video piracy)

A

art theft

49
Q

________ car thieves have used stolen vehicles for racing, a show of status among peers, or for the “kick” of destroying them

A

young

50
Q

________ auto thieves steal designated cars on consignment for resale in an altered condition (with identifying numbers changed or for disposition in “chop shops”

A

older professional

51
Q

Acquisition of the property of another person through cheating for deception

A

fraud

52
Q

statutory offense to protect people from their own greed

A

confidence game

53
Q

altering a check with intent to defraud

A

check forging

54
Q

Counterfeiting, lost or stolen cards, during cell phone transmissions, thefts of retail databases, etc

A

credit card crimes

55
Q

Staged claims, owner dumping, abandoned vehicles, staged accidents, intended accidents, and caused accidents

A

auto insurance fraud

56
Q

Overutilization, ping-ponging, family ganging, steering, and upgrading

A

health insurance claims

57
Q

An attempt to pursue illegal activities through the use of advanced electronic media

A

high-tech crimes

58
Q

Information is created, stored, manipulated, and communicated

A

storage-related crimes (computer crimes)

59
Q

Creation of counterfeit money or official documents, distribution of child pornography, and illegal gambling on the internet

A

tool-related crimes (computer crimes)

60
Q

Attacks on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information

A

weapon-related crimes (computer crimes)

61
Q

what are the two types of computer network break-ins

A

The first is commonly known as “hacking”
The second type of break-ins is that done for illegal purposes

62
Q

Breaking into a competitor’s computer and gathering information without leaving any trace

A

industrial espionage

63
Q

Sharing and copying software to international fraudulent schemes

A

software piracy

64
Q

Illegal forms-child pornography and obscenity; also, must be 18 to view it

A

online pornography

65
Q

Products of computer programs that instruct a computer to bombard another computer with information

A

mail bombing

66
Q

Illegal entry into a computer using this program

A

password sniffers

67
Q

why are high tech crimes a special problem to law enforcement agencies

A

Note easily detected
Not equipped to deal with them

68
Q

Unlawful entry into a structure (criminal trespass) to commit a felony or theft

A

burglary

69
Q

person who buys stolen property, on a regular basis, for resale

A

fencing

70
Q

Malicious burning of or setting fire to the dwelling of another person

A

arson

71
Q

Violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate occupation or business enterprise

A

white collar crimes

72
Q

who provided criminologists with the first scholarly account of white collar crime

A

edwin sutherland

73
Q

He defined it as crime “committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation”

A

edwin sutherlands definition of white collar crime

74
Q

Committed by individuals for themselves in the course of rendering a service
Medicare fraud, misuse of clients’ funds by lawyers and brokers, and substitution of inferior goods

A

occupational crimes

75
Q

practice of trading a client’s shares of stock frequently in order to generate large commissions

A

churning

76
Q

use of material, non-public financial information to obtain an unfair advantage in trading securities

A

insider trading

77
Q

trading stocks at low prices and making misleading statements to clients to create an artificial demand for the stocks

A

stock manipulation

78
Q

operations run by stock manipulators
Manipulate uniformed individuals into buying stock in obscure and poorly financed corporations

A

boiler rooms

79
Q

scams designed to take advantage of loopholes in the bankruptcy laws

A

bankruptcy fraud

80
Q

Collusion in bidding
Payoffs and kickbacks to government officials
Expenditures by a government official that exceed the budget
Filing of false claims
Hiring of friends or associates formerly employed by the government
Offers of inducements to government officials

A

fraud against the government

81
Q

Act of causing a consumer to surrender money through deceit or a misrepresentation of a material fact

A

consumer fraud

82
Q

Willful failure to file a tax return by keeping two sets of books, shifting funds, and faking forms

A

tax fraud

83
Q

Used to gain favors, special privileges, services, and business
Considered a felony

A

bribery, corruption, and political fraud

84
Q

conversion of property or money with which one is entrusted or for which one has a fiduciary responsibility

A

embezzlement

85
Q

Committed by one or more employees of a corporation that is attributed to the organization itself

A

corporate crimes

86
Q

On average, between ?? corporation are convicted each year in federal courts for offenses ranging from tax law violations to environmental crimes

A

200 and 350

87
Q

Reasonableness of steps taken to prevent an offense

A

proactive corporate fault (PCF)

88
Q

Reasonableness of steps taken in reaction to the discovery of an offense

A

reactive corporate fault (RCF)

89
Q

Culpability derives from this, culture, or personality

A

corporate ethos (CE)

90
Q

Corporate intentionality is found in decisions communicated through policies

A

corporate policy (CP)

91
Q

Corporate fault is found in the reasonableness of judgments

A

constructive corporate culpability (CCC)

92
Q

patterns of drug abuse
Heroin abuse in inner cities among young black and hispanic males

A

1950s

93
Q

patterns of drug abuse
Marijuana became drug of choice among the white, middle-class young people

A

1960s

94
Q

patterns of drug abuse
Cocaine use among prosperous professional in their 20s and 30s

A

1980s

95
Q

patterns of drug abuse
Use of crank
Mixture of crack and heroin

A

1989

96
Q

concealing illegally obtained money

A

money laundering

97
Q

on the international level the president’s antidrug strategy

A

sought modest funding for the united nations effort to combat the international narcotics drug traffic

98
Q

on the national level the president’s antidrug strategy…

A

focused on federal aid to state and local police for street-level attacks on drug users and small dealers

99
Q

what are the challenges to legalizing drugs

A

Conflicting legal jurisdictions
Laws governing possession versus sales

100
Q

One of the major differences between alcohol and the other drugs is that the

A

sale and purchase of alcohol are legal in most jurisdictions of the US

101
Q

in colonial days alcohol was considered

A

safer and healthier than water

102
Q

One january 16, 1920 the eighteenth amendment to the constitution went into force,

A

prohibiting the manufacture, sale, consumption, and transportation of alcoholic beverages

103
Q

The volstead act of 1919 had already defined as “intoxicating liquor” any

A

beverage that contained more than one-half of one percent alcohol

104
Q

The unlawful sale of alcohol

A

bootlegging

105
Q

Unpopular and unenforceable, the eighteenth amendment was repealed

A

13 years after its birth

106
Q

Two alcohol-related activities that have become serious social problems are

A

violent crime and drunk driving

107
Q

illegal sexual activity between two people when it would otherwise be legal if not for their age

A

statutory rape

108
Q

Sexual intercourse per mouth or per anum between human beings who are not husband and wife and any form of sexual intercourse with an animal

A

sexual intercourse or sodomy (in common law)

109
Q

solicitation of sex for money

A

prostitution

110
Q

Portrayal of sexually explicit material
Criminal offense to produce, offer for sale, sell, distribute, or exhibit certain kinds

A

pornography

111
Q

Felony to:
Knowingly use a telecommunications device or interactive computer to send an indecent communication to a child
Use a computer to display indecent material in a manner accessible to a child

A

Communications decency act (2996)

112
Q

what are some of the issues surrounding government regulation on pornography

A

Regulation of pornography on the internet lacks global cooperation
Legislation on pornography varies around the world making it easier to be sent across borders

socl 2301 (3 decks)

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