exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
killing of one human by another
A
homicide
2
Q
killing of one human by another sanctioned by law
A
justifiable homicide
3
Q
unlawful killing without justification or excuse
A
criminal homicide
4
Q
Intentional killing of another person with malice aforethought
A
murder
5
Q
Premeditated, deliberate, intentional killing
A
murder in the first degree
6
Q
Intentional killing without premeditation and deliberation
A
murder in the second degree
7
Q
the killing of a head of state or government or of an otherwise highly visible figure
A
assasination
8
Q
requires intention to commit some other felony and the death of a person during the commission of or flight from that felony
A
felony murder
9
Q
unlawful killing of another person without malice
A
manslaughter
10
Q
killing committed intentionally but without malice
In the heat of passion or in response to strong provocation
A
voluntary manslaughter
11
Q
killing unintentionally but recklessly by consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk
A
involuntary manslaughter
12
Q
criminal liability for grossly negligent killing in situations where the offender assumed a lesser risk
A
negligent homicide
13
Q
how many estimated number of murders in the US in 2018
A
over 16,000
14
Q
which regions rank highest to lowest in murders in 2018
A
south
midwest
west
northeast
15
Q
A killing in which killer and victim have had no known previous contact
Impact is great on quality of urban life
A
stranger homicide
16
Q
A significant percentage of all homicides occurs among these people
A
relatives and acquaintances homicide
17
Q
what is the most common victim perp relationship
A
intimate relationship
18
Q
which ages have the least amount of homicides
A
very young and very old
19
Q
how many homicides dont have clear motives
A
1/4
20
Q
Killing of several victims over a period of time
A
serial murder
21
Q
Killing of multiple victims in one event or in very quick succession
A
mass murder
22
Q
about how many mass murders do we have annually since the number has increased
A
7 to 8 annually
23
Q
Levin and fox suggest that the recent increase in mass and serial murders, despite a general decline in the murder rate, is to some extent attributable to the …
A
publicity given to mass murders and the resulting copycat phenomenon
24
Q
lack internal controls, disregard values, and dominate others
A
sociopaths
25
where are homicide rates higher
poorer countries
in more diverse countries
in countries which spend less on defense
in less-democratic societies
in countries where fewer young people are enrolled in school
26
Attack on a person with an apparent ability to inflict injury and is intended to frighten or to cause physical harm
assault
27
Results in touching or striking the victim
battery
28
Little or no physical hurt
simple assault
29
Serious harm on the victim or use of a deadly weapon
aggravated assault
30
what is the most common violent crime reported to the police
assault
31
where is the rate of child abuse higher
lower-income families
children living with a single parent
32
what are the different types of abuse of the elderly
Domestic elder abuse
Institutional elder abuse
Self-neglect or self-abuse
33
Common law definition-act of forced intercourse by a man on a woman (other than the attacker’s wife) without her consent
rape
34
Recent victimization data show that 48 percent of rapes are committed by
men who know their victims
35
occurs when the victim has had little or no prior contact with the offender
stranger rape
36
use of deception or force to rape by pretending to engage in legitimate dating behavior
predatory rape
37
involves a legitimate dating situation turned bad, when force is eventually used to gain sex from a woman who is an unwilling participant
date rape
38
Taking of property from a victim by force and violence or by threat of violence
robbery
39
what are the types of robbers
professional
Opportunistic
Addict
Alcoholic
40
where did organize crime originate
the immigrants from southern italy
41
sicilian families that were loosely associated with one another in operating organized crime
mafia
42
Groups resorting to violence or threat of violence against opposition of constituted authority
terrorism
43
Memberships consist of white, christian, working- and middle-class americans whose fundamental belief is that their constitutional right to bear arms is threatened
militias
44
Taking and carrying away of personal property belonging to another with the intent to deprive the owner of the property permanently
larceny
45
_____ thieves are occasional offenders who tend to be opportunists
they resolve some immediate crisis by stealing
amateurs
46
________ thieves make a career of stealing
they are imaginative and creative in their work and accept its risks
professional
47
stealing of goods from retail merchants
shoplifting
48
illicit trade in objects with artistic or historic significance (also includes video piracy)
art theft
49
________ car thieves have used stolen vehicles for racing, a show of status among peers, or for the “kick” of destroying them
young
50
________ auto thieves steal designated cars on consignment for resale in an altered condition (with identifying numbers changed or for disposition in “chop shops”
older professional
51
Acquisition of the property of another person through cheating for deception
fraud
52
statutory offense to protect people from their own greed
confidence game
53
altering a check with intent to defraud
check forging
54
Counterfeiting, lost or stolen cards, during cell phone transmissions, thefts of retail databases, etc
credit card crimes
55
Staged claims, owner dumping, abandoned vehicles, staged accidents, intended accidents, and caused accidents
auto insurance fraud
56
Overutilization, ping-ponging, family ganging, steering, and upgrading
health insurance claims
57
An attempt to pursue illegal activities through the use of advanced electronic media
high-tech crimes
58
Information is created, stored, manipulated, and communicated
storage-related crimes (computer crimes)
59
Creation of counterfeit money or official documents, distribution of child pornography, and illegal gambling on the internet
tool-related crimes (computer crimes)
60
Attacks on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information
weapon-related crimes (computer crimes)
61
what are the two types of computer network break-ins
The first is commonly known as “hacking”
The second type of break-ins is that done for illegal purposes
62
Breaking into a competitor’s computer and gathering information without leaving any trace
industrial espionage
63
Sharing and copying software to international fraudulent schemes
software piracy
64
Illegal forms-child pornography and obscenity; also, must be 18 to view it
online pornography
65
Products of computer programs that instruct a computer to bombard another computer with information
mail bombing
66
Illegal entry into a computer using this program
password sniffers
67
why are high tech crimes a special problem to law enforcement agencies
Note easily detected
Not equipped to deal with them
68
Unlawful entry into a structure (criminal trespass) to commit a felony or theft
burglary
69
person who buys stolen property, on a regular basis, for resale
fencing
70
Malicious burning of or setting fire to the dwelling of another person
arson
71
Violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate occupation or business enterprise
white collar crimes
72
who provided criminologists with the first scholarly account of white collar crime
edwin sutherland
73
He defined it as crime “committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation”
edwin sutherlands definition of white collar crime
74
Committed by individuals for themselves in the course of rendering a service
Medicare fraud, misuse of clients’ funds by lawyers and brokers, and substitution of inferior goods
occupational crimes
75
practice of trading a client’s shares of stock frequently in order to generate large commissions
churning
76
use of material, non-public financial information to obtain an unfair advantage in trading securities
insider trading
77
trading stocks at low prices and making misleading statements to clients to create an artificial demand for the stocks
stock manipulation
78
operations run by stock manipulators
Manipulate uniformed individuals into buying stock in obscure and poorly financed corporations
boiler rooms
79
scams designed to take advantage of loopholes in the bankruptcy laws
bankruptcy fraud
80
Collusion in bidding
Payoffs and kickbacks to government officials
Expenditures by a government official that exceed the budget
Filing of false claims
Hiring of friends or associates formerly employed by the government
Offers of inducements to government officials
fraud against the government
81
Act of causing a consumer to surrender money through deceit or a misrepresentation of a material fact
consumer fraud
82
Willful failure to file a tax return by keeping two sets of books, shifting funds, and faking forms
tax fraud
83
Used to gain favors, special privileges, services, and business
Considered a felony
bribery, corruption, and political fraud
84
conversion of property or money with which one is entrusted or for which one has a fiduciary responsibility
embezzlement
85
Committed by one or more employees of a corporation that is attributed to the organization itself
corporate crimes
86
On average, between ?? corporation are convicted each year in federal courts for offenses ranging from tax law violations to environmental crimes
200 and 350
87
Reasonableness of steps taken to prevent an offense
proactive corporate fault (PCF)
88
Reasonableness of steps taken in reaction to the discovery of an offense
reactive corporate fault (RCF)
89
Culpability derives from this, culture, or personality
corporate ethos (CE)
90
Corporate intentionality is found in decisions communicated through policies
corporate policy (CP)
91
Corporate fault is found in the reasonableness of judgments
constructive corporate culpability (CCC)
92
patterns of drug abuse
Heroin abuse in inner cities among young black and hispanic males
1950s
93
patterns of drug abuse
Marijuana became drug of choice among the white, middle-class young people
1960s
94
patterns of drug abuse
Cocaine use among prosperous professional in their 20s and 30s
1980s
95
patterns of drug abuse
Use of crank
Mixture of crack and heroin
1989
96
concealing illegally obtained money
money laundering
97
on the international level the president's antidrug strategy
sought modest funding for the united nations effort to combat the international narcotics drug traffic
98
on the national level the president's antidrug strategy...
focused on federal aid to state and local police for street-level attacks on drug users and small dealers
99
what are the challenges to legalizing drugs
Conflicting legal jurisdictions
Laws governing possession versus sales
100
One of the major differences between alcohol and the other drugs is that the
sale and purchase of alcohol are legal in most jurisdictions of the US
101
in colonial days alcohol was considered
safer and healthier than water
102
One january 16, 1920 the eighteenth amendment to the constitution went into force,
prohibiting the manufacture, sale, consumption, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
103
The volstead act of 1919 had already defined as “intoxicating liquor” any
beverage that contained more than one-half of one percent alcohol
104
The unlawful sale of alcohol
bootlegging
105
Unpopular and unenforceable, the eighteenth amendment was repealed
13 years after its birth
106
Two alcohol-related activities that have become serious social problems are
violent crime and drunk driving
107
illegal sexual activity between two people when it would otherwise be legal if not for their age
statutory rape
108
Sexual intercourse per mouth or per anum between human beings who are not husband and wife and any form of sexual intercourse with an animal
sexual intercourse or sodomy (in common law)
109
solicitation of sex for money
prostitution
110
Portrayal of sexually explicit material
Criminal offense to produce, offer for sale, sell, distribute, or exhibit certain kinds
pornography
111
Felony to:
Knowingly use a telecommunications device or interactive computer to send an indecent communication to a child
Use a computer to display indecent material in a manner accessible to a child
Communications decency act (2996)
112
what are some of the issues surrounding government regulation on pornography
Regulation of pornography on the internet lacks global cooperation
Legislation on pornography varies around the world making it easier to be sent across borders
