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exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

who coined the term criminology

A

raffaele Garofalo

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2
Q

who created the definition for criminology

A

edwin H sutherland

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3
Q

body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon

A

criminology

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4
Q

what processes does criminology include

A

making laws
breaking laws
reacting toward the breaking of laws

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5
Q

what do criminologists do?

A

collect information for study and analysis in accordance with the research methods of modern science

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6
Q

behavior that violates social norms, including laws

A

deviance

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7
Q

any human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment

A

crime

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8
Q

what is the difference between crime and deviance

A

deviance and crime are subject to change and may vary from one state or country to another from one time to another

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9
Q

certain acts are deemed so threatening to the society’s survival that they are designated crimes

A

consensus model view

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10
Q

what does the consensus model do

A

assumes that members of a society agree on what is right and wrong
codification of social values becomes law

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11
Q

what is the function of law in the consensus model

A

to reconcile and harmonize most of the interests that most of the people accept, with the least amount of sacrifice

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12
Q

expresses the values of the ruling class in a society

A

criminal law

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13
Q

a means of controlling the classes that have no power

A

criminal justice system

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14
Q

what are some factors that lead to law breaking

A

economic and social conditions
subcultures committed to violent or illegal activities
human nature
inability of social institutions to make their rules effective

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15
Q

pleasure seaking

A

headnistic

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16
Q

what is the difference between criminology and the criminal justice system

A

criminology is based on european scholarship and focuses on scientific studies of crime and criminality
the criminal justic system is a recent american innovation that focuses on scientific studies of decision-makingp rocesses, operations, and justice-related concerns

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17
Q

what is act requirement

A

it is not a crime to think about a crime, takes an action

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18
Q

what is act vs status

A

saying you’re a prostitue/drug dealer
doing it is the crime not saying you’ve done it

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19
Q

what is failure to act

A

not doing something you’re supposed to do
paying your taxes, child neglect, court date

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20
Q

what is legality requirement

A

in order for it to be a crime, there has to be a written law in place when the action occurs for it to be a crime

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21
Q

what is harm requirement

A

whatever actions in question have to cause harm (physical, emotional, property) to someone in some way

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22
Q

what is causation requirement

A

you must cause the harm through their own effort

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23
Q

what is the mens rea requirement

A

“the guilty mind” you planned something/intended
you didn’t know you were speeding but still got a ticket

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24
Q

what is the concurrence requirement

A

the actions and mental state are happening at the same time

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25
what is the punishment requirement
extremity of punishment=severity of the action
26
severe crimes, subject to punishment of a year or more in prison or to capital punishment
felonies
27
less-sever crimes, subject to a maximum of one year in jail
misdemeanors
28
minor offenses, normally subjected only to fines
violations
29
what does insanity defense negate
lack of mens rea
30
what does defense of infancy negate
not adequate mens rea-under age 7
31
what does defense of duress negate
someone forces you to do it-harm requirement
32
a systematic set of principles that explain how two or more phenomena are related
theory
32
facts and observations researchers gather for the purpose of a particular study
primary data
33
data that were previously collected for a different investigation
secondary data
34
IRB
institutional review boards
35
ERB
ethical review boards
36
where and why do review boards exist
government agencies and universities to ensure the protection of human subjects
37
what are the guidelines for human experimentation
fully reporting experimental findings honoring commitments made to respondents not misleading respondents protecting respondents' confidentiality
38
to estimate the nature and extent of crime, researchers rely primarily on...
national incident-based reporting system national crime victimization survey self-report surveys
39
criminal homicide rape robbery aggravated assault
crimes against the person part one offense
40
burglary larceny-theft monster vehicle theft arson
crimes against the property part one offense
41
fraud embezzlement weapons offenses vandalism simple assaults
part 2 crimes
42
what's the difference between robbery and burglary
robbery is against the person and burglary is against the house
43
crime rate equation
crime rate=(number of reported crimes/total population) x 100,000
44
what are ways crimes are cleared
arresting, charging, and turning over to the courts of at least one person for prosecution
45
what does the NIBRS do
captures details on each single crime incident-as well as on separate offenses within the same incident-including information on victims, known offenders, relationships between victims and offenders, arrestees, and property involved in crime
46
what are the three categories crimes are broken into
crimes against persons crimes against property crimes against society
47
what does the national crime victimization survey do (NCVS)
measures the extent of victimization of part one offenses, except criminal homicide and arson
48
based on the assumption that the individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions
modern criminology
49
what was the opposing school of criminology
the positivist school
50
what did the positivist school propose
human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control and that it is possible to measure those forces
51
where did classic criminology grow out from
a reaction against the barbaric system of punishment and justice
52
who was the author of on crimes and punishments
cesare beccaria
53
what did cesare beccaria present
a comprehensive design for an enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people rather than their behavior
54
who was known as the father of modern criminology
cesare beccaria
55
what are some of beccaria's principles on criminal laws
Laws hsould be used to maintain the social contract Only legislators should create laws Judges should impose punishment only in accordance with the law Judges should not interpret the laws Punishment should be based on the pleasure/pain principle Punishment should be based on the act, not the actor Punishment should be determined by the crime Punishment should be prompt and effective All people should be treatedequally Capital punishment should be abolished Use of tortue to gain confessions should be abolished Better to prevent crimess that to punish them
56
what was beccaria's legacy
after the french revolution beccaria's basic tenets served as a guide for the drafting of the french penal code the impact of beccaria's treatise spread across the atlantic as well it influenced the first 10 amendments to the US constitution
57
who was concerned with achieving the greatest happiness of the greatest number
jeremy bentham
58
all human actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure or pain
utilitarianism
59
who proposed "felicific calculus"
jeremy bentham
60
what was jeremy benthams reasoning on felicific calculus
individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing
61
what did bentham believe about punishment
certainty of punishment outweighs its severity as a deterrent against crime
62
what did classical school argue
government was to be run by the rule of law rather than at the discretion of its officials
63
what were the weaknesses of the classical approach
criminologists argued that people did not choose of their own free will to commit crime factors beyond their control were responsible for criminal behavior
64
a french sociologist, argue that real knowledge of social phenomena is based on a positivist (scientific) approach
auguste comte
65
what challenged traditional theological teaching
darwin's origin of species (evolution)
66
what did positivism and evolution do to the field of criminology
moved the field from a philosophical to a scientific perspective
67
the belief that criminals are born, not made, and that they can be identified by various physical irregularities
biological determinism
68
study of facial features and their relation to human behavior a thief has large lips and sharp vision
physiognomy
69
believed that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities
phrenology
70
what did lobroso's theory of the "born criminal" say
criminals are a lower form of life
71
physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development before they became fully human
atavistic stigmata
72
who reawakened lombroso's theory of the born criminal
ernest hooten
73
related body build to behavior became popular during the first half of the twentieth century
somatotype school
74
the science of controlled reproduction to improve reproductive qualities
eugenics
75
who believed that intelligence tests could determine criminality of a person
henry H goddard
76
who were among the first to repudiate the classicists' free-will doctrine
quetelet and guerry
77
what did quetelet and guerry argue
society was responsible for criminal behavior
78
what did quetelet discover
behavior is indeed predictable, regular, and understandable
79
what did garbiel tard develop
one of the earliest sociological theories of human behavior formulated the laws of limitation-principles that governed the process by which people became criminals
80
what did gabriel tarde say about individuals
they emulate behavior patterns in much the same way they copy styles of dress
81
what did durkheim say about crime
it is a normal part of society as birth and death some crime is necessary if a society is to progress all societies have crime and sanctions
82
breakdown of social order as a result of a loss of standards and values
anomie
83
the study of the physical aspects of psychological disorders
biocriminology
84
research suggests that crime does indeed have __________________ aspects and that there is a strong genetic predisposition to criminality
psychobiological
85
what is XYY syndrome
XYY male receives two Y chromosomes from the father rather than one no relation between the extra Y and criminality
86
what were the twin studies
findings lend support to the hypothesis that some genetic influences increase the risk of criminality
87
what were the adoption studies
findings suggest that criminality of biological parents influences the child more compared to adoptive parents
88
what are the risk factors of violence since theres no link between genes
hyperactivity poor early grades low IQ fearlessness inability to defer gratification
89
the debate over the relationship between IQ and crime has its roots in the controversy over whether intelligence is ...
genetically or environmentally determined
90
what are the biochemical factors influencing criminality
food allergies diet hypoglycemia hormones
91
what is associated with antisocial and aggressive behavior
disruptions of prefrontal and frontal lobes
92
classified as attention deficit hyperactivity
minimal brain dysfunction MBD
93
what are the criticisms of biocriminologists
they deny the existence of individual free will racist undertone
94
what are the three phases that moral reasoning develops in
preconventional level conventional level postconventional level
95
children's moral rules and moral values consist of dos and don'ts to avoid punishment
preconventional level
96
level? individuals believe in and have adopted the values and rules of society
conventional level
97
level? individuals examine customs and social rules according to their own sense of universal human rights, more principles, and duties
postconventional level
98
the strength of the attachment between an infant and its mother will determine a child's ability to form attachments in the future
maternal deprivation and attachment theory
99
maintains that delinquent behavior is learned through the same psychological processes as any other behavior
social learning theory
100
what did albert bandura argue
that individuals learn violence and aggression through behavior modeling
101
children learn how to behave by fashioning their behavior that of others
behavioral modeling
102
persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished
differential association-reinforcement theory
103
what are the mental disorders associated with crime
psychopathy, sociopathy, and antisocial personality
104
it is the interaction of genes with environment that in some individuals forms the kind of personality likely to commit crimes
integrated theory

socl 2301 (3 decks)

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