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socl 2301 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

who coined the term criminology

A

raffaele Garofalo

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2
Q

who created the definition for criminology

A

edwin H sutherland

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3
Q

body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon

A

criminology

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4
Q

what processes does criminology include

A

making laws
breaking laws
reacting toward the breaking of laws

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5
Q

what do criminologists do?

A

collect information for study and analysis in accordance with the research methods of modern science

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6
Q

behavior that violates social norms, including laws

A

deviance

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7
Q

any human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment

A

crime

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8
Q

what is the difference between crime and deviance

A

deviance and crime are subject to change and may vary from one state or country to another from one time to another

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9
Q

certain acts are deemed so threatening to the society’s survival that they are designated crimes

A

consensus model view

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10
Q

what does the consensus model do

A

assumes that members of a society agree on what is right and wrong
codification of social values becomes law

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11
Q

what is the function of law in the consensus model

A

to reconcile and harmonize most of the interests that most of the people accept, with the least amount of sacrifice

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12
Q

expresses the values of the ruling class in a society

A

criminal law

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13
Q

a means of controlling the classes that have no power

A

criminal justice system

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14
Q

what are some factors that lead to law breaking

A

economic and social conditions
subcultures committed to violent or illegal activities
human nature
inability of social institutions to make their rules effective

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15
Q

pleasure seaking

A

headnistic

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16
Q

what is the difference between criminology and the criminal justice system

A

criminology is based on european scholarship and focuses on scientific studies of crime and criminality
the criminal justic system is a recent american innovation that focuses on scientific studies of decision-makingp rocesses, operations, and justice-related concerns

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17
Q

what is act requirement

A

it is not a crime to think about a crime, takes an action

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18
Q

what is act vs status

A

saying you’re a prostitue/drug dealer
doing it is the crime not saying you’ve done it

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19
Q

what is failure to act

A

not doing something you’re supposed to do
paying your taxes, child neglect, court date

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20
Q

what is legality requirement

A

in order for it to be a crime, there has to be a written law in place when the action occurs for it to be a crime

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21
Q

what is harm requirement

A

whatever actions in question have to cause harm (physical, emotional, property) to someone in some way

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22
Q

what is causation requirement

A

you must cause the harm through their own effort

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23
Q

what is the mens rea requirement

A

“the guilty mind” you planned something/intended
you didn’t know you were speeding but still got a ticket

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24
Q

what is the concurrence requirement

A

the actions and mental state are happening at the same time

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25
Q

what is the punishment requirement

A

extremity of punishment=severity of the action

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26
Q

severe crimes, subject to punishment of a year or more in prison or to capital punishment

A

felonies

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27
Q

less-sever crimes, subject to a maximum of one year in jail

A

misdemeanors

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28
Q

minor offenses, normally subjected only to fines

A

violations

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29
Q

what does insanity defense negate

A

lack of mens rea

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30
Q

what does defense of infancy negate

A

not adequate mens rea-under age 7

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31
Q

what does defense of duress negate

A

someone forces you to do it-harm requirement

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32
Q

a systematic set of principles that explain how two or more phenomena are related

A

theory

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32
Q

facts and observations researchers gather for the purpose of a particular study

A

primary data

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33
Q

data that were previously collected for a different investigation

A

secondary data

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34
Q

IRB

A

institutional review boards

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35
Q

ERB

A

ethical review boards

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36
Q

where and why do review boards exist

A

government agencies and universities to ensure the protection of human subjects

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37
Q

what are the guidelines for human experimentation

A

fully reporting experimental findings
honoring commitments made to respondents
not misleading respondents
protecting respondents’ confidentiality

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38
Q

to estimate the nature and extent of crime, researchers rely primarily on…

A

national incident-based reporting system
national crime victimization survey
self-report surveys

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39
Q

criminal homicide
rape
robbery
aggravated assault

A

crimes against the person
part one offense

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40
Q

burglary
larceny-theft
monster vehicle theft
arson

A

crimes against the property
part one offense

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41
Q

fraud
embezzlement
weapons offenses
vandalism
simple assaults

A

part 2 crimes

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42
Q

what’s the difference between robbery and burglary

A

robbery is against the person and burglary is against the house

43
Q

crime rate equation

A

crime rate=(number of reported crimes/total population) x 100,000

44
Q

what are ways crimes are cleared

A

arresting, charging, and turning over to the courts of at least one person for prosecution

45
Q

what does the NIBRS do

A

captures details on each single crime incident-as well as on separate offenses within the same incident-including information on victims, known offenders, relationships between victims and offenders, arrestees, and property involved in crime

46
Q

what are the three categories crimes are broken into

A

crimes against persons
crimes against property
crimes against society

47
Q

what does the national crime victimization survey do (NCVS)

A

measures the extent of victimization of part one offenses, except criminal homicide and arson

48
Q

based on the assumption that the individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions

A

modern criminology

49
Q

what was the opposing school of criminology

A

the positivist school

50
Q

what did the positivist school propose

A

human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control and that it is possible to measure those forces

51
Q

where did classic criminology grow out from

A

a reaction against the barbaric system of punishment and justice

52
Q

who was the author of on crimes and punishments

A

cesare beccaria

53
Q

what did cesare beccaria present

A

a comprehensive design for an enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people rather than their behavior

54
Q

who was known as the father of modern criminology

A

cesare beccaria

55
Q

what are some of beccaria’s principles on criminal laws

A

Laws hsould be used to maintain the social contract
Only legislators should create laws
Judges should impose punishment only in accordance with the law
Judges should not interpret the laws
Punishment should be based on the pleasure/pain principle
Punishment should be based on the act, not the actor
Punishment should be determined by the crime
Punishment should be prompt and effective
All people should be treatedequally
Capital punishment should be abolished
Use of tortue to gain confessions should be abolished
Better to prevent crimess that to punish them

56
Q

what was beccaria’s legacy

A

after the french revolution beccaria’s basic tenets served as a guide for the drafting of the french penal code
the impact of beccaria’s treatise spread across the atlantic as well it influenced the first 10 amendments to the US constitution

57
Q

who was concerned with achieving the greatest happiness of the greatest number

A

jeremy bentham

58
Q

all human actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure or pain

A

utilitarianism

59
Q

who proposed “felicific calculus”

A

jeremy bentham

60
Q

what was jeremy benthams reasoning on felicific calculus

A

individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing

61
Q

what did bentham believe about punishment

A

certainty of punishment outweighs its severity as a deterrent against crime

62
Q

what did classical school argue

A

government was to be run by the rule of law rather than at the discretion of its officials

63
Q

what were the weaknesses of the classical approach

A

criminologists argued that people did not choose of their own free will to commit crime
factors beyond their control were responsible for criminal behavior

64
Q

a french sociologist, argue that real knowledge of social phenomena is based on a positivist (scientific) approach

A

auguste comte

65
Q

what challenged traditional theological teaching

A

darwin’s origin of species (evolution)

66
Q

what did positivism and evolution do to the field of criminology

A

moved the field from a philosophical to a scientific perspective

67
Q

the belief that criminals are born, not made, and that they can be identified by various physical irregularities

A

biological determinism

68
Q

study of facial features and their relation to human behavior
a thief has large lips and sharp vision

A

physiognomy

69
Q

believed that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities

A

phrenology

70
Q

what did lobroso’s theory of the “born criminal” say

A

criminals are a lower form of life

71
Q

physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development before they became fully human

A

atavistic stigmata

72
Q

who reawakened lombroso’s theory of the born criminal

A

ernest hooten

73
Q

related body build to behavior became popular during the first half of the twentieth century

A

somatotype school

74
Q

the science of controlled reproduction to improve reproductive qualities

A

eugenics

75
Q

who believed that intelligence tests could determine criminality of a person

A

henry H goddard

76
Q

who were among the first to repudiate the classicists’ free-will doctrine

A

quetelet and guerry

77
Q

what did quetelet and guerry argue

A

society was responsible for criminal behavior

78
Q

what did quetelet discover

A

behavior is indeed predictable, regular, and understandable

79
Q

what did garbiel tard develop

A

one of the earliest sociological theories of human behavior
formulated the laws of limitation-principles that governed the process by which people became criminals

80
Q

what did gabriel tarde say about individuals

A

they emulate behavior patterns in much the same way they copy styles of dress

81
Q

what did durkheim say about crime

A

it is a normal part of society as birth and death
some crime is necessary if a society is to progress
all societies have crime and sanctions

82
Q

breakdown of social order as a result of a loss of standards and values

A

anomie

83
Q

the study of the physical aspects of psychological disorders

A

biocriminology

84
Q

research suggests that crime does indeed have __________________ aspects and that there is a strong genetic predisposition to criminality

A

psychobiological

85
Q

what is XYY syndrome

A

XYY male receives two Y chromosomes from the father rather than one
no relation between the extra Y and criminality

86
Q

what were the twin studies

A

findings lend support to the hypothesis that some genetic influences increase the risk of criminality

87
Q

what were the adoption studies

A

findings suggest that criminality of biological parents influences the child more compared to adoptive parents

88
Q

what are the risk factors of violence since theres no link between genes

A

hyperactivity
poor early grades
low IQ
fearlessness
inability to defer gratification

89
Q

the debate over the relationship between IQ and crime has its roots in the controversy over whether intelligence is …

A

genetically or environmentally determined

90
Q

what are the biochemical factors influencing criminality

A

food allergies
diet
hypoglycemia
hormones

91
Q

what is associated with antisocial and aggressive behavior

A

disruptions of prefrontal and frontal lobes

92
Q

classified as attention deficit hyperactivity

A

minimal brain dysfunction MBD

93
Q

what are the criticisms of biocriminologists

A

they deny the existence of individual free will
racist undertone

94
Q

what are the three phases that moral reasoning develops in

A

preconventional level
conventional level
postconventional level

95
Q

children’s moral rules and moral values consist of dos and don’ts to avoid punishment

A

preconventional level

96
Q

level?
individuals believe in and have adopted the values and rules of society

A

conventional level

97
Q

level?
individuals examine customs and social rules according to their own sense of universal human rights, more principles, and duties

A

postconventional level

98
Q

the strength of the attachment between an infant and its mother will determine a child’s ability to form attachments in the future

A

maternal deprivation and attachment theory

99
Q

maintains that delinquent behavior is learned through the same psychological processes as any other behavior

A

social learning theory

100
Q

what did albert bandura argue

A

that individuals learn violence and aggression through behavior modeling

101
Q

children learn how to behave by fashioning their behavior that of others

A

behavioral modeling

102
Q

persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished

A

differential association-reinforcement theory

103
Q

what are the mental disorders associated with crime

A

psychopathy, sociopathy, and antisocial personality

104
Q

it is the interaction of genes with environment that in some individuals forms the kind of personality likely to commit crimes

A

integrated theory

socl 2301 (3 decks)

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