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Biol 214: Genes, Ecology, and Evolution > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

community

A

group of various species in a common location at the same time

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2
Q

what is the difference between species richness and species diversity?

A

species richness: # of species in a defined region
species diversity: measure of abundance (shannon’s h index)

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3
Q

what is community stability?

A

ability of a community to defy change or rebound to equilibrium from change

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4
Q

what does a community in community stability have?

A

1) equilibrium stable over time
2) return to equilibrium after a disturbance that alters community structure

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5
Q

succession

A

process of directional change in communities over time and includes:
1) regular change in community composition (have life introduced to a new area)
2) one set of species succeeds a previous set (one paves the way and gets replaced)

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6
Q

ecological succession

A

the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time
-gradual change in plant communities in an area following a disturbance

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7
Q

sere

A

each stage of change (chunk of time)

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8
Q

climax community

A

a late successional community that remains stable until disrupted
1) not prone to invasion by non-climax species and can “renew” themselves
2) determined by the interaction between plant species and abiotic factors
ex: Sonoval desert in AZ and CA

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9
Q

primary succession

A

-occurs only on newly exposed geological substrates not yet modified by organisms
-where bare rocks have not seen presence of primary producers
-ex: lava flow, new lake after glacial retreat

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10
Q

seconday succession

A

-following disturbance that doesn’t destroy soil
-life has already existed and something disturbed it
-ex: harvesting, deforestation, hurricanes, and forrest fires

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11
Q

pioneer community

A

made up of very first species to colonize an area in successional sequence

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12
Q

pioneer plants characteristics

A

-hardy
-short life cycle
-high rate of dispersal
-easy to germinate (seeds can land anywhere and grow)
-opened to wind pollination

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13
Q

what is the order of nitrogen fixation?

A

1) nitrogen fixation
2) NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
3) NH3 (ammonia)

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14
Q

characteristics of succession

A

1) increase in species diversity
2) changes in species composition
3) change in ecosystem properties
4) soil changes

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15
Q

what are some soil changes in succession?

A

-soil depth gets deeper for large root systems
-nitrogen, moisture, and organic matter increase
-phosphorous, pH, and bulk decrease

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16
Q

why does nitrogen increase with succession?

A

more plants = more nitrogen fixation

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17
Q

why does phosphorous decrease with succession?

A

phosphorous is limiting and comes from weathered rocks

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18
Q

chronosequence

A

communities/ ecosystems with a range of times since disturbance
-once had hot spots but then started primary succession

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19
Q

When are nitrogen and phosphorous limiting?

A

N= early succession
P= late succession

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20
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of succession?

A

facilitation (most well accepted)
tolerance (survivor like- those can handle the change)
inhibition- no one superior. just whoever gets there first

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21
Q

facilitation

A

-only certain species can colonize (pioneers) which modify environment
-makes environment less suitable for themselves but easier for new species

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22
Q

tolerance

A

-initial colonization can have pioneers and juveniles of climax community
-later succession species are the ones tolerance of environmental conditions during succession

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23
Q

inhibition

A

-initial colonization can have pioneers and juveniles of climax community
-no one is superior. Just whoever gets there first

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24
Q

stability

A

absence of change
-due to resistance

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25
Q

resistance

A

ability to maintain structure and function in face of potential disturbance

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26
Q

resilience

A

ability to recover from disturbance

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27
Q

population

A

a single species inhabiting same place at same time

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28
Q

what does p= ?

A

frequency of a trait (0-1.0)

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29
Q

necessary resources to survive and reproduce

A

-water
-food
-CO2/ oxygen
-solar radiation

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30
Q

competition

A

Caused by reduction in quantity resources by activity of organisms

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31
Q

habitat vs niche

A

habitat= home
niche= job

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32
Q

habitat

A

-where the organism lives (its home)
-biotic and abiotic habitat
-ex: conifer forests, marsh, desert

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33
Q

niche

A

-the sum total of organism’s tolerances, requirements, physical and biological conditions to survive and reproduce
-its job/role/lifestyle
-production of the organism. NOT environment
-defined by a species

34
Q

n-dimensional hypervolume

A

n= # of factors important to the survival and reproduction of species

35
Q

fundamental niche

A

full range of environmental conditions under which an organism cna exist

36
Q

realized niche

A

conditions under which the organism actually survives, grows, and reproduces
-smaller part of the fundamental
-interactions with other organisms usually force a species to occupy a niche that is narrower than fundamental niche

37
Q

what are some factors that affect the rate of decomposition

A

temp, burial depth, access by scavengers, clothing (or lack-thereof), trauma, humidity, rainfall, body size/ weight, etc

38
Q

what is the driving force of decomposition?

A

bacteria

39
Q

what is distribution and the 2 areas to consider?

A

the size, shape, and location of organisms in a population
consider
1) boundary: where does the population start and end
2) patterns within the boundary

40
Q

patterns of distribution

A

1) random
2) regular
3) clumped

41
Q

random pattern & process of distribution

A

-an individual has equal probability of occurring anywhere in an area
-no disadvantage anywhere within the boundary
-neutral interaction between
individuals
and
individuals and local environment

42
Q

regular pattern & process of distribution

A

-individuals are uniformly spaced through the environment
-might try to inhibit growth of nearby individuals if they come to their space
-antagonist interactions:
between individuals
or
local depletion or resources

43
Q

clumped pattern & process of distribution

A

-individuals live in areas of high local abundance, separated by areas of low abundance
-drop seeds straight to he ground right where thy are (positive feedback loop because favorable conditions)
-attraction:
between individuals
or
of individuals to a resource

44
Q

biomass

A

the collective sum of mass in a population

45
Q

what is the order of population densities?
1= highest

A

1) terrestrial invertebrates
2) aquatic invertebrates
3) vertebrae poikilotherms
4) mammals
5) birds

46
Q

N future =

A

Nnow + B + I - D - E

47
Q

equilibrium

A

a point at which there is no net change in the system

48
Q

what are life tables?

A

tools for keeping track of births, deaths, and reproductive output in a population interest

49
Q

cohort

A

-horizontal life table
-follows a group of same-aged individuals from birth throughout their lives
-assumes all cohorts have the same pattern

50
Q

static

A

-vertical life table
-from data collected from all ages at 1 particular time
-less accurate than other 2 assumptions
-proportion of individuals in each age class doesn’t change from gen to gen (stable generation distribution)
-population is (nearly) stationary

51
Q

mortality records

A

-static life table but based on age of dead organisms
-ex: skulls of moose

52
Q

fecundity

A

organism’s potential reproductive capacity over a certain period of time
-aka how many babies an individual can have in x time

53
Q

what is annual plant?

A

seed to seed
-nonoverlaping generation

54
Q

what does lx represent?

A

proportion of original cohort surviving stage x

55
Q

what does mx represent?

A

average number of offspring/individual of stage x

56
Q

what does R0 represent?

A

net reproductive rate
-average number of offspring produced by an individual in a population in its lifetime

57
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

-juvenile survival is high
-mortality in older generations
-ex: humans

58
Q

Type II survivor curve

A

die at equal rates regardless of age
-ex: many birds, turtles

59
Q

Type III Survivor Curve

A

-high juvenile mortality rate
-low mortality rate later in life

60
Q

what are the 2 aspects of a life table?

A

survivorship and fecundity

-form a foundation for natural selection

61
Q

what do fecundity schedules tell us?

A

which ages/stages individuals make the greatest contribution to the next generation

62
Q

what 3 measurements do life tables and fecundity schedules require?

A

1) age (or stage)
2) fate (alive/dead)
3) number of springs

63
Q

what can life tables and fecundity schedules together provide an estimate for?

A

-R0, lambda, T, r

-predict and manage population growth

64
Q

what do growth models enable us to predict?

A

*rates and patterns of population growth
*what factors limit population sizes

65
Q

geometric growth model

A

*for organisms with discrete breeding seasons (pulse breeding)
*reproductive event in unknown time (ex: annual plants)
LAMBDA = R
*species with a single annual season and a life span of 1 year

66
Q

exponential growth

A

*continuously reproducing organisms with overlapping generations
*instantaneous rate of increase
*geometric growth with no interval because growth increments

67
Q

when may exponential growth be important?

A

CONDITIONS DURING WHICH RESOURCES / SPACE ARE NOT LIMITING
*establishment of new environments
*exploitation of transient (short lasting) favorable conditions
*during the recovery after a major decline

68
Q

what are some factors that limit population growth?

A

*limited food supply/ space
*buildup of toxic wastes
*increased disease (because so packed together)
*predation
*competition

69
Q

what happens when there is crowding?

A

*increased competition: reduces access to food and other resources
*promotes spread of disease
*attracts attention of predators

AS A RESULT, POPULATION GROWTH SLOWS AND EVENTUALLY HALTS

70
Q

density dependence

A

decreasing growth rate with increasing population size

71
Q

logistic population growth

A

as resources as depleted, rate of population increase slows down and eventually stops

72
Q

what are the 2 components to density dependence?

A

1) logistic population growth
2) populations tend to level off at the carrying capacity

73
Q

what happens when R=N?

A

IROC=0
population size remains constant

74
Q

what are assumptions of logistic population growth?

A

no migration, constant K, and all individuals use resources equally

75
Q

why do humans tend to live where weather is nicer?

A

*more access to resources
*highest pop. densities are in coastal regions

76
Q

what is adaptation?

A

a heritable trait/ behavior that aids the organism in survival and reproduction in its current environment

77
Q

what is adaptive response?

A

how someone reacts to change

78
Q

what is life history?

A

*the series of changes related to survival and reproduction undergone by an organism during its lifetime

79
Q

what is allocation?

A

*how we use our time, money, and resources
*if organisms use energy for function (like growth), amount of energy available for other function is reduced

80
Q

what does allocation lead to?

A

trade-offs between functions (like number of offsprings and size of them)

81
Q

asexual reproduction style

A

1) produces identical clones of parent
2) generation of offspring from a single individual
3) budding, binary fission, cloning, vegetative propagation, parthenogenesis
PRO: pop. can increase rapidly, more time and energy efficient
CONS: dangerous to have all identical in a changing environment. NO variation

82
Q

sexual reproduction style

A

1) produces variable offspring
2) produces new species -> diversity
3) organisms combine genes -> next gen does more than parents -> upping chance of survival
4) shuffling and recombining genes creates complexity but also more was to survive a changing world
DIVERSITY STEMING FROM MIXING GENES

Biol 214: Genes, Ecology, and Evolution (5 decks)

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