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Biol 214: Genes, Ecology, and Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who came up with the idea of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

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2
Q

What is Gregor Mendel known for?

A

genes and discovering basic principles of heredity

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3
Q

what are genes?

A

-sections of DNA that code for a particular trait
-a specific sequence of nucleotides making up a DNA molecule

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4
Q

what is the molecular order in which genes are formed?

A

nucleotides -> codon -> gene -> chromosome -> genome

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5
Q

what is a gene made up of?

A

a bunch of codons

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6
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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7
Q

in a diploid cell how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46

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8
Q

how much of our genes make up who we are and what us individual?

A

2%

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9
Q

what genes make us who we are?

A

protein-coding genes
transcriptone

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10
Q

what is a character?

A

a heritable feature (ex: flower color)

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11
Q

what is a trait?

A

a variant of character (ex: purple flower)

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12
Q

what is a locus (loci)?

A

a specific location on a chromosome where a gene is located

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13
Q

what are alleles?

A

different versions of the same gene
-code for the trait in
-found in the same location
-1 from mom 1 from dad

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14
Q

what is a genotype?

A

the genetic makeup of an organism (PP, Pp, pp)

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15
Q

What are confounding features of inheritance? (CFI)

A

complete dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance

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16
Q

What type of dominance is mendel known for?

A

Dominance inheritance/ complete dominance

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17
Q

What are the 2 laws of inheritance Mendel was known for?

A

Independent Assortment
Segregation

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18
Q

explain complete dominance

A

-phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical
-presence of a single dominant allele produces full dominant phenotype
-ex: purple pea flowers

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19
Q

explain codominance

A

-2 dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate ways
-ex: human blood type (AB)
-ex: Pp= red AND white flower

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20
Q

explain incomplete dominance

A

-phenotypes of F1 hybrids are somewhere between the 2 phenotypes of the parental variates
-3 phenotypes are seen visually
- red + white = pink

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21
Q

what is ecology?

A

the study of interactions between organisms and their environment

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22
Q

what constitutes an environment?

A

biotic and abiotic (minerals, pH, humidity, etc)

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23
Q

what is life’s fundamental characteristic?

A

having a high degree of order or organization
-based on a hierarchy of structural levels

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24
Q

what are novel properties?

A

properties that emerge at each step increase in the bio hierarchy
-results from interactions between components
-ex: a neuron is not much but a bunch together builds our conscious

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25
Q

organismal ecology

A

interactions between INDIVIDUALS and their environment

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26
Q

population ecology

A

same species 1 group of organisms

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27
Q

community ecology

A

interactions between different species (groups of populations)
-can have same species but different populations

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28
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

interactions between communities and abiotic factors (ex: pH, humidity)

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29
Q

ecosphere/biosphere ecology

A

sum of all Earth’s ecosystems

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30
Q

what is a key idea in ecology

A

INTERACTION

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31
Q

what kind of science is ecology?

A

quantitative

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32
Q

hypothesis

A

-not accepted. only failed to be rejected
-must be testable and falsifiable

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33
Q

theory

A

-a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and not yet falsified but still can

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34
Q

what is evolution?

A

change in allele frequencies in a population over time

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35
Q

what is natural selection?

A

differential reproductive success
-some individual in a population can make more
healthy fertile babies than others
first mechanism for evolution

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36
Q

What were Darwin’s hypothesess of origin of species

A

1) life is related through “descent w modification” aka evolution
2) natural selection is an extremely important mechanism for evolution
observation: heritable variation exists within a species
observation: all species produce more offspring than
the environment can support which creates competition

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37
Q

Inference #1 of the origin of species

A

different reproductive success among individuals (w “best” traits) help them survive and reproduce leaving more offsprings

ex: bird eating dark beetles on white tree

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38
Q

What is the difference between natural selection and evolution?

A

selection works on individuals
evolution works on populations

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39
Q

genetic drift

A

-large drop in diversity because something happened
-random

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40
Q

bottleneck effect

A

-a type of genetic drift
-catastrophic arbitrary event
ex:founder effect: only a few individuals from a large population move/ colonize a new area

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41
Q

mutations and the 4 types of them

A

-change in DNA sequences
-RANDOM
-can lead to new alleles
1) substitution 2)insertion 3) deletion 4)inversion

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42
Q

what is the #1 driver of diversity?

A

mutations

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43
Q

gene flow

A

-sharing of genes between populations (in and out)
-introducing alleles or restricting the flow of them
-can be the movement of individual organisms or their gametes

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44
Q

random vs non-random mating

A

random: alleles have the same probability of entering the next generation (allele frequencies stay the same)

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45
Q

what are the 2 types of non-random mating?

A

asortive: preference for mates with SIMILAR geno/phenotypes
disasortive: preference for mates with DIFFERENT geno/phenotypes

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46
Q

what is the modern synthesis?

A

evolution + genes

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47
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree?

A

a graphical representation of these relationships

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48
Q

what is the most recent common ancestor?

A

what all lineage be traced back to

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49
Q

what is needed for life?

A

-information storage
-compartmentalization
-energy acquisition utilization
-reproduction

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50
Q

informational storage

A

presence of a genome that carries the info specifying a phenoype

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51
Q

compartmentalization

A

the ability to keep ocmponents together and distingyis itself from the env

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52
Q

what are examples of energy acquisition utilization?

A

metabolism, growth, behavior

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53
Q

differnce between DNA, RNA, and proteins

A

DNA: store and transmit info
proteins: perform biology functions
RNA: store info AND do bio work

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54
Q

what are ribozymes

A

-RNA molecule that catalyze rxns like splicing and gene expression

55
Q

what is the driving force from RNA to protein?

A

RNA

56
Q

difference between DNA and RNA

A

RNA is extremely unstable and breaks down easily

57
Q

what organisms have ribosomes?

A

all iving things

58
Q

what did the Miller-Urey Experiment show?

A

-many of components necessary for life could be produced i a “pre-biotic” atmosphere
-debris collected contained amino acids which later formed more complex compounds after a week

59
Q

what is the hypothesis of Panspermia?

A

-origin of life may not have started in Earth
-life on Earth originated from microorganisms or chemical precursors of life present in outer space and able to initiate life once reaching a suitable environment

60
Q

Murchison Meteorite in Murchison, Australia

A

-contained high levels of polyols (precursor of glucose)
-came from a parent body that had liquid water
-estimated to be 7BYA (older than earth)
-implies that early life may have been “seeded” by organic compounds falling from skies rather than starting from scratch here
-purine and pyrimide= could have been precursors to nucleic acid

61
Q

evidence of life on mars

A

-evidence of liquid water in the past
-present and active methane (CH4) in Mar’s atmosphere

62
Q

how can we trace back to find common ancestor?

A

life descended from a primordial form that used DNA to store heritable info and proteins to express that info
all life uses DNA and proteins in the same way

63
Q

what does all life share?

A

-same genetic material (DNA, mRNA, tRNA)
-same genetic code (A,C,G,T)
-same basic process of gene expression (transcription and translation)
-same molecular building blocks (proteins made of 20 a.a.)
-presence of ribosomes

64
Q

How is unity possible with such diversity?

A

evolution -> stem from a common ancestor that had these same characteristics

65
Q

how are genes different?

A

each gene (locus) has an different history due to recombination, lateral gene transfer, and sometimes different grouping

66
Q

what does the whole genome approach support?

A

archaea and eukarya are sister taxa

67
Q

igneous rock

A

created from molten material after it cools and solidifies

68
Q

sedimentary rock

A

deposition and solidification of sediments, accumulate in layers (created after heat, pressure and time)

69
Q

metamorphic rock

A

results from the transformation of igneous or sedimentary rock under high pressure and temp

70
Q

what types of rock are you likely to find fossils in and why?

A

sedimentary because lay on top and traps life/biological material

71
Q

How do we know dates of rocks?

A

1.) relative dating
2.) absolute dating
3.) plate tectonics

72
Q

relative dating

A

-arranges geological events in a sequence
-DOESNT provide numerical dates for rocks/specific ages
-sedimentary rocks do NOT yield absolute ages

73
Q

stratiography

A

study of layered sedimentary rocks. comes from idea of superposition

74
Q

superposition

A

younger sedimentary rocks laid down on older rocks

75
Q

how are lava and sedimentary rocks laid down?

A

horizontally

76
Q

original horizontality

A

bending or tripping occurred after deposition

77
Q

cross-cutting relationship

A

intruding rocks are younger than host rocks

78
Q

faunal succession

A

Groups of fossil plants and animals follow (succeed) each other in time in a predictable manner, even when found in different places

79
Q

what does radiometric dating use?

A

unstable isotopes

80
Q

what are radioisotopes?

A

radioctive isotopes that randomly emit neutrons, protons, end electrons

81
Q

what can absolute dating infer?

A

actual dates using halftime measurement (time required for quantity to get to half ->daughter isotope)

82
Q

dendochronology

A

biological dating w tree rings
-age determination of trees to the exact calendar year
-types of wood

83
Q

plate tectonics

A

-continental drift
-alfred wagner
-fossils of several species present in Brazil AND Africa
-outer layer of earth is made up of plates that move across face of the planet

84
Q

what are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A

divergent: moving apart (ex: ocean floor)
convergent: moving towards each other (ex: can produce mountains)
transform fault: grinding against each other (ex: earthquakes)

85
Q

what is a fossil?

A

any trace left by an organism that lived in the past

86
Q

compression fossils

A

preserved in sedimentary rocks and have undergone physical compression
PLANTS!!! NOT ANIMALS!!

87
Q

cast and mold

A

physical characteristics of organisms are impressed onto rocks
-especially coarse, porous rocks like sandstone
usually the harder parts of an organism (shells, skeletons, bones and teeth, chitinous exoskeleton, trunks of trees)
(think jello)

88
Q

permineralization

A

-deposits of minerals within cells of organisms
-most common method of fossilization
-calcite, iron, and silica
-organism must become completely covered by sediment after death
-skeletal remains, teeth, traces of skin, soft tissues

89
Q

unaltered remains

A

preserved with little or no change
-ancient organisms are sometimes frozen in ice or permafrost (frozen soil) at high latitudes and altitudes (or amber)

90
Q

Ichnofossils

A

-aka trace fossils
-dont record body, but something else
-left by the behavior/ ongoings of animals
-footprints: mud or sand
-coprolites: fossilized feces
-burrows

91
Q

Index fossils

A

-aka guide, indicator, or Zone fossils
-fossils that are characteristic to a particular span of geological time
-good index fossils found in many locations 1 layer

92
Q

what are rapidly evolving species good for?

A

index fossils

93
Q

why is the fossil record incomplete and biased?

A

some things fossilize better than others
-geography bias
-taxonomic bias
-temporal bias

94
Q

what are 2 difficulties in the interpretation of fossils?

A

1.) age can only imprecisely be estimated by their strata
-many fossils are crushed or fragmented

95
Q

species

A

temporally distinct parts of a single evolutionary lineage, which contains successive phenotypically different form groups (chronospecies)

-basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism and unit of biodiversity

96
Q

anagenesis

A

-evolutionary change of a single lineage in which taxon replaces another
-evolution of a new species that replaces old
-NO BRANCHING
-doesn’t promote biological diversity`

97
Q

cladogenesis

A

-evolutionary change of a species where new one branches off
-branching of lineage
-promotes biological diversity

98
Q

pseudo extinciton

A

lineage changes so much that its original name (species) disappears

99
Q

“real” extinction

A

lineage that fails to leave descendants

100
Q

“Big Five” extinction events

A

1.) ordovician
2.) devonian
3.) permian
4.) triassic
5.) K-T (creaceous-tertiary)

101
Q

population

A

group of organisms of the same species living in the same area and the same time

102
Q

biome

A

a major and distinct biogeographical community that has developed in response to a shared regional climate/ environment

103
Q

environmental classification

A

to understand how organisms with different ancestor evolve out of necessity due to environment

104
Q

what determines species distribution

A

1.) physical environment (tolerance limits to abiotic factors)
2.) biotic interactions (food, predators, competitors, parasites, diseases)

105
Q

abiotic factors determining geographic range

A

1.) angel of incidence
2.) earth’s axial tilt (obliquity)

106
Q

angle of incidence

A

at higher latitudes, light strikes earth’s surface at lower angle and is spread out over a large area (global

incident solar radiation

107
Q

earth’s axial tilt

A

aka obliquity
-axis isn’t perpendicular
-tilt of 23.5 degrees
-because of this, sun shines at different latitudes
-causes seasons

108
Q

subpolar points

A

location where the sun is directly overhead (perpendicular) surface

109
Q

what is equation for intensity?

A

photons/ area

110
Q

where will light intensity be highest?

A

at equator

111
Q

what are 2 reasons of large-scale patterns of climate variation?

A

1.)uneven heating of earth’s surface
2.) drives air circulation patterns and consequently precipitation patterns
3.) results in defined regions for biomes

112
Q

hadley cells

A

circulation of air rising near equator flowing towards the poles, descending in the subtropics, and returning toward equator
(circulation pattern of air)

113
Q

what does the hadley cells pathway create?

A

trade wings, rain-belts, hurricanes, deserts, and jet streams

114
Q

coriolis effect

A

causes deflection of surface winds clockwise in the N hemisphere and counter clockwise in S hem
(polar easterlies come from east but travel west)

115
Q

adibatic cooling

A

drives temperature change depending on altitude
-drop in air pressure = drop in temps

116
Q

laps rate

A

rate of temp drop with altitude
-depends on humidity
-10C/km or 5.5F/1000 ft

117
Q

oceanographic lift

A

when wind hits a mountain and is forced up over time

118
Q

rain shadows

A

can serve as marked boundaries between different biomes

119
Q

windward

A

side of mountain that wind hits first
-heaviest precipitation lush vegetation, and cloud coverage

120
Q

leeward

A

side of mountain that air is descending on
-very little precipitation/ warm air

121
Q

soil

A

the foundation. of terrestrial biomes
-a complex moisture of living and non-living material
-soil diversity can change evolutionary trajectors

122
Q

soil horizons

A

classification based on vertical layering
-physical, chemical, and biological characteristics differ from layers above and beneath
O
A
B
C

123
Q

O horizon

A

-newest layer
-organic, freshly fallen material

124
Q

A horizon

A

mixture of minerals, clay, silt, and sand

125
Q

B horizon

A

clay, humus, and other materials leached from A horizon
-often have plant roots

126
Q

O Horizon

A

oldest layer
-weathered plant material

127
Q

gross primary production

A

total energy assimilated by photosynthesis

128
Q

net primary production

A

total energy available to consumers

129
Q

climate diagrams

A

-summarize climatic info using a standardized structure
10 C = 20 mm precipitation
-adequate moisture for plant growth happens when precipitation is higher than temp

130
Q

what is energy lost to?

A

entropy and energy change

131
Q

what are the 3 components that explain how evolutionary history affects distribution?

A

1.) geological history (continental drift, glaciation)
2.)historical shifts in climate
3.) phylogenetic history (phylogenetic conservatism of the species’ range limits. )

132
Q

terrestrial biomes

A

-land based
-9 distinguished by temp and precipitation rates
-same biome can occur in geographically distinct areas with similar climate

133
Q

What does the existence of a 2 billion year-old cyanobacteria fossil indicate?

A

That the most recent common ancestor of DNA based life existed at least 2 billion years ago.

Biol 214: Genes, Ecology, and Evolution (5 decks)

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