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Sociology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the artifacts and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are part of any society

A

culture

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2
Q

culture influences people’s _____ and ______

A

beliefs and behaviors

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3
Q

with no culture theres no

A

society

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4
Q

when someone expects a given result, that expectation unconsciously affects the outcome result

A

expectancy effect

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5
Q

porn isn’t a ____ it’s an _____

A

fantasy, industry

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6
Q

3 ways the internet changed porn

A
  1. made it more accessible
  2. more affordable
  3. anonymous
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7
Q

percentage of the internet that pornography

A

36%

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8
Q

companies have business interest in ______ the porn industry

A

maintaining

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9
Q

free porn is a _____ to push the consumer to ______ ______

A

driver, paid pornography

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10
Q

industries have the potential to shape? (3)

A

laws, politics, culture

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11
Q

how many states require sex education

A

25

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12
Q

research shows teens who received sex education were _____ less likely to become pregnant as a teenager

A

60%

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13
Q

states that ____ receive abstinence education had the _____ rates of infections

A

didn’t, lowest

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14
Q

average age of first viewing porn

A

11.5

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15
Q

key theme in porn

A

degradation of female performer

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16
Q

porn filmmakers equate _____ with “hotter” more enjoyable sex

A

debasement

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17
Q

_____ of porn scenes showed physical aggression

A

88.2%

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18
Q

violence in porn is ____

A

concealed

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19
Q

____ of porn scenes contained verbal aggression

A

48.7%

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20
Q

gateway to porn:

A

poverty

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21
Q

why would white men consume interracial porn?

A

b/c the sex with a POC is degradation

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22
Q

women are either _____ or ____

A

fuckable or invisible

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23
Q

the messages are passed on to younger people through

A

sociolization

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24
Q

Dr. Gail Dines: pornography interferes w/ women developing an _____ sexuality

A

authentic`

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25
Q

establishing an emotional connection w/ an under the age of consent person w/ the objective of sexual interaction

A

Child grooming

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26
Q

seeks to change cultural attitudes and norms around sexuality

A

sex postive movement

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27
Q

sex positive movement views sexuality as a ____ and _____ part of the human experience

A

natural & normal

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28
Q

sex positive movement emphasizes the importance of? (2)

A

safe sex practice & consensual sex

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29
Q

being able to choose an authentic sexuality for yourself w/ no judgement from others

A

sex positivity

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30
Q

culture is the _____ and ways of ____,____, and ____ in society

A

artifacts, thinking, feeling, acting

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31
Q

the view that ____ and human biology influence human behavior

A

genes, sociobiology

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32
Q

many ____ differ dramatically among society’s; showing a strong impact of _____

A

behaviors, culture

33
Q

biological explanations can’t support the _____ ____

A

status quo

34
Q

explanation of human behavior is sometimes still being used to support views of _____ ____

A

biological inferiority

35
Q

the view that certain categories of people were biologically inferior and hence should be ______

A

sterilized, eugenics

36
Q

2 parts of culture

A

ideas/symbols
artifacts

37
Q

values, languages, beliefs that define a society

A

non material culture

38
Q

things that stand for something/ evokes certain _____ / ____

A

symbol; reactions/emotions

39
Q

____ is the most important set of symbols

A

language

40
Q

sapir-whorf hypothesis: the view that language influences the ____ and ____ of people in a society

A

thoughts and perceptions

41
Q

socially acceptable ways of behavior

A

norms

42
Q

standards of behavior most important in a society

A

formal norms (mores/laws)

43
Q

standards of behavior in a society that are less important

A

informal norms (custom/folkway)

44
Q

procedure or ceremony that marks a transition in the life course

A

rituals

45
Q

criteria’s we use to judge what’s good/bad & what’s right/wrong

A

values

46
Q

a culture’s values is shaped by its ______

A

norms

47
Q

individualism

A

america’s individualism had deadly effects following covid19, people choosing not to wear masks.

48
Q

society today has ____ culture

A

wireless

49
Q

differences in the elements of a culture

A

cultural diversity

50
Q

a smaller culture within a larger culture with a distinct way of _____,_____,_____

A

subculture; thinking, feeling, acting

51
Q

a subculture whose norms and values directly oppose those of the larger culture

A

counter culture

52
Q

youth counter culture examples

A

Hippies (1960)

53
Q

Counter culture wants to _____ _____ the society they live in

A

drastically change

54
Q

the belief that no culture’s norms, values, or practices are inferior/superior to those of any other

A

cultural relativism

55
Q

the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of our own

A

ethnocentrism

56
Q

an irrational, widespread feeling of fear that some evil person/thing threatens the ____,____, OR _______ of a community/society

A

moral panic; values, interest, well-being

57
Q

moral panic is described as the process of arousing social concern over an issue, perpetuated by _______ ______

A

moral entrepreneurs

58
Q

an individual, group, or formal organization that seeks to influence a group to _____ or _____ a norm

A

moral entrepreneurs; adopt/maintain

59
Q

who coined the term “moral entrepreneur”

A

howard becker

60
Q

purpose of moral entrepreneur

A

to help explore:
a) the relationship between law & reality
b) to explain how deviant social categories became defined & maintained

61
Q

2 categories of moral entrepreneurs

A

rule creator & rule enforcer

62
Q

express the conviction that some kind of threatening social evil exists that must be combated

A

rule creator

63
Q

“the prototype of the rule creator is the _____ _____” , Becker

A

crusading reformer

64
Q

“____ ____ is justified to do away with evil” , Becker

A

any means

65
Q

moral crusaders are concerned with the _____ of ______ but are not concerned by the means by which this ______ is achieved

A

persuasion of otehr

66
Q

successful moral crusaders are dominated by

A

the upper class

67
Q

moral entrepreneurs include (3)

A

religious groups, legislators, stakeholders

68
Q

a person with an interest or concern especially a monetary interest

A

stakeholder

69
Q

there is _____ _____ in the process of creating moral panics

A

political competition

70
Q

moral crusaders often compete against each other for ____ and _____

A

attention & money

71
Q

moral crusaders must have? (4)

A

-power
-public support
-generate public awareness (attention)
-have a proposed solution

72
Q

_____ _____ determine’s ones ability to define and construct reality

A

social class

73
Q

the ____ the social class, the ______ their moral value

A

higher, greater

74
Q

after some time, crusaders became dependent on ______ who serve to _____ a moral issue on technical or scientific grounds

A

expert; legitimize

75
Q

rule enforces are driven by? (2)

A

-the need to justify their role
-the need to win respect & interactions

76
Q

if rule enforces show too much effectiveness, one might say they _______, if they aren’t showing effectiveness they’re ______

A

aren’t needed, failing

77
Q

rule enforcers take a ______ view of human nature because of constant exposure to ____ ____

A

pessimistic, willful deviance

78
Q

5 stages of moral panic

A

1) someone/something is perceived as a threat to social values
2) threats are amplified by social media (evil in need of social control)
3) a sense of social anxiety arises
4) the gatekeepers of morality respond to the threat by prohibiting the activity
5) the conditions then disappear, submerges, or deteriorates and becomes more visible

79
Q

gatekeepers of morality include:

A

editors, religious leaders, politicians

Sociology (4 decks)

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