exam 2

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

A reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimuli (US)

Answer 2

something that reliably produces a naturally
occurring reaction in an organism

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 3

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced
by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned Stimuli (CS)

Answer 4

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no
reliable response in an organism

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned
response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

(CS-US) unconditioned stimulus and what will then be the
conditioned stimulus are paired together

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

(CS) breaking the association by stopping the exposure to the
conditioned stimulus (only presenting the unconditioned response)

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 8

if you are exposed to the conditioned stimulus again, after
extinction, you may start to have a conditioned response again

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

the CR is observed even through the CS is slightly different. (conditioned to be afraid of white rat but instead became afraid of all white animals)

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Question 11

Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

a type of learning in which the consequences of an
organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future. Thorndike’s puzzle box (cat).

Question 12

Positive

Answer 12

the application of stimulus

Question 13

Negative

Answer 13

the removal of stimulus

Question 14

Reinforcement

Answer 14

increases the frequency of a desirable behavior

Question 15

Punishment

Answer 15

decreases frequency of undesirable behavior

Question 16

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

Answer 16

(number) Don’t know when reward is coming (average is equal but don’t know when it’s specifically coming), no control over the situation

Question 17

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

Answer 17

(number) Number of times behavior must happen in order to get a reward, person/animal has lots of control over the situation

Question 18

Variable Interval Reinforcement

Answer 18

(time) consistent pattern of behavior but without a set time

Question 19

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

Answer 19

(time) time is set, actions do not affect the time when reward is coming, has more control of the situation

Question 20

Habituation

Answer 20

(implicit learning) general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response

Question 21

Memory

Answer 21

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 22

Encoding

Answer 22

the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory. multiple levels?

Question 23

Storage

Answer 23

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 24

Retrieval

Answer 24

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 25

Visual Judgement

Answer 25

shallow processing - recognizing visual patterns

Question 26

Intermediate Encoding

Answer 26

rhyme judgement. remembering the word “carpet” because you remembered the word “market”

Question 27

Deep Encoding

Answer 27

Semantic judgement. Deep processing = deep recall.

Question 28

Method of Loci

Answer 28

classic mnemonic technique that depends heavily on visual imagery and the use of spatial knowledge to organize recall

Question 29

Visual Imagery Encoding

Answer 29

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Question 30

Organizational Encoding

Answer 30

The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

Question 31

Iconic Memory

Answer 31

a fast-decaying store of visual info

Question 32

Echoic Memory

Answer 32

a fast-decaying store of auditory info

Question 33

Short Term Memory/Working Memory

Answer 33

storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute; can hold about 7 items

Question 34

Long Term Memory

Answer 34

storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or
years; no known capacity