Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Absorption

Answer 1

Fluid moves into capillary; determined by bulk flow

Answer 2

Fluid leaves capillary; determined by bulk flow

Answer 3

lateral pressure of fluid through pores

Answer 4

Determined by solute concentration of fluid; protein concentration in blood --> Colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 5

Arteriole end: Hydrostatic pressure greater than colloid osmotic, so fluid is pushed out of cap = filtration Venule end: colloid osmotic greater than hydrostatic, so fluid enters cap (water attracted to proteins) = absorption Net flow out of cap (3L/day)

Answer 6

Because proteins aren't moving in and out of blood

Answer 7

Returns the lost fluid back to the blood via emptying into venous system (Vena cava); not a closed loop

Answer 8

Adaptive immune system, T-cells mature, detect if self or not Atrophies with age because u are exposed to less new stuff

Answer 9

Activation site of immune system Recycle dead RBCs Reservoir for RBCS Can live without -> weak immune system

Answer 10

CV system- returns fluid lost in capillaries Digestive- transport of lipids to CV Immune- recognition and destruction of foreign pathogens

Answer 11

Blind ended vessels, lie close to capillaries Thin flat endothelium Very porous- protein, cell, bacteria can enter

Answer 12

Semilunar valves to prevent backflow, empty into venous subclavian and internal jugular

Answer 13

Activation of immune system Fibrous bean nodes Macrophages and lymphocytes Antigen recognition

Answer 14

Spleen, thymus, gut-associated lymph tissue

Answer 15

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space Inadequate drainage of lymph- protein accumulation in interstitial place Excessive capillary filtration- increased permeability of caps

Answer 16

1. Increase capillary BP (more fluid exits and less can come back in) 2. Decrease plasma protein concentration (increased fluid loss due to less absorption, cause by malnutrition and liver failure) 3. Increased interstitial proteins (Increased capillary permeability, cause by infection/damage)

Answer 17

Plasma (Fluid)- water, ions, organic molecules, elements, vitamins, gases Cellular elements (White & red blood cells, platelets)

Answer 18

ECM Majority water (92%) 7% protein, 1% dissolved organic substances Similar to Interstitial fluid but with proteins Proteins increase osmotic pressure

Answer 19

Albumin (largest component) Globulins (antibodies) Fibrinogen Transferrin

Answer 20

Erythrocytes Lack mitochon, ER, and nucleus so there is more room for gasses to transport only energy source is glucose via glycolysis Can't replicate --> short life

Answer 21

Leukocytes Only fully functional blood cell Critical for immune function/defense

Answer 22

Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Answer 23

Thrombocytes Critical for hemostasis Lack nucleus Fragments of megakaryocytes so not a living cell NSAIDs knock out platelets

Answer 24

Found in bone marrow (primarily long bones) Pluripotent- can develop into RBC, WBC, or platelets

Answer 25

Synthesis of blood cells Occurs in embryonic and postnatal environments

Answer 26

Analysis of blood components Compare blood cell numbers to normal ranges Indicator of health conditions

Answer 27

Percentage of RBCs in total blood volume 40-54% Males 37-47% Females Lower in females because of weight/BV

Answer 28

Oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs Units: g Hb/dL 14-17 Males 12-16 Females

Answer 29

Count of erythrocytes as they stream through beam of light Units: cells/uL 4.5-6.5E6 Males 3.9-5.6E6 Females

Answer 30

Shoes overall immune response, don't need to know #s

Answer 31

Biconcave disc Increase SA which increases gas exchange

Answer 32

Most abundant cell in blood 5 mil RBCs/uL blood Primary role to carry O2 and CO2 Lack nucleus, ER, mitochondria Biconcave More flexible (to bounce around vessels Packed with Hb

Answer 33

4 heme groups bind together to create 1 Hb Major component of RBC

Answer 34

Binds O2 and CO2 Has 1 iron Contains 70% of body's iron Subunit of Hb

Answer 35

Protein that transports iron in the plasma

Answer 36

cells' storage of excess iron, mostly in liver Extra can be toxic

Answer 37

1. iron ingested 2. Fe absorbed by active transport 3. Transferrin transports Fe in plasma 4. Bone marrow uses Fe to make Hb as RBC synth 5. RBCs live for 90-120 days 6. Spleen destroys RBC and converts Hb to bilirubin 6. Bilirubin and metabolites excreted in urine and feces OR after step 3 4b. Liver stores excess Fe as ferritin 5b. Liver metabolizes bilirubin and excretes it in bile

Answer 38

Elevated bilirubin Jaundice Infants- fetal Hb accumulation (liver not fully developed) Adults- liver disease/dysfunc.

Answer 39

Hb count too low Causes: Blood loss, Hemolysis (RBCs explode), Acquired (infection, drugs, disease), Radiation, low Fe folic acid or B12 intake, Low erythropoietin levels

Answer 40

Cell fragments of megakaryocytes Critical for reducing blood loss, lack a nucleus, contain granules that contain cytokines and growth factors (many proteins and chemicals), live ~10 days

Answer 41

Can't occlude the entire vessel because nutrients and gasses need to get downstream Blood is under pressure so the repair must be strong to withstand the shear stress Repair can't be permanent cuz clots affect MAP

Answer 42

Vasoconstriction Formation of platelet plug Coagulation (clot formation) *But all really happen at the same time

Answer 43

Happens instantly, local response Vessel releasees vasoconstrictors (seratonin & thromboxane A2) Reduces flow and pressure to wound area, attempting to reduce blood loss

Answer 44

Damaged vessel attracts platelets Platelets stick to the exposed collagen and platelets stick to each other because initially stuck ones release cytokines which activate other platelets (Positive feedback loop)

Answer 45

Chemicals released by blood and immune cells

Answer 46

Not strong enough to withstand the shear stress that comes from blood flow pressure

Answer 47

formation of fibrin clot over platelet plug 1. damaged cells express tissue factor and collagen which trigger coagulation cascade 2. Divided into intrinsic and extrinsic pathways which converge at common

Answer 48

Permanent clot (too strong coagulation response)

Answer 49

Clot breaks off and gets stuck Pulmonary (capillary bed of lungs) or venous (typically lower legs)

Answer 50

Series of enzymatic reactions Once it starts it can't be stopped KNOW WHOLE PATHWAY, slide 33

Answer 51

Breaks down fibrin activated by thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

Answer 52

the break down of fibrin and thus breakdown of clot

Answer 53

1. exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood 2. Homeostatic regulation of blood pH (since CO2 is an acid) 3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substance (epithelium traps and destroys) 4. Vocalization (air moving across vocal cords)

Answer 54

Water and heat regulation Both released in exhale

Answer 55

Air moves from high to low pressure Muscular pump creates pressure gradients Resistance to air flow is due to diameter of tube

Answer 56

Movement of gases between environment and cells Exchange between atm and lungs Exchange between lungs and blood Transport of gas into blood Exchange between blood and cells

Answer 57

Cellular respiration: intracellular reactions that use glucose to produce ATP, CO2, and water

Answer 58

Conducting system Alveoli Bones and muscles

Answer 59

Passages that lead from external environment to surface of lungs Upper and lower resp. tract NO gas exchange

Answer 60

Small, interconnected sacs with their associated pulmonary capillaries that form exchange surfaces Gas exchanged

Answer 61

Thorax and abdomen; muscular pump

Answer 62

Sternocleidomastoid, scales, external intercostals, diaphragm Pull top of lungs up and bottom down to expand volume

Answer 63

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Answer 64

NONE! Quiet breathing is passive and does not use muscles, just passive recoil

Answer 65

Decreases as the air moves down/through

Answer 66

Increases as air moves down/through Extensive branching

Answer 67

Trachea, primary bronchi, small bronchi, bronchioles

Answer 68

Respiratory bronchioles and Alveoli SM allows for change in diameter

Answer 69

Ensure right and left lungs don't interact Surrounds each lung like a water balloon filled with pleural fluid Reduces friction, holds lungs close to thoracic wall to maximize volume

Answer 70

Sealed cavity Lungs and heart Three membranous sacs within it (pericardial and R/L pleural)

Answer 71

Warms air, humidifies air, filters foreign particles

Answer 72

Secrete mucins to help with trapping

Answer 73

Ciliated (beat and move things along) and secrete Cl- to create saline and loosen mucus

Answer 74

1. NKCC brings Cl- into epithelial cell from ECF (K and Na are transported back out) 2. Apical anion channels like CFTR allow Cl- to enter lumen 3. Na+ goes from ECF to lumen via paracellular pathway moving down the electrochemical gradient 4. NaCl movement from ECF creates CG so water flows into lumen NaCl and water is saline

Answer 75

CFTR --> can't properly make saline for mucus, also present in other organs

Answer 76

Exchange of gases Promoted by alveoli cells surrounded by pulmonary capillaries

Answer 77

95%, thin large cells that promote diffusion of gas

Answer 78

5%, secrete surfactant and increase compliance of lungs by decreasing surface tension

Answer 79

Blood going to get oxygenated High flow, low pressure (25/8) Receives entire CO of RV

Answer 80

>25 mmHg leads to RV failure Fatal condition because low pressure system and RV is less muscular

Answer 81

Air exerts a pressure Sea level 760 mmHg (decreases with altitude)

Answer 82

P1V1 = P2V2 As pressure increases, volume decreases

Answer 83

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases

Answer 84

Pressure of a single gas in a mixture Determined by abundance not molecular size Pgas = Patm*(% of gas in atm)

Answer 85

Hydrogen bonds of H2O molecules attract one another, so fluid wants to shrink into smallest SA possible

Answer 86

Increases pressure of alveoli because they are covered in fluid and this would oppose gas flow

Answer 87

Released by epithelial cells to decrease surface tension Smaller alveoli produce more to equal pressure of larger alveoli to get equal air which means most efficient for overall gas exchange (Law of LaPlace)

Answer 88

Length and viscosity constant so diameter determines resistance Bronchioles provide most resistance because of SM under neural and hormonal control

Answer 89

NO SYMP. Para symp fibers --> bronchoconstriction Acts as a reflex

Answer 90

Primarily during high demand Epi- bind B2 receptors of SM and causes bronchodilation ex: Albuterol

Answer 91

Most dominant most the time High CO2 - dilation, relax SM Histamine - constriction, produced by immune cells

Answer 92

Immune cells produce too much histamine which causes too much constriction

Answer 93

TPV = (Ventilation rate)*(tidal volume) Vent. rate is 12-20 breaths per min Tidal V: 500 mL

Answer 94

Anatomical dead space (upper airways have no gas exchange and not all air reaches exchange area) ~150 mL don't make it

Answer 95

Air actually reaching alveoli Alveolar ventilation = (ventilation rate)*(Tidal volume - dead space volume) Short rapid breaths decrease volume that reaches alveoli Long deeper breath increase volume

Answer 96

Normal quiet breathing

Answer 97

Increased resp. rate and/or volume in response to increased metabolism

Answer 98

Increased resp. rate and/or volume without increased metabolism Increases air to alveoli which leads to low CO2, Increase pH, dizzy/weak/faint/seizure

Answer 99

Decreased alveolar ventilation shallow breathing, asthma, etc Decrease air leads to low O2 and decrease blood pH More rapid change of PO2 and PCO2

Answer 100

Rapid breathing, increase resp. rate with decreased depth

Answer 101

Difficulty breathing due to pathology or obstruction

Answer 102

Stop breathing

Answer 103

Lungs match air flow to blood flow in alveoli which promotes efficiency If alveoli receives less air its cap will collapse (High CO2 constricts cap), reversible if alveolar ventilation resumes

Answer 104

Collapsible: collapse diameter to reduce blood flow Recruitable: recruit dif capillaries based on activity (start at bottom of lungs)

Answer 105

Dilates bronchioles and systemic arteries (strong) Constricts Pulmonary arteries (weak)

Answer 106

Constrict bronchioles (weak) and systemic arteries (strong) Dilate pulmonary arteries (stronger) Primarily a PO2 decrease constricts pulmonary arteries

Answer 107

One single inspiration followed by a single expiration

Answer 108

Quiet breathing, at rest Around 500 mL Vt

Answer 109

Max inhale after quiet exhale Around 3000 mL

Answer 110

Max exhale after quiet exhale Around 1100 mL

Answer 111

Air that remains in lungs after max exhale Prevents alveoli collapse

Answer 112

Gender, age, height, weight, etc

Answer 113

= Vt + IRV See graph

Answer 114

= Vt + IRV + ERV Most physiologically relevant See graph

Answer 115

= Vt + IRV + ERV + RV See graph

Answer 116

= ERV + RV Amount of airs in lungs after quiet exhale See graph

Answer 117

Muscles of the thorax Primarily diaphragm

Answer 118

Increases volume of thorax Diaphragm drops 60-75% Other muscles pull thorax up 25-40% Active process (muscles contracting, energy used)

Answer 119

Decrease volume of thorax Muscles relax and recoil thorax Normally a passive process unless exercising

Answer 120

Atm pressure Alveolar (Always greater than intrapleural) Intrapleural Partial pressure of gases in blood Partial pressure of gases in tissues

Answer 121

Collapsed lung Intrapleural pressure is lower than atm pressure You can survive with a collapsed lung

Answer 122

CO2 has stronger effect

Answer 123

O2 has stronger effect

Answer 124

Air tries to move down its pressure gradient and would collapse the lung. Therefore alveolar pressure must always be greater than interpleural

Answer 125

Opens interpleural cavity to the atmosphere, air rushes in down its pressure gradient and collapses the lung

Answer 126

The ability of the lungs to stretch Too high of compliance leads to low elastance

Answer 127

Elastic recoil, the resistance to stretch Lungs should return to resting volume

Answer 128

Disease that destroys the elastin fibers in the lungs, stretch easily but does not recoil to normal volume, so must use muscle to expire

Answer 129

Dry air: 160 mmHg Alveoli: 100 mmHg Arterial blood: 100 mmHG Cells: < 40 mmHg Venous blood: < 40 mmHg

Answer 130

Dry air: 0.25 mmHg Alveoli: 40 mmHg Arterial blood: 40 mmHg Cells: 46 mmHg Venous blood: > 46 mmHg

Answer 131

Because in the cell the O2 is getting used up in the ETC

Answer 132

O2 (aerobic resp.), CO2 (High CO2 depresses CNS), pH (low will denature proteins)

Answer 133

Low arterial PO2 Caused by altitude (air comp.), hypoventilation, decreased lung diffusion, abnormal ventilation-perfusion

Answer 134

Decreased total amount of O2 bound to Hb Caused by blood loss, anemia, Carbon monoxide posion

Answer 135

Reduced blood flow Caused by heart failure, shock, thrombosis

Answer 136

Cells can't use the O2 that is delivered to them Caused by Cyanine or other metabolic poisons

Answer 137

Composition of inspired air and and alveolar ventilation

Answer 138

Humidity--> high water vapor reduced PO2 Altitude --> PO2 decreases with an increase in altitude because atm pressure decreases. Not because there is less O2 but because there is a smaller pressure gradient for O2 so every breath you take has less O2 in it.

Answer 139

Rate and depth of breathing (hypo) Decreased compliance and increased resistance CNS depression

Answer 140

Surface area, diffusion distance Fick's law of diffusion, alveolar perfusion (physical block), and other factors like solubility of gas (CO2 more soluble than O2)

Answer 141

Total # of alveoli Increase SA, greater exchange Alveloi don't regenerate

Answer 142

Increase distance = slower gas exchange Barrier thickness (build up of scar tissue or fibrotic lung disease increase thickness) Amount of fluid (b/w capillary and alveoli). more fluid leads to greater distance Fluid in interstitial space (pulmonary edema)

Answer 143

Diffusion rate proportional to: (SA* CG* Barrier permeability) /distance

Answer 144

RATE flow = [O2] * CO Units: [O2] mLO2/L blood CO: L/min Flow: mLO2/min

Answer 145

Arterial O2 - venous O2 = oxygen consumption (QO2) Units: mLO2/min Takes into account how much O2 tissues are using

Answer 146

QO2 = CO* (arterial O2 - venous O2)

Answer 147

<2% dissolved in plasma 98% bound to Hb (HbO2) Oxygen obeys mass action (amount in blood = amount going to tissues) Plasma O2 goes to tissues first

Answer 148

At rest tissues only require 250 mLO2/min But at rest at saturation Hb delivers 1000 mLO2/min Hb acts as sponge reservoir of O2 for when demand increases Blood without Hb only has 15 mLO2/min

Answer 149

Partial pressure O2 (PO2) in plasma Number of potential Hb binding sites (decreases with things like Anemia)