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experimental psychology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

applied research

A

intended to answer practical questions or solve practical problems.

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2
Q

basic research

A

intended to answer theoretical questions or gather knowledge simply for the sake of new knowledge are classified

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3
Q

casual observation

A

watching others behaviors

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4
Q

primary source

A

firsthand report of observations or research results written by individuals who actually conducted the research and made the observations

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5
Q

secondary source

A

is a description or summary of another person’s work.
-is written by someone who did not participate in the research or observations being discussed

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6
Q

literature search

A

find a set of published research reports that define the current state of knowledge in an area and to identify an unanswered question

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7
Q

initial factor for determining wether a specific article is relevant to your research question

A

the title
-secondary is abstract

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8
Q

introduction

A

discusses previous research that forms the foundation for the current research study and presents a clear statement of the problem being investigated

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9
Q

method section

A

presents details concerning the participants and the procedures used in the study

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10
Q

results section

A

presents details of the statistical analysis and usually is not important for generation new research idea

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11
Q

reference section

A

lists complete references for all items cited in the report

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12
Q

good hypothesis is

A

testable, refutable, postive

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13
Q

testable hypothesis

A

is one for which all of the variables, events, and individuals can be defined and observed

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14
Q

refutable hypothesis

A

is one that can be demonstrated to be false. That is, it is possible for the outcome to be different from the prediction

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15
Q

positive hypothesis

A

must make a positive statement about the existence of something
-usually the existence of a relationship, the existence of a difference

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16
Q

theory

A

a set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a particular behavior
-good theory generates predictions about the behavior

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17
Q

constructs

A

hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help explain and predict behavior in a theory
-rewards can affect motivation which then affect performance

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18
Q

operational definition

A

procedure for indirectly measuring and defining a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly
-specifies a measurement procedure for measuring an external observable behavior.

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19
Q

a primary limitation of an operational definition

A

that there is not a one-on-one relationship between the variable that is being measured and the actual measurements produced by the operational definition.

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20
Q

what term is used for a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior

A

construct

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21
Q

goal of an operational definition

A

provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct

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22
Q

first criteria for evaluating a measurement procedure is

A

validity

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23
Q

validity

A

is the degree to which the measurement process measures the variable that it claims to measure

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24
Q

face validity

A

the simplest and least scientific definition of validity
-the purpose of the measurement is obvious

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25
Q

concurrent validity

A

establishes consistency between two different procedures for measuring the same variable, suggesting that the two measurement procedures are measuring the same thing

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26
Q

predictive validity

A

demonstrated when scores obtained from a measure accurately predict behavior according to a theory

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27
Q

construct validity

A

requires that the scores obtained from a measurement procedure behave exactly the same as the variable itself.
-based on many research studies that use the same measurement procedure and grows gradually as each new study contributes more evidence.

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28
Q

convergent validity

A

is demonstrated by a strong relationship between the scores obtained from two or more different methods of measuring the same construct

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29
Q

divergent validity

A

demonstrated by showing little or relationship between the measurements of two different constructs

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30
Q

second criteria for evaluating the quality of a measurement procedure is

A

reliability

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31
Q

reliability

A

is the stability or consistency of the measurement
-variable is stable/constant

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32
Q

sources of error

A

observer error, environmental changes (time,temp,) , participant changes

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33
Q

test-retest reliability

A

is established by comparing the scores obtained from two successive measurements of the same individuals and calculating a correlation between the two sets of scores

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34
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

the degree of agreement between two observers who simultaneously record measurements of the behaviors

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35
Q

split half reliability

A

obtained by splitting the items on a questionnaire or test in half, computing a separate score for each half, and then calculating the degree of consistency between the two scores fora group of participants

36
Q

nominal scale

A

represent qualitatively differences in the variable measured
-groups

37
Q

ordinal scale

A

series of ranks, measurements

38
Q

interval and ratio

A

time in seconds, weight in pounds, temp.

39
Q

interval has

A

no 0 point

40
Q

ratio has a

A

0 point

41
Q

after measuring a set of individuals, a researcher finds that bobs score is three times greater than jane’s. What scale of measurement is being used

A

ratio

42
Q

what additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale

A

the size differences

43
Q

ceiling effect

A

clustering of scores at the high end of a measurement scale, allowing little or no possibility in value

44
Q

floor effect

A

clustering of scores at the low end of a measurement scale, allowing little or no possibility of decreases in value

45
Q

artifact

A

external factors that may influence or distort the measurements

46
Q

good subject role

A

participants have identified the hypothesis of the study and are trying to produce responses that support the investigator’s hypothesis

47
Q

negative subject role

A

participants have identified the hypothesis of the study and are trying to act contrary to the investigator’s hypothesis

48
Q

apprehensive subjet role

A

participants are concerned with their performance in the study

49
Q

research ethics

A

concerns of the responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful to all individuals who are affected by their research studies of their reports of the studies

50
Q

numerberg code

A

a set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research

51
Q

Belmont report

A

basic ethical principles identified by the national commission to protect human participants

52
Q

principle of beneficence

A

requires that the researcher does not harm the participants minimizes risks

53
Q

principle of respect for persons (autonomy)

A

requires that individuals should consent to participate in studies

54
Q

principle of justice

A

requires fair and nonexploitative procedures for the selection and treatment of participants so that the cost and benefits are distributed equally

55
Q

informed consent

A

human participants should be given complete information about the research and their roles in it before agreeing to participate

56
Q

informed consent consists of

A

information, understanding, voluntary partcipation

57
Q

deception

A

occurs when a researcher purposefully withholds information or misleads participants with regard to information about a study

58
Q

passive deception (omission)

A

is the withholding information: the research intentionally does not tell participants info about the study

59
Q

active deception

A

presenting misinformation about the study to the participant

60
Q

debriefing

A

post experimental explanation of the purpose of a study that is given to a participant, especially if deception was used

61
Q

confidentiality

A

practice of keeping strictly secrete info or measurements from the study

62
Q

anonymity

A

individuals name is not directly associated with the information

63
Q

institutional review board

A

committee that examines all proposed research with respect to its treatment of human participants

64
Q

institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

A

a committee that examines all proposed research with respect to its treatment of the nonhuman subject

65
Q

fraud

A

the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data

66
Q

replication

A

repetition of a research study using the same basic procedures used in the original

67
Q

plagiarism

A

the unethical representation of someone elses ideas

68
Q

population

A

all the individuals of interest

69
Q

sample

A

the specific set of individuals who participate in the research study (usually a small set from the population)

70
Q

target population

A

group defined by the researcher’s specific interests

71
Q

representativeness

A

sample refers to the extent to which the characteristics of the sample accurately reflect the characteristics of the population

72
Q

representative sample

A

a sample with the same characteristics as the population

73
Q

biased sample

A

sample with different characteristics from those of the population

74
Q

selection bias (sampling bias)

A

occurs when participants or subjects are selected in a manner that increases the probability of obtaining a biased sample

75
Q

law of large numbers

A

states that the larger the sample size, the more likely it is that values obtained from the sample are similar to the population

76
Q

sampling

A

process of selecting individuals to participate in a research study

77
Q

probability sampling

A

the entire population is known, and sampling occurs by a random process based on the probabilities

78
Q

random process

A

random outcome

79
Q

nonprobability sampling

A

the odds of selecting a particular individual are not known because the researcher does not know the size of population

80
Q

simple random sampling

A

each individual has an equal chance of being picked

81
Q

systemic sampling

A

researchers select members of the population at a regular interval

82
Q

stratified random sampling

A

researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics that they share (e.g., race, gender, educational attainment)

83
Q

cluster sampling

A

researchers divide a population into smaller groups known as clusters. They then randomly select among these clusters to form a sample.

84
Q

convenience sampling

A

stopping people at random, which means that not everyone has an equal chance of being selected depending on the place, time, or day you are collecting your data.

85
Q

quota sampling

A

sample is obtained by identifying subgroups to be included and then establishing quotas for individuals to be selected through convenience from each subgroup

experimental psychology (3 decks)

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