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Anatomy 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three lines of defense against pathogens (immunity)

A
  1. Skin and mucous membranes
  2. Innate defense mechanisms (leukocytes etc. inflammation, fever)
  3. Adaptive immunity: defeats a pathogen and creates a memory of it
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2
Q

General purposes of Lymphatic System

A

Recovering fluid, inspecting it for disease agents, activating immune responses, absorption of lipids

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3
Q

Lymph

A

Recovered fluid similar to plasma, but much less protein. Chemical comp. varies in different places

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4
Q

Lymphatic tissues description

A

Composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body

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5
Q

Lymphatic organs description

A

Defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs. Separated from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules

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6
Q

Function of Fluid Recovery

A

Blood capillaries reabsorb 85%, 15% of the water and about half the plasma proteins enter the lymphatic system and are returned to the blood

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7
Q

Immunity in the lymphatic system

A

Excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissues.
Passes through lymph nodes where immune cells activate immune response against foreign matter

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8
Q

Neutrophil description

A

Can kill using phagocytosis and digestion, can disintegrate into a cloud of bactericidal chemicals

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9
Q

Eosinophil description

A

Found especially in mucous membranes, guard against parasites, allergens, and other pathogens. Promotes action of basophils and mast cells. Limits action of histamine.

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10
Q

Basophil descriptions

A

Secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes
Secretes: Leukotrienes (activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils)
Histamine (vasodilator)

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11
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, infected or cancerous cells

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12
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Mature in the thymus; receive antigens presented to them

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13
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies, mature in the bone marrow

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14
Q

Dendritic cells

A

branched, mobile antigen presenting cells that alert the immune system to pathogens that have breached the surface

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15
Q

Reticular cells

A

branched stationary cells that contribute to the stroma of a lymphatic organ (can be cortical epithelial cells)

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16
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs

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17
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, acid-base balance, blood pressure regulation, blood filtration

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18
Q

Principal organs of the respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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19
Q

conducting zone of the respiratory system

A

passages that serve only for airflow, not for gas exchange
Includes the nostrils through major bronchioles

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20
Q

areas of respiratory zone of the respiratory system

A

consists of alveoli and other gas exchanging regions

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21
Q

Bronchi characteristics

A

lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, mucous secreting, smooth muscle layer to constrict or dilate the airway

22
Q

Bronchioles cell type

A

ciliated cuboidal, smooth muscle

23
Q

Pulmonary alveoli characteristics

A

Contain squamous and great alveolar cells, alveolar macrophages.
Alveoli are kept dry by low pressure in arteriole end capillaries

24
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

squamous cells, cover 95% of the surface area

25
Q

Three pleurae

A

cisceral, parietal, pleural cavity

26
Q

Charles’s laws

A

Volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature: affects expansion of lungs, on a cool day the air you inhale is expanded in the lungs

27
Q

Expiration in relaxed breathing is achieved by?

A

The elastic recoil of thoracic cage

28
Q

Factors that influence airway resistance

A

Bronchiole diameter and pulmonary compliance

29
Q

Pulmonary compliance

A

the easy with which the lungs can expand: change in lung volume relative to a given pressure change

30
Q

Surfactant role in breathing

A

Surfactant secreted by great cells increases pulmonary compliance and reduces surface tension

31
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

Only air that enters the alveoli, alveolar ducts, etc, is available for gas exchange, but some air occupies:
Anatomical dead space: area where there is no gas exchange

32
Q

Forced expiratory volume

A

percent of vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given interval

33
Q

Peak flow

A

Maximum speed of expiration

34
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

Amount of air inhaled per minute

35
Q

Maximum voluntary ventilation

A

Air inhaled per minute during exercise

36
Q

Spirometry

A

The measurement of pulmonary ventilation

37
Q

Obstructive vs restrictive disorders

A

Obstructive disorders: airway diameter decreased, difficult to move air, airflow decreased

Restrictive disorders: normal ability to move air, decrease in gas exchange

38
Q

Forced expiratory volume

A

percent of vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time

39
Q

Daltons law

A

total pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gasses

40
Q

Henry’s law

A

At the air-water interface, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by it’s solubility in water and partial pressure in air.

41
Q

Henry’s law application in the body

A

The greater the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air, the more oxygen the blood picks up.
Since blood arriving into the alveoli has a higher partial pressure of CO2 than air, it releases CO2 into the alveoli. At that alveoli, the blood unloads CO2 and loads O2

42
Q

CO2 vs O2 diffusion

A

Carbon dioxide is much more soluble in water, so it diffuses much more rapidly

43
Q

Membrane thickness effect on efficiency of diffusion

A

When the resp. membrane is thicker, gases have farther to travel and diffusion is less efficient.
This is caused in pulmonary edema/pneumonia

44
Q

number of Globin protein portions on hemoglobin

A

four

45
Q

Dissociation curve characteristics

A

As partial pressure of oxygen increases, hemoglobin becomes more saturated. This increase is sharp up to 40 mmHg and tapers off after.

With lower pO2, less oxygen is unloaded into the blood and hemoglobin is less saturated.

46
Q

How is the majority of CO2 transported in the blood?

A

90% from carbonic acid which dissolves into bicarbonate

47
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes carbonic acid reaction

A

Carbonic anhydrase

48
Q

BPG (biphosphoglycerate)

A

Produced by RBCs as a product of anaerobic respiration

49
Q

Factors that shift the oxygen dissociation curve

A

pH (which is affected by CO2), temperature, BPG

50
Q

The Bohr Effect

A

When CO2 increases, pH goes down

51
Q

Right shift in the dissociation curve

A

Associated with lower pH, higher CO2, higher DPG, higher temperatures
Overall increase in oxygen unloading and saturation

52
Q

Stimuli for breathing (order of potency)

A

pH, pCO2, pO2

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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