Exam 2 Flashcards
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy in women who don’t already have diabetes. During pregnancy, your body makes more hormones and goes through other changes, such as weight gain. These changes cause your body’s cells to use insulin less effectively, a condition called insulin resistance
A diagnosis requires two elevated blood glucose readings
Nutrition postpartum
Encourage non lactating clients to consume 1800-2000 kcal/day
Reinforce the lactation client to increase there caloric intake and to include calcium enriched foods
450-500 calories a day should be added for lactating clients
Consume a diet high in protein to help aid tissue repair
continue taking prenatal vitamins until 6 weeks following birth
Umbilical cord care after delivery
After birth, the cord is clamped and cut. Eventually between 1 to 3 weeks the cord will become dry and will naturally fall off. During the time the cord is healing it should be kept as clean and as dry as possible. A sponge bath is the best way to clean your baby until the umbilical cord falls off.
Neuromuscular assessment of newborn
Muscle tone and reflex reaction
Moro Flex which is allowing the head and trunk of a newborn in a semi-sitting position to fall back to an angle of 30 degrees. The newborn will symmetrically extend their arms and abduct the elbows to form a “C”
Palpation for the presence and size of fontanels for fullness or bulge
Infant heat loss post delivery
Thermoregulation- Maintain a babies core temperature
When babies are cold-stressed, they use energy and oxygen to generate warmth. If skin temperatures drop just one degree from the ideal 97.7° F to 99.5° (36.5°C), a baby’s oxygen use can increase by 10 percent.
Hence becoming chilled can cause overuse in their fat reserves
Ineffective thermoregulation can lead to hypoxia, acidosis, and hyperglycemia.
Usage of bulb syringe post/necessity of bulb syringe
Used for sucking excess mucus from mouth and nose
Suction mouth first and then nose to prevent aspiration
Suctioning makes it easier for the
baby to breathe and eat
Review reflexes for newborns
Rooting:
The rooting reflex is an innate response of the head due to the stimulation of the face, mouth, or cheek by touching/stroking (the head is turned towards the side of the stimulus and starts to suck
Disappears after 3-4 months but could last till 1 year of age
Palmar Grasp: Placing examiner finger in newborns hand. The newborn’s hand should curl around the finger.
Plantar Grasp: Placing examiner finger on newborns toes. The newborn should respond by curling toes down.
Moro Reflex ( see previous note card)
Tonic Neck: When a newborn is supine the examiner turns the head quickly to one side. The arm and leg on that side should extend, opposing the opposite side.
Babinski Reflex: Stroking the outer edge of the foot sole, moving upward towards the toes and then across the ball of the foot.
Stepping: Holding the newborn upright with feet touching a flat surface, The newborn should respond with stepping movements
SGA
Small for gestational age (SGA) is defined as a birth weight of less than 10th percentile for gestational age.
Newborns who are SGA are perinatal asphyxia,meconium aspiration,hypoglycemia, and instability of body temperature
Possible complications from vacuum/forceps deliveries.
Vacuum complications: Scalp lacerations, subdural hematoma of the neonate, Cephalohematoma,
Maternal lacerations to the cervix, vagina, or perineum
Forcep Complications: Lacerations of cervix, vagina and perineum, injury to the bladder, facial nerve palsy to neonate, facial bruising to neonate and possible subdural hematoma
Postpartum assessment of fundus
Fundus ( top portion of the uterus) :
Should be palpable and firm at the midline and 2cm below the umbilicus.
1 hour after delivery the fundus will rise to the umbilicus
After 12 hours the fundus can be palpated 1 cm above the umbilicus
Every 24 hrs it should decend 1-2 cm, halfway between the symphysis pubis and the umblicus by the 6th postpartum day
After 2 weeks the uterus should lie in the true pelvis and should not be palpable.
Postpartum assessment of lochia
Lochia is post birth discharge that contains blood,mucus and uterine tissue
Lochia Rubra is Dark red menstrual like, lasts 1-3 days, has a fleshy odor
Lochia Serosa: Pinkish brown color serosanguineous consistency. From day 4 -10.
Lochia Alba: Yellowish creamy color, fleshy odor, lasts from day 10 to 8 weeks postpartum
Post labor checks for Nurse:
Determined by the quantity of saturation on the perineal pad.
Check for normal color, amount, odor and consistency.
Every 15 mins for the first hour then every hour for the next 4, and then 4-8 hours depending on facility regulations.
Postpartum breast assessments
A clear yellowish fluid called colostrum secrets for 2-3 days immediately after birth, Milk is produced 72-96 hr. after the delivery.
Assess for:
Signs of engorgement, including fullness, around postpartum days 3 and 4
Hot, red, painful, and edematous areas, which could indicate mastitis
Nipple condition and latch-on technique of mothers who are breastfeeding
Other complications of postpartum can include
Depression
Bowel complications
UTI’s
Breast feeding positions and proper technique to successfully breast feed
Cradle position.
The cradle hold is the most common breastfeeding position.
Cross-cradle position.
Clutch position.
Side-lying position.
Bad latching signs include:
Your child is sucking in their cheeks as they try to breastfeed. Your baby does not have their lips out like a fish. You can see that they have their lips tucked in and under, instead. You can hear a clicking or smacking noises as your little one tries to suck.
Successful: A baby who breastfeeds effectively shows readiness for feedings, is in a good feeding position, latches-on deeply at the breast and moves milk forward from the breast and into his or her mouth.
Meds given to newborns after delivery
Hepatitis B vaccination. Hepatitis B is a serious disease that infects and damages the liver
Vitamin K Injection. Vitamin K is needed to make blood clot.
Erythromycin Eye Ointment to prevent infections