Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Synarthroses
A
Immovable Joint
2
Q
Ampiarthroses
A
Semi-movable joint
3
Q
Diarthroses/Synovial
A
Freely movable joint
4
Q
Where are synovial joints located?
A
At the end of long bones such as femurs, tibias, humerus, and radius
5
Q
Articular capsule
A
Joint capsule that surrounds synovial joints
6
Q
What are synovial joints composed of ?
A
Synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage
7
Q
Meniscus
A
Accessory structure of the knee joint
8
Q
Functions of synovial fluid
A
Lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption
9
Q
Functions of articular cartilage
A
Covers articulating surfaces and prevents direct contact between bones
10
Q
Types of intervertebral joints
A
First two cervical vertebrae are joined by a synovial joint
Synovial joints lie between adjacent processes
Adjacent vertebral bodies form symphyses
11
Q
Structure of anulus fibrosus
A
Tough outer layer of fibrocartilage
12
Q
Function of anulus fibrosus
A
Attaches disc to vertebrae
13
Q
Structure of nucleus pulposus
A
Elastic, gelatinous core
14
Q
Function of nucleus pulposus
A
Absorbs shocks
15
Q
Buldging discs
A
Bulge in anulus fibrosus that invades vertebral canal
16
Q
Herniated discs
A
Nucleus pulposes breaks through anulus fibrosus and compresses spinal nerves
17
Q
Location of ACL
A
Anterior tibia to posterior femur
18
Q
Function of ACL
A
Keeps the tibia from moving forward
19
Q
Location of PCL
A
Posterior tibia to anterior femur
20
Q
Function of PCL
A
Keeps tibia from moving back
21
Q
Which ligaments stabilize the knee joint?
A
Tibia collateral ligament (ACL) and fibular collateral ligament (MCL)
22
Q
Classifications of menisci
A
Medial and lateral
23
Q
What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
A
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
24
Q
What is arthritis?
A
All rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints
25
Osteoarthritis
Caused by mechanical stresses of the joint surfaces
26
Rheumatoid arthritis
Immune system attacks joint tissue
27
Gouty arthritis
Crystals of uric acid form within synovial fluid
28
Neurons
Brain cell that sends an electrical impulse in one direction
29
Most common neuron?
Multipolar neuron
30
Pathway of an electrical impulse
Presynaptic cell -> synapse -> postsynaptic neuron
31
Location of neuroglia
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
32
Contents of central nervous system
Astrocytes, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, and microglia
33
Astrocytes
Maintain blood brain barrier, provides structural support, regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury
34
Ependymal cells
Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord), assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid.
35
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate central nervous system axons and provide structural framework
36
Microglia
Remove cell debris, waste, and pathogens by phagocytoses
37
Contents of the peripheral nervous system
Satellite cell and Schwann cells
38
Satellite cells
Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
39
Schwann cells
Surround all axons in peripheral nervous system, responsible for myelination of peripheral axons, participate in repair process after injury
40
Location of CNS
Brain and spinal cord
41
Location of PNS
Nervous tissue outside of the CNS and ENS
42
Chemically gated ion channel
Opens in presence of ligand at a binding site
43
Voltage-gated ion channel
Opens with changes in membrane potential (-60 mV)
44
Mechanically gated ion channel
Opens in response to the distortion of the membrane
45
Polarization
Neuronal polarization establishes distinct molecular structures to generate a single axon and multiple dendrites.
46
Depolarization
An all-or-nothing event that is initiated by the opening of sodium ion channels within the plasma membrane. +30mV
47
Hyperpolarization
When the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane
48
Graded potential vs action potential
The main difference between graded potential and action potential is that graded potentials are the variable-strength signals that can be transmitted over short distances whereas action potentials are large depolarizations that can be transmitted over long distances
49
What is the treshold?
The critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential. -55mV
50
Function of a dendrite
Recieves information
51
Cell body of a neuron
Processes and integrates information
52
Function of an axon
Carries the information along long distances
53
Function of an axon terminal
Transmits information to next cell in the chain
54
Where does continuous propagation occur?
Unmyelinated axons
55
Where does salutatory propagation occur?
Myelinated axons
56
How does myelin affect action potential?
Myelin makes it go faster
57
Where are the checkpoints?
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
58
Size of type A fibers
Large diameters
59
Myelination status of type A fibers
Myelinated
60
Relative speed of type A fibers
Fast
61
Size of type B fibers
Small diameter
62
Myelination status of type B fibers
Myelinated
63
Relative speed of type B fibers
Medium
64
Size of type C fibers
Small diameter
65
Myelination status of type C fibers
Unmyelinated
66
Relative speed of type C fibers
Slow
67
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential (GABA)
68
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential (Glutamate)
69
What happens when acetyl choline is blocked?
Paralysis occurs
70
Types of spinal nerves
Cervical nerves, thoracic nerves, lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerves
71
Conus Medullaris
The tip of the spinal cord
72
Cauda Equina
Collection of spinal nerve roots coming off of the conus medullaris
73
What are the functional organs of grey matter?
Sensory nuclei and motor nuclei
74
Horns of grey matter
Posterior, lateral, and anterior
75
Layers of the spinal meninges
Dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid, and pia mater
76
Which layer of the meninges touches the brain?
Pia mater
77
What is subarachnoid space?
Filled with cerebral spinal fluid and blood vessels; extends down to filum terminale
78
Somatic motor neurons
Skeletal muscles
79
Autonomic motor neurons
Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, and adipose tissue
80
Somatic sensory neurons
Monitor the outside world and our position within it
81
Visceral sensory neurons
Monitor internal conditions (organs)
82
Describe pain fibers
Small, slow, and unmyelinated
83
Reflex arc
Sensory neurons sends information in
84
Describe the stretch reflex
Monosynaptic, fastest motor responses, automatic regulations of muscle length
85
Polysynaptic neurons
Correct neuron is fired while alternate is shut down
86
Antagonist muscle
Muscle working against muscle of interest
87
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals
88
Withdrawal reflex
Releasing acetyl choline to contract muscle, polysynaptic, multiple muscle groups (Flexor reflex)
89
Crossed extensor reflex
Polysynaptic, multiple muscle groups, and contralateral reflex arc (affects other side of the body)
90
Regions of the brain
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
91
Functions of the cerebrum
Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage/processing
Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
92
Functions of the thalamus
Relays and processes sensory information
93
Function of the hypothalamus
Controls emotions, regulates body temp, coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions, behavioral drives, and hormone production
94
Function of the pons
Relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus
Subconscious somatic and visceral motor sensors
95
Function of the medulla oblongata
Relays sensory information to the thalamus to other portions of the brain stem
Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function
96
Longitudal cerebral fissue
Separates cerebral hemispheres
97
What is gyri?
Squiggly worm like structure to increase surface areas
98
Somatosensory information
Sensory information from the body
99
What does the primary motor cortex control?
Voluntary control of the skeletal muscles (Frontal lobe)
100
What does the primary somatosensory cortex control?
Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature (Parietal lobe)
101
What does the visual cortex control?
Conscious perception of visual stimuli (Occipital lobe)
102
What do the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex control?
Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli (Temporal lobe)
103
What do all lobes work together to do?
Integration and processing of sensory data; processing and initiation of motor activities
104
Fibers of the white matter of the cerebrum
Association fibers, arcuate fibers, and longitudinal fasciculi
105
Function of the association fibers
Interconnect cortical areas within the same hemisphere
106
Functions of the arcuate fibers
Interconnect gyri within a lobe
107
Functions of the longitudinal fasciculi
Interconnect the frontal lobe with other cerebral lobes
108
Function of the commissures
Interconnect and permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres
109
Types of commissures
Corpus callosum and anterior commisure
110
Function of projection fibers
Connect cerebral cortex to diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
111
Association areas
Interpret information from primary cortices
112
Relaying center of the brain
Thalamus
113
Gustatory cortex
Processes taste
114
Function of the prefrontal cortex
Coordinates information relayed from all cortical association areas and performs abstract intellectual functions
115
Lobotomy
what i need
116
Hemispheric lateralization
Functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres
117
Optic chiasm
Stuff erased by vision
118
Wernickes area
Language comprehension and left cerebral hemisphere. Association area towards the back of the game
119
Broca's area
Controls speech production, primarily associated with left cerebral hemisphere, regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization. Towards the front of the brain
120
What are the ventricular systems of the brain?
Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle
121
Function of the cerebrospinal fluid
Support brain, cushion delicate neural structures, transport nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes
122
How does CSF help in terms of head trauma?
Cushions brains against sudden jolts
123
How do dura folds protect the brain?
It holds the brain in position and protect it from damage resulting from contact with the cranium
124
What are tight junctions?
Proteins that act as a staple. Present in all epithelial cells.
125
How is the blood CSF barrier formed?
Ependymal cells connected by tight junctions
126
What is the function of the blood CSF barrier?
Limits transfer of substances to CSF
127
What is the function of the blood brain barrier?
Isolates CNS from general circulation
128
What is the BBB composed of?
Network of tight junctions
129
How to astrocytes regulate BBB?
Releasing chemicals that control the permeability of endothelium
130
What is the limbic system?
The emotional system. Emotions are composed of both thought and physical response
131
Function of the limbic system?
Establishes emotional states, facilitates memory storage and retrieval.
132
What emotion is associated with the amygdaloid body?
Fear
133
Basal nuceli
Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone, coordination of learned movement patterns.
134
Basal ganglia
"Trims the fat on your movements"
135
What causes the symptoms of parkinson's disease?
Increased activity of basal nuclei
136
What is the function of the caudate nucleus?
Subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands
137
What is the function of lentiform nucleus?
Subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands.
138
What are the components of the Lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and globus pallidus
139
What is cranial nerve I and what is its function?
Olfactory: controls sense of smell from nose (S)
140
What is cranial nerve II and what is its function?
Optic Nerve: Controls vision (S)
141
What is cranial nerve III and what is its function?
Oculomotor nerve: supplies the muscles of the eyes (M)
142
What is cranial nerve IV and what is its function?
Trochlear nerve: serves the superior oblique eye muscle (M)
143
What is cranial nerve V and what is its function?
Trigeminal nerve: Sensory from face and mouth, motor to muscles of chewing (B)
144
What is cranial nerve VI and what is its function?
Abducens nerve: Serves the lateral rectus muscle (M)
145
What is cranial nerve VII and what is its function?
Facial nerve: serves the muscles responsible for facial expressions as well as the lacrimal and salivary glands (B)
146
What is cranial nerve VIII and what is its function?
Vestibulochochlear nerve: responsible for maintaining ear equilibrium and hearing (S)
147
What is cranial nerve IX and what is its function?
Glossopharyngeal nerve: helps the pharynx in swallowing (B)
148
What is cranial nerve X and what is its function?
Vagus nerve: Allows sensations from visceral organs and aids in parasympathetic motor regulation of visceral organs. (B)
149
What is cranial nerve XI and what is its function?
Accessory nerve: muscles that move the neck, head, and shoulders (M)
150
What is cranial nerve XII and what is its function?
Hypoglossal nerve: Serves muscles of the tongue (M)
151
What is sensation?
Arriving information
152
What is perception?
Conscious awareness of a sensation
153
Receptor specificity?
Each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity
154
Receptor field?
Area monitored by a single receptor cell
155
Transduction?
Conversion of an arriving stimulus into an action potential by sensory receptor
156
What is a dermatone?
Area covered by the anterior root
157
Somatic sensory pathway
Carries sensory information from skin and muscles of the body wall to CNS
158
What are the major somatic sensory pathways?
Spinothalamic pathway, posteior column pathway, spinocerebellar pathway
159
Visceral sensory pathways
Interoreceptors in visceral tissues and organs
160
Nociceptors
Pain
161
Thermoreceptors
Temperature
162
Mechanoreceptors
Physical distortion
163
Chemoreceptors
Chemical concentration
164
Fibers of nociceptors
Myelinated type A fibers (sharp pain) and unmyelinated type C fibers (slow pain)
165
Pathway of mechanoreceptors
Physical stimuli -> distort plasma membrane -> mechanically gated ion channel
166
Classes of mechanorecptors
Tactile receptors, baroreceptors, and propioceptors (joints and skeletal muscles)
167
Root hair plexus
A root hair plexus is made up of free nerve endings stimulated by hair movements
168
Free nerve endings
Branching tips of sensory neurons that respond to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
169
Tactile discs
Fine touch and pressure receptors sensitive to shape and texture
170
Baroreceptors of carotid sinus and aortic sinus
Changes in BP
171
Baroreceptors of lung
Tells you pressure of lungs to determine breathing rate
172
Baroreceptors of digestive tract
When you're full or need to poop
173
Baroreceptors of bladder wall
When you have to pee
174
Proprioception
A somatic sensation (know your arm is bent while your eyes are closed)
175
Where are proprioreceptors found?
Joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles
176
What are the major groups of proprioreceptors?
Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and receptors in joint capsules.
177
Function of muscle spindles?
Monitor skeletal muscle length and trigger stretch reflex
178
Function of golgi tendon organs?
Monitor tension during muscle contraction
179
Function of receptors in joint capsules?
Nerve endings that detect pressure, tension, and movement at the joint.
180
Function of chemoreceptors
Monitor pH, CO2, and O2 levels
181
First order neurons
Sensory neuron that delivers sensations to CNS
182
Second-order neurons
Interneuron in spinal cord or brainstem that receives information from FON
183
Decussation
Crosses to opposite side of CNS
184
Third-order neurons
Neurons in thalamus that must receive information from SON. Needs to pass third-order neurons to reach awareness.
185
How many neurons does the spinothalamic pathway use?
3
186
Where is the synapse in the spinothalamic pathway?
Posterior horns
187
What does the anterior spinothalamic tract sense?
Crude touch and pressure sensations
188
What does the poterior column pathway do?
Carries sensation of fine touch, vibration, pressure, and proprioception
189
What does the lateral spinothalamic tract sense?
Pain and temperature
190
Where is the posterior column pathway processed?
Thalamus
191
Different types of humunculus
Sensory and motor
192
Function of the posterior column pathway
Determines how a sensation is perceieved
193
What is the sensory humunculus?
Functional map of the primary somatosensory cortex
194
Spinocerebellar pathway
Position of skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints and goes to the cerebellum
195
Somatic nervous system
Controls contractions of the skeletal muscles
196
Somatic motor pathways
Always involve at least two motor neurons
197
Upper motor neuron path
Brain to the spinal cord, cell body lies in a CNS processing center, synapses on lower motor neuron (in the spinal cord), facilitates or inhibits the lower motor neuron
198
Lower motor neuron
Spinal cord to the muscles, cell body in brainstem or spinal cord (only the axon extends outside the CNS), Innervates a single motor unit in skeletal muscle, triggers a contraction in innervated muscle, damage eliminates voluntary and reflex control over innervated motor unit (face droops)
199
How do conscious and subconscious motor commands control skeletal muscles?
Travels over corticospinal pathways, medial pathways, and lateral pathways
200
Function of the corticospinal pathways?
Provides voluntary controls over skeletal muscles
201
Corticospinal tracts
Axons synapse on lower motor neurons in anterior horns of spinal cord
202
Function of the medial pathway?
Helps control gross movements of trunk and proximal limb muscles (walking) Maintain posture and balance
203
Function of the lateral pathway?
Helps control distal movements (writing)
204
Where does the medial pathway recieve information from?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
205
Components of medial pathway
Superior colliculi and inferior colliculi
206
Superior colliculi
Visual sensation
207
Inferior colliculi
Auditory sensation
208
What does the the medial pathway form?
Reticular formation (staying awake)
209
What is the basal pathway and cerebellum responsible for?
Coordination and feedback control over muscle contractions
