exam 2 Flashcards
rooting
involuntary muscle response to stimulation of their mouth
babinski - feet
when the sole of the foot is stroked, the big toes bends back towards the top of the foot and the other toes fan out
moro - startle
involuntary response to stimulation
gross motor skills
larger muscles; crawling, standing, walking
fine motor skills
smaller muscles; reaching and grasping; pre-reaching moves; 3-4 months
social smile
intentional gesture of warmth meant just for you
sitting
difficult; 6-7 months
crawling
7-8 months
cruising
9 months
walking
12 months
synaptic pruning
brain eliminates extra synapses; increases efficiency
brain dev: birth
brain is 1/4 the size
brain dev: at 2
brain is 70% there
major prefrontal cortex growth
brain dev
left hemisphere is especially active
brain dev
leading cause of death in early childhood
SIDS
car seat standards
0-2, less than 30lbs = rear facing child seat
2-4, up to 40 lbs = rear or forward facing child seat
4-8, less than 57 in = booster seat or forward facing seat
8-17, more than 57 in = vehicle seatbelt
under 13 = in the back seat
media use recs
0-2 = no screen time
3-5 = 1 hr/ day of non-violent tv
6-12 = 2hrs/day of non violent tv
13-18 = 2 hrs/day and 30 min specific to video games
visual cliff and gap finding
depth perception is innate and keeps babies safe from dangerous, height related obstacles
violation of expectations findings
infants tend to look for longer at things they haven’t encountered before
shopping cart experiment findings
dev of self-awareness ab a problem put in front of them
harlow’s monkey experiment findings
proved love isn’t only based on physical needs; wire mother had food, cloth mother didn’t, and monkeys showed a preference for cloth mother
rouge test finding
proved love isn’t only based on physical needs; wire mother had food, cloth mother didn’t, and monkeys showed a preference for cloth mother
scale error findings
young kids attempt to perform inappropriate actions on miniature object without considering the actual size of the object; kid trying to fit in smaller shoes as if they were the correct size
piaget cog dev stages : sensorimotor
1: use of reflexes (0-1 month)
2: adaption of early reflexes (1-4 months, primary circular reaction)
3: beginning of intention (4-8 months, secondary circular reaction)
4: intentional/goal-directed behaviors (8-12 months, object permanence)
5: invention of new behaviors (12-18 months, tertiary circular reaction)
6” internal rep of the world (18-24 months, mental reps, make-believe play)
piaget cog dev stages: preoperational
children build on object permanence and continue to develop abstract mental processes
assimilation
children make sense of the world by using what they already know
accommodation
accommodates the old schema to a new object
disequilibrium
when a child comes across a new situation or task they don’t understand
equilibrium
a child is able to use prior knowledge to fit with new situations
object permanence
understanding that items and people exist even when they can’t be seen or heard
a-not-b task
incomplete object permanence; an experimenter hides an attractive toy under box “a” within baby’s reach
infantile amnesia
inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories
zone of proximal development
the gap between what the learner can do without assistance and what the learner can do with help
scaffolding
activites used to support the student as they are led through zone of proximal dev
recognition
At 3 months = 1 wk
6 months = 2 weeks
18 months = 3 months
recall
6+ months
attachment
deep & enduring emotional bond connecting one person to another across time & space
bowlby’s attachment stges
Preattachment phase: birth to 6 weeks
attachment-in-the-making phase: 6 weeks to 6/8 months
clear-cut attachment phase: 6/8 months to 18 months/2 years; separation anxiety
formation of a reciprocal relationship: 18 months/2 years and on
stranger anxiety
shown through crying when an unfamiliar person approaches; linked to distinguishing familiar from the unfamiliar
goodness of fit
shaped by the interaction between their own characteristics and the environment around them; kid needs quiet place to sleep, so parents make that accommodation to understand the temperaments and concept of goodness of fit
internal working model : bowlby’s attachment theory
attachment is a foundational basis from which children later influence their ability to appropriately attach to others on into adulthood
mary ainsworth: strange situation
lab procedure that allows identification of, without lengthy home observation, infants who effectively use a primary caregiver as a secure base
mary ainsworth: attachment types
Secure: consistent, loving, able to meet kids needs
Insecure-avoidant: doesn’t depend on caregiver and has no preference between stranger or caregiver
Insecure-ambivalent/resistance: poor caretaker availability
self recognition
1 1/2 to 2 yrs
obesity causes
overweight parents, low SES, parental feeding practices, insufficient sleep, low physical activity, tv, eating out
nativist theory
innate human capability
core knowledge theory
babies are born w core knowledge (physical, linguistic, psychological, numerical)
interactionist theory
argues that meaning to be produced through the interactions of individuals
cooing
first milestone in infant verbal language production
babbling
follows cooing
preverbal gestures
12 months
holophrases
single words; go, mine,
telegraphic speech
2 word sentences; i hungry
conservation
child is able to identify 2 identical objects as the same no matter what
centration
child becomes completely fixed on one point, not allowing them to see wider picture
irreversibility
cognitive inability to think in reverse order
egocentrism
child’s inability to see situation from another pov
dual rep
one must mentally represent both the symbol itself an its relation
animist thinking
tendency of children to ascribe life to inanimate object
