Exam 2 Flashcards
what are monosaccharides
1 sugar molecule, either pentose (5 carbon sugar) like arabinose, ribose, xylose, or hexoses (6 carbon sugars) like fructose, galactose. glucose
what are disaccharides
2 sugar molecules, like cellbiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose
what are polysaccharides
multiple sugar molecules, pentosans (pentose sugars) araban, xylan, hexosans ( hexose sugars) cellulose, glycogen, starch
what are mixed polysaccharides
gums, hemicellulose, pectins
what are the thirteen amino acids
arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, trytophan, valine, taurine; glycine, glutamic acid, proline for poultry
what are the 3 essential fatty acids that must be included in diets
linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic
what is the flow of energy
gross energy, fecal energy, digestible energy, urianary and gaseous energy, metaolizable energy, heat increment, heat of fermentation, net energy, net energy maintenance, net energy production
how do you find the digestible/ metabolizable/ net energy of the feed
percent of energy loss as a decimal x gross energy intake/ day
how do you find the net energy for production of the feed
net energy for maintenance as a decimal x gross energy intake, then NE - NE maintenance
how do you find the net energy for mainenance as a percentage of net energy of this feed
NE maintenance/ NE x 100
what is the key function of carbohydrates
provide animals with energy, easily digestible
what is the key function of fats
energy and essential fatty acids
what is the key function of proteins
components of lean tissue, enzymes, hormones, body metabolites
what is the key function of minerals
skeleton system, extracellular
what is the key function of vitamins
antioxidant, bone, blood
what feedstuffs are excellent sources of carbohydrates
forages, silage, hay, corn, wheat
what feedstuffs are excellent sources of fats
tallow, lard, horse fat, vegetable oil
what feedstuffs are excellent sources of CP
oilseed meal (soybean meal, cottonseed meal)
what feedstuffs are excellent sources of minerals
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, oyster shell, limestone, mineral premix
what feedstuffs are excellent sources of vitamins
liver meal, fish oil, vitamin premix
Calculate the daily ME requirements for a dairy cow weighing 650 kg and producing 36
kg of milk per day if ME for maintenance = 17.29 Mcal/day and ME for lactation = 1.24
Mcal/kg of milk
maintenence need = 17.29 Mcal/day
lactation need: 1.24 Mcal/kg of milk x 36 kb milk = 44.64
17.29 + 44.64 = 61.93 kcal/day
= 61.93 kcal/day
Calculate the daily DM intake for this cow to meet daily ME requirements if the ME
content of the feed is 2.75 Mcal/kg DM
61.93 mcal/day/ 2.75 Mcal/day = 22.52 kg DM
what functions are from net energy in animals and poultry
growth, wool, hair, perform, work, pregnancy, feathers, egg productions
why is finishing of beef cattle less efficient
because muslce tissue is mostly made of proteins and they are not cheap, need ATP to support 3 tissues, breakdown proteins and amino groups which act as a carb or fatty acid, alot of ATP is consumed
tldr: a lot of ATP is needed and its very expensive
what are the key symptoms/ signs of deficiency for minerals and vitamins in animals/poultry
anoerexia, reduced growth, anemia, reduced appetite,
Ca
consituent of skeleton, gives body structural support, involved in blood coagulation, muscle relaxation, membrane permeability, cofactor in enzyme reactions, needed for hormone secretion
rickets, lameness and bone fractures, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, big head, milk fever, reduced egg quality and egg protection
phosphorus
consituent of skeleton, gives body strucutural support, involved in energy transactions (ATP, GTP) , constient of cell organelles, constiuent of enzyme systems, involved in acid base buffer systems
rickets, osteomalacia, lack of appetite, chewing wood/bone, imparied fertility
magnesium
required for normal skeletal development, cofactor of enzyme systems, involved in acid base balance, involved in normal functioning of nervous system
weak and crooked legs, lack of appetite, muscular twitching, incoordination, reluctance to stand, poor feathering, rapid decline in egg production, tetany death
potassium
major intracellular cation, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, involved in protein synthesis, normal functioning of nervous system, muscle contraction, transport of O2 and CO2, cofactor of enzyme systems
anorexia, loss of bodyweight, milk yeild, egg production and quality, pica, emaciation, rough hair coat
sodium
major extracellular cation, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, constituent of body fluids involved in muscle contraction
anoreixa, unthriftness, reduced growth rate, egg production, craving for salt
chlorine
major extracellular anion, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, involved in O2 and CO2 transport, involved in activation of intestinal amylase
anorexia, unthriftness, reduced performance, craving for salt
sulfur
constituent of amino acids, involved in biosynthesis of vitamin B, coenzyme A, hemoglobin, cytochromes, glutathione , involved in blood clotting
general unthriftness, lacrimation, poor performance
cobalt
constituent of vitamin B12, a cofactor in reactions related to the Krebs cycle
reduce appetite, growth, unthriftness, anorexia, hyperirritability, incoordination, convulsions, anemia
copper
enzyme cofactor in several metabolic reactions eg: electron transport pathway, detoxification of peroxides radicals
anemia, incoordination and ataxia, nervous disorder, bone abnormalities, poor hair and wool growth, reproductive failure
iron
constituent of heme and Fe-S proteins, Fe is important in hemoglobin and myoglobin and electron transport pathway
anemia, labored breathing, listlessness, flabby and wrinkled skin, edmatous head and shoulders, depressed immune system
iodine
central constituent of hromone thyroxine and triiodothyronine
reduced metabolic rate, vigor and cold tolerance, reduced gonadal organ activity, dry skin and brittle hair, reproductive problems, goiter, cretinism
manganese
enzyme cofactor (Mn-superoxide dimutase)
reduced growth, interference with bone remodeling resulting in lameness, shortening and bowing of legs, and enlarged joints, associated with dermatitis and nervous conditions and reproductive failure
Molybdenum
enzyme cofactor (xanthine oxidase)
inability to metabolize amino acids and purines
selenium
cofactor of glutathione peroxidase and other enzymes, acts as antioxidant, as constituent of proteins, involved in sperm and muscle function, an in immune function
muscular dystriphy, exudative diathesis, liver death and decay, death
zinc
enzyme cofactor, as component of insulin, functions in carbohydrate metabolism, involved in immune function, protects against cell death
anorexia, growth retardation, parakeratosis, abnormal changes in wool and horns, poor feathering and dermatitis, poor chick livability, leg problems, reproductive failure in males
vitamin A
fat soluble
necessary for healthy of epithelia cells, eye sight, and bone formation
slow growth, night blindness, reproductive disorders, stiff swollen joints, rough coat
vitamin D
fat soluble
involved in calcium absorption, and calcium and phosphorus metabolism
rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, poor growth
vitamin E
fat soluble
antioxidant, regulates cell nucleus
poor growth muscular dystrophy, reproductive failures
vitamin K
fat soluble
involved in blood clotting
prolonged blood clotting, hemorrhages
vitamin B complex
water soluble
coenzyme in several biochemical reactions eg: synthesis of nucleic caids and proteins, carbohydrate and fat metabolism
reduced appetite, growth, unthritness, anorexia, hyperirritability, incoordination, convulsions, anemia
vitamin c
water soluble
antioxidant, maintains metalloenzymes (tightly bound metal ions Fe, Mn, Zn) in reduced state
rarely seen in livestock
scurvy in humans
5 essential amino acids often included in diets for polutry , one must be sulfur containing
methionine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine
3 monosaccharides and 2 disaccharides
3: ribose, xylose, fructose,
2: lactose, maltose
3 essential fatty acids that are often included in diets for livestock/animals
linoleic, linolenic, arachinoleic
4 fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A,D,E,K
the following are results obtained form an energy experiment involving finishing pigs
gross energy intake/day = 9,660 kcal
energy loss in feces = 28%
energy loss in urine and gases = 10%
energy loss as heat increment = 20%
net energy for maintenance = 22%
draw the arrow diagram
GE 9660
I
I -> fecal energy 2704.8 (energy loss in feces = 28% = 28/100 x 9660)
I
DE 6955.2 (9660-2704.8 = 6955.2)
I
I ->urine and gas 966 ((10/100) x 9660)
I
ME 5989.2 (9660-6955.2)=6955.2 - 966 = 5989.2
I
I -> heat increment 1932 ((30/100) x 9660)
I
4057.2 NE (5989.2 - 1932) –> maintence 2125.2 ((22/100) x 9660
\
\
v
production 1932 (4057.2 - 2125.2) = 1932
the following are results obtained form an energy experiment involving finishing pigs
gross energy intake/day = 9,660 kcal
energy loss in feces = 28%
energy loss in urine and gases = 10%
energy loss as heat increment = 20%
net energy for maintenance = 22%
metabolizable energy in kcal
Calculare the NE for maintenance as a percentage of NE of this feed
2125.2 / 4057.2 = 0.5238 x 100 = 52.38%
convert 9.66 megacalories to megajoules
kilocalorie = 1000 calories
megacalorie = 1,000 kilocalories
calorie = 4.184 J
9660 kcal -> 9,660,000 -> J= x 4.184 = 40.417 megajoule
5 functions or usages supported by net energy for production
egg production, growth, wool, pregnancy, perform work
4 feedstuffs that are excellent sources of minerals
oyster shell, limestone, mineral premix, dicalcium phosphate
1 feedstuff that is an excellent source of vitamins
vitamin premix
3 functions or usages supported by net energy for maintenance
muscular work, body tissues, stable body temperature
compared to lactation, why is cattle finishing phase not as efficient in using ME
ATP is used to help support bone, muscle and fat. for finishing it is giving the cattle more protein in their body so the ATP needs to synthesize more and more amino acids and the process requires a lot of ATP so its not as efficient
