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AVS 2101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

1 sugar molecule, either pentose (5 carbon sugar) like arabinose, ribose, xylose, or hexoses (6 carbon sugars) like fructose, galactose. glucose

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2
Q

what are disaccharides

A

2 sugar molecules, like cellbiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose

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3
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

multiple sugar molecules, pentosans (pentose sugars) araban, xylan, hexosans ( hexose sugars) cellulose, glycogen, starch

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4
Q

what are mixed polysaccharides

A

gums, hemicellulose, pectins

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5
Q

what are the thirteen amino acids

A

arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, trytophan, valine, taurine; glycine, glutamic acid, proline for poultry

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6
Q

what are the 3 essential fatty acids that must be included in diets

A

linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

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7
Q

what is the flow of energy

A

gross energy, fecal energy, digestible energy, urianary and gaseous energy, metaolizable energy, heat increment, heat of fermentation, net energy, net energy maintenance, net energy production

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8
Q

how do you find the digestible/ metabolizable/ net energy of the feed

A

percent of energy loss as a decimal x gross energy intake/ day

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9
Q

how do you find the net energy for production of the feed

A

net energy for maintenance as a decimal x gross energy intake, then NE - NE maintenance

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10
Q

how do you find the net energy for mainenance as a percentage of net energy of this feed

A

NE maintenance/ NE x 100

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11
Q

what is the key function of carbohydrates

A

provide animals with energy, easily digestible

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12
Q

what is the key function of fats

A

energy and essential fatty acids

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13
Q

what is the key function of proteins

A

components of lean tissue, enzymes, hormones, body metabolites

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14
Q

what is the key function of minerals

A

skeleton system, extracellular

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15
Q

what is the key function of vitamins

A

antioxidant, bone, blood

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16
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of carbohydrates

A

forages, silage, hay, corn, wheat

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17
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of fats

A

tallow, lard, horse fat, vegetable oil

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18
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of CP

A

oilseed meal (soybean meal, cottonseed meal)

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19
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, oyster shell, limestone, mineral premix

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20
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of vitamins

A

liver meal, fish oil, vitamin premix

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21
Q

Calculate the daily ME requirements for a dairy cow weighing 650 kg and producing 36
kg of milk per day if ME for maintenance = 17.29 Mcal/day and ME for lactation = 1.24
Mcal/kg of milk

A

maintenence need = 17.29 Mcal/day
lactation need: 1.24 Mcal/kg of milk x 36 kb milk = 44.64

17.29 + 44.64 = 61.93 kcal/day

= 61.93 kcal/day

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22
Q

Calculate the daily DM intake for this cow to meet daily ME requirements if the ME
content of the feed is 2.75 Mcal/kg DM

A

61.93 mcal/day/ 2.75 Mcal/day = 22.52 kg DM

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23
Q

what functions are from net energy in animals and poultry

A

growth, wool, hair, perform, work, pregnancy, feathers, egg productions

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24
Q

why is finishing of beef cattle less efficient

A

because muslce tissue is mostly made of proteins and they are not cheap, need ATP to support 3 tissues, breakdown proteins and amino groups which act as a carb or fatty acid, alot of ATP is consumed

tldr: a lot of ATP is needed and its very expensive

25
what are the key symptoms/ signs of deficiency for minerals and vitamins in animals/poultry
anoerexia, reduced growth, anemia, reduced appetite,
26
Ca
consituent of skeleton, gives body structural support, involved in blood coagulation, muscle relaxation, membrane permeability, cofactor in enzyme reactions, needed for hormone secretion rickets, lameness and bone fractures, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, big head, milk fever, reduced egg quality and egg protection
27
phosphorus
consituent of skeleton, gives body strucutural support, involved in energy transactions (ATP, GTP) , constient of cell organelles, constiuent of enzyme systems, involved in acid base buffer systems rickets, osteomalacia, lack of appetite, chewing wood/bone, imparied fertility
28
magnesium
required for normal skeletal development, cofactor of enzyme systems, involved in acid base balance, involved in normal functioning of nervous system weak and crooked legs, lack of appetite, muscular twitching, incoordination, reluctance to stand, poor feathering, rapid decline in egg production, tetany death
29
potassium
major intracellular cation, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, involved in protein synthesis, normal functioning of nervous system, muscle contraction, transport of O2 and CO2, cofactor of enzyme systems anorexia, loss of bodyweight, milk yeild, egg production and quality, pica, emaciation, rough hair coat
30
sodium
major extracellular cation, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, constituent of body fluids involved in muscle contraction anoreixa, unthriftness, reduced growth rate, egg production, craving for salt
31
chlorine
major extracellular anion, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, involved in O2 and CO2 transport, involved in activation of intestinal amylase anorexia, unthriftness, reduced performance, craving for salt
32
sulfur
constituent of amino acids, involved in biosynthesis of vitamin B, coenzyme A, hemoglobin, cytochromes, glutathione , involved in blood clotting general unthriftness, lacrimation, poor performance
33
cobalt
constituent of vitamin B12, a cofactor in reactions related to the Krebs cycle reduce appetite, growth, unthriftness, anorexia, hyperirritability, incoordination, convulsions, anemia
34
copper
enzyme cofactor in several metabolic reactions eg: electron transport pathway, detoxification of peroxides radicals anemia, incoordination and ataxia, nervous disorder, bone abnormalities, poor hair and wool growth, reproductive failure
35
iron
constituent of heme and Fe-S proteins, Fe is important in hemoglobin and myoglobin and electron transport pathway anemia, labored breathing, listlessness, flabby and wrinkled skin, edmatous head and shoulders, depressed immune system
36
iodine
central constituent of hromone thyroxine and triiodothyronine reduced metabolic rate, vigor and cold tolerance, reduced gonadal organ activity, dry skin and brittle hair, reproductive problems, goiter, cretinism
37
manganese
enzyme cofactor (Mn-superoxide dimutase) reduced growth, interference with bone remodeling resulting in lameness, shortening and bowing of legs, and enlarged joints, associated with dermatitis and nervous conditions and reproductive failure
38
Molybdenum
enzyme cofactor (xanthine oxidase) inability to metabolize amino acids and purines
39
selenium
cofactor of glutathione peroxidase and other enzymes, acts as antioxidant, as constituent of proteins, involved in sperm and muscle function, an in immune function muscular dystriphy, exudative diathesis, liver death and decay, death
40
zinc
enzyme cofactor, as component of insulin, functions in carbohydrate metabolism, involved in immune function, protects against cell death anorexia, growth retardation, parakeratosis, abnormal changes in wool and horns, poor feathering and dermatitis, poor chick livability, leg problems, reproductive failure in males
41
vitamin A
fat soluble necessary for healthy of epithelia cells, eye sight, and bone formation slow growth, night blindness, reproductive disorders, stiff swollen joints, rough coat
42
vitamin D
fat soluble involved in calcium absorption, and calcium and phosphorus metabolism rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, poor growth
43
vitamin E
fat soluble antioxidant, regulates cell nucleus poor growth muscular dystrophy, reproductive failures
44
vitamin K
fat soluble involved in blood clotting prolonged blood clotting, hemorrhages
45
vitamin B complex
water soluble coenzyme in several biochemical reactions eg: synthesis of nucleic caids and proteins, carbohydrate and fat metabolism reduced appetite, growth, unthritness, anorexia, hyperirritability, incoordination, convulsions, anemia
46
vitamin c
water soluble antioxidant, maintains metalloenzymes (tightly bound metal ions Fe, Mn, Zn) in reduced state rarely seen in livestock scurvy in humans
47
5 essential amino acids often included in diets for polutry , one must be sulfur containing
methionine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine
48
3 monosaccharides and 2 disaccharides
3: ribose, xylose, fructose, 2: lactose, maltose
49
3 essential fatty acids that are often included in diets for livestock/animals
linoleic, linolenic, arachinoleic
50
4 fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A,D,E,K
51
the following are results obtained form an energy experiment involving finishing pigs gross energy intake/day = 9,660 kcal energy loss in feces = 28% energy loss in urine and gases = 10% energy loss as heat increment = 20% net energy for maintenance = 22% draw the arrow diagram
GE 9660 I I -> fecal energy 2704.8 (energy loss in feces = 28% = 28/100 x 9660) I DE 6955.2 (9660-2704.8 = 6955.2) I I ->urine and gas 966 ((10/100) x 9660) I ME 5989.2 (9660-6955.2)=6955.2 - 966 = 5989.2 I I -> heat increment 1932 ((30/100) x 9660) I 4057.2 NE (5989.2 - 1932) --> maintence 2125.2 ((22/100) x 9660 \ \ v production 1932 (4057.2 - 2125.2) = 1932
52
the following are results obtained form an energy experiment involving finishing pigs gross energy intake/day = 9,660 kcal energy loss in feces = 28% energy loss in urine and gases = 10% energy loss as heat increment = 20% net energy for maintenance = 22% metabolizable energy in kcal Calculare the NE for maintenance as a percentage of NE of this feed
2125.2 / 4057.2 = 0.5238 x 100 = 52.38%
53
convert 9.66 megacalories to megajoules
kilocalorie = 1000 calories megacalorie = 1,000 kilocalories calorie = 4.184 J 9660 kcal -> 9,660,000 -> J= x 4.184 = 40.417 megajoule
54
5 functions or usages supported by net energy for production
egg production, growth, wool, pregnancy, perform work
55
4 feedstuffs that are excellent sources of minerals
oyster shell, limestone, mineral premix, dicalcium phosphate
56
1 feedstuff that is an excellent source of vitamins
vitamin premix
57
3 functions or usages supported by net energy for maintenance
muscular work, body tissues, stable body temperature
58
compared to lactation, why is cattle finishing phase not as efficient in using ME
ATP is used to help support bone, muscle and fat. for finishing it is giving the cattle more protein in their body so the ATP needs to synthesize more and more amino acids and the process requires a lot of ATP so its not as efficient

AVS 2101 (5 decks)

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