Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

1 sugar molecule, either pentose (5 carbon sugar) like arabinose, ribose, xylose, or hexoses (6 carbon sugars) like fructose, galactose. glucose

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2
Q

what are disaccharides

A

2 sugar molecules, like cellbiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose

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3
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

multiple sugar molecules, pentosans (pentose sugars) araban, xylan, hexosans ( hexose sugars) cellulose, glycogen, starch

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4
Q

what are mixed polysaccharides

A

gums, hemicellulose, pectins

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5
Q

what are the thirteen amino acids

A

arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, trytophan, valine, taurine; glycine, glutamic acid, proline for poultry

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6
Q

what are the 3 essential fatty acids that must be included in diets

A

linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

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7
Q

what is the flow of energy

A

gross energy, fecal energy, digestible energy, urianary and gaseous energy, metaolizable energy, heat increment, heat of fermentation, net energy, net energy maintenance, net energy production

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8
Q

how do you find the digestible/ metabolizable/ net energy of the feed

A

percent of energy loss as a decimal x gross energy intake/ day

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9
Q

how do you find the net energy for production of the feed

A

net energy for maintenance as a decimal x gross energy intake, then NE - NE maintenance

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10
Q

how do you find the net energy for mainenance as a percentage of net energy of this feed

A

NE maintenance/ NE x 100

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11
Q

what is the key function of carbohydrates

A

provide animals with energy, easily digestible

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12
Q

what is the key function of fats

A

energy and essential fatty acids

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13
Q

what is the key function of proteins

A

components of lean tissue, enzymes, hormones, body metabolites

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14
Q

what is the key function of minerals

A

skeleton system, extracellular

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15
Q

what is the key function of vitamins

A

antioxidant, bone, blood

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16
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of carbohydrates

A

forages, silage, hay, corn, wheat

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17
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of fats

A

tallow, lard, horse fat, vegetable oil

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18
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of CP

A

oilseed meal (soybean meal, cottonseed meal)

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19
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, oyster shell, limestone, mineral premix

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20
Q

what feedstuffs are excellent sources of vitamins

A

liver meal, fish oil, vitamin premix

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21
Q

Calculate the daily ME requirements for a dairy cow weighing 650 kg and producing 36
kg of milk per day if ME for maintenance = 17.29 Mcal/day and ME for lactation = 1.24
Mcal/kg of milk

A

maintenence need = 17.29 Mcal/day
lactation need: 1.24 Mcal/kg of milk x 36 kb milk = 44.64

17.29 + 44.64 = 61.93 kcal/day

= 61.93 kcal/day

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22
Q

Calculate the daily DM intake for this cow to meet daily ME requirements if the ME
content of the feed is 2.75 Mcal/kg DM

A

61.93 mcal/day/ 2.75 Mcal/day = 22.52 kg DM

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23
Q

what functions are from net energy in animals and poultry

A

growth, wool, hair, perform, work, pregnancy, feathers, egg productions

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24
Q

why is finishing of beef cattle less efficient

A

because muslce tissue is mostly made of proteins and they are not cheap, need ATP to support 3 tissues, breakdown proteins and amino groups which act as a carb or fatty acid, alot of ATP is consumed

tldr: a lot of ATP is needed and its very expensive

25
Q

what are the key symptoms/ signs of deficiency for minerals and vitamins in animals/poultry

A

anoerexia, reduced growth, anemia, reduced appetite,

26
Q

Ca

A

consituent of skeleton, gives body structural support, involved in blood coagulation, muscle relaxation, membrane permeability, cofactor in enzyme reactions, needed for hormone secretion

rickets, lameness and bone fractures, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, big head, milk fever, reduced egg quality and egg protection

27
Q

phosphorus

A

consituent of skeleton, gives body strucutural support, involved in energy transactions (ATP, GTP) , constient of cell organelles, constiuent of enzyme systems, involved in acid base buffer systems

rickets, osteomalacia, lack of appetite, chewing wood/bone, imparied fertility

28
Q

magnesium

A

required for normal skeletal development, cofactor of enzyme systems, involved in acid base balance, involved in normal functioning of nervous system

weak and crooked legs, lack of appetite, muscular twitching, incoordination, reluctance to stand, poor feathering, rapid decline in egg production, tetany death

29
Q

potassium

A

major intracellular cation, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, involved in protein synthesis, normal functioning of nervous system, muscle contraction, transport of O2 and CO2, cofactor of enzyme systems

anorexia, loss of bodyweight, milk yeild, egg production and quality, pica, emaciation, rough hair coat

30
Q

sodium

A

major extracellular cation, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, constituent of body fluids involved in muscle contraction

anoreixa, unthriftness, reduced growth rate, egg production, craving for salt

31
Q

chlorine

A

major extracellular anion, regulates osmotic pressure, acid base balance, involved in O2 and CO2 transport, involved in activation of intestinal amylase

anorexia, unthriftness, reduced performance, craving for salt

32
Q

sulfur

A

constituent of amino acids, involved in biosynthesis of vitamin B, coenzyme A, hemoglobin, cytochromes, glutathione , involved in blood clotting

general unthriftness, lacrimation, poor performance

33
Q

cobalt

A

constituent of vitamin B12, a cofactor in reactions related to the Krebs cycle

reduce appetite, growth, unthriftness, anorexia, hyperirritability, incoordination, convulsions, anemia

34
Q

copper

A

enzyme cofactor in several metabolic reactions eg: electron transport pathway, detoxification of peroxides radicals

anemia, incoordination and ataxia, nervous disorder, bone abnormalities, poor hair and wool growth, reproductive failure

35
Q

iron

A

constituent of heme and Fe-S proteins, Fe is important in hemoglobin and myoglobin and electron transport pathway

anemia, labored breathing, listlessness, flabby and wrinkled skin, edmatous head and shoulders, depressed immune system

36
Q

iodine

A

central constituent of hromone thyroxine and triiodothyronine

reduced metabolic rate, vigor and cold tolerance, reduced gonadal organ activity, dry skin and brittle hair, reproductive problems, goiter, cretinism

37
Q

manganese

A

enzyme cofactor (Mn-superoxide dimutase)

reduced growth, interference with bone remodeling resulting in lameness, shortening and bowing of legs, and enlarged joints, associated with dermatitis and nervous conditions and reproductive failure

38
Q

Molybdenum

A

enzyme cofactor (xanthine oxidase)

inability to metabolize amino acids and purines

39
Q

selenium

A

cofactor of glutathione peroxidase and other enzymes, acts as antioxidant, as constituent of proteins, involved in sperm and muscle function, an in immune function

muscular dystriphy, exudative diathesis, liver death and decay, death

40
Q

zinc

A

enzyme cofactor, as component of insulin, functions in carbohydrate metabolism, involved in immune function, protects against cell death

anorexia, growth retardation, parakeratosis, abnormal changes in wool and horns, poor feathering and dermatitis, poor chick livability, leg problems, reproductive failure in males

41
Q

vitamin A

A

fat soluble

necessary for healthy of epithelia cells, eye sight, and bone formation

slow growth, night blindness, reproductive disorders, stiff swollen joints, rough coat

42
Q

vitamin D

A

fat soluble

involved in calcium absorption, and calcium and phosphorus metabolism

rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, poor growth

43
Q

vitamin E

A

fat soluble

antioxidant, regulates cell nucleus

poor growth muscular dystrophy, reproductive failures

44
Q

vitamin K

A

fat soluble

involved in blood clotting

prolonged blood clotting, hemorrhages

45
Q

vitamin B complex

A

water soluble

coenzyme in several biochemical reactions eg: synthesis of nucleic caids and proteins, carbohydrate and fat metabolism

reduced appetite, growth, unthritness, anorexia, hyperirritability, incoordination, convulsions, anemia

46
Q

vitamin c

A

water soluble

antioxidant, maintains metalloenzymes (tightly bound metal ions Fe, Mn, Zn) in reduced state

rarely seen in livestock
scurvy in humans

47
Q

5 essential amino acids often included in diets for polutry , one must be sulfur containing

A

methionine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine

48
Q

3 monosaccharides and 2 disaccharides

A

3: ribose, xylose, fructose,

2: lactose, maltose

49
Q

3 essential fatty acids that are often included in diets for livestock/animals

A

linoleic, linolenic, arachinoleic

50
Q

4 fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A,D,E,K

51
Q

the following are results obtained form an energy experiment involving finishing pigs

gross energy intake/day = 9,660 kcal
energy loss in feces = 28%
energy loss in urine and gases = 10%
energy loss as heat increment = 20%
net energy for maintenance = 22%

draw the arrow diagram

A

GE 9660
I
I -> fecal energy 2704.8 (energy loss in feces = 28% = 28/100 x 9660)
I
DE 6955.2 (9660-2704.8 = 6955.2)
I
I ->urine and gas 966 ((10/100) x 9660)
I
ME 5989.2 (9660-6955.2)=6955.2 - 966 = 5989.2
I
I -> heat increment 1932 ((30/100) x 9660)
I
4057.2 NE (5989.2 - 1932) –> maintence 2125.2 ((22/100) x 9660
\
\
v
production 1932 (4057.2 - 2125.2) = 1932

52
Q

the following are results obtained form an energy experiment involving finishing pigs

gross energy intake/day = 9,660 kcal
energy loss in feces = 28%
energy loss in urine and gases = 10%
energy loss as heat increment = 20%
net energy for maintenance = 22%

metabolizable energy in kcal

Calculare the NE for maintenance as a percentage of NE of this feed

A

2125.2 / 4057.2 = 0.5238 x 100 = 52.38%

53
Q

convert 9.66 megacalories to megajoules

A

kilocalorie = 1000 calories
megacalorie = 1,000 kilocalories
calorie = 4.184 J

9660 kcal -> 9,660,000 -> J= x 4.184 = 40.417 megajoule

54
Q

5 functions or usages supported by net energy for production

A

egg production, growth, wool, pregnancy, perform work

55
Q

4 feedstuffs that are excellent sources of minerals

A

oyster shell, limestone, mineral premix, dicalcium phosphate

56
Q

1 feedstuff that is an excellent source of vitamins

A

vitamin premix

57
Q

3 functions or usages supported by net energy for maintenance

A

muscular work, body tissues, stable body temperature

58
Q

compared to lactation, why is cattle finishing phase not as efficient in using ME

A

ATP is used to help support bone, muscle and fat. for finishing it is giving the cattle more protein in their body so the ATP needs to synthesize more and more amino acids and the process requires a lot of ATP so its not as efficient