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AVS 2101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which nutrients are commonly determined by proximate analysis procedures

A

water, crude protein, ether extract, crude fuber, ash, nitrogen free extract

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2
Q

which 3 nutrients contribute to the energy pool or total digestible nutrients for livestock

A

energy, fat, carbohydrates

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3
Q

what is the function of water

A

lubricant, regulates body temp, solvent for solid components, transport medium in body fluids, necessary participant in chemical reactions

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4
Q

what are the parts of the pigs digestive system

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, anus

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5
Q

what are the gastrointestinal tract of avains

A

Mouth, crop, esophagus, proventriculus, spleen, gizzard, pancrease, liver, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, cloaca, vent

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6
Q

what are the parts in a ruminant’s digestive tract

A

mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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7
Q

what are the parts in a baby ruminant’s digestive tract

A

esophagus, reticular groove, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum

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8
Q

what are the parts of the digestive system of a horse

A

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, anus

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9
Q

what are the accessory organs in animals

A

salivary glands- secretion of saliva;
gall bladder - storage of bile;
pancreas- secretes pancreatic juice, enzymes, buffers;
liver - production of bile;

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10
Q

true or false: lignin is a carbohydrate that is part of the cell well carbohydrates

A

false

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11
Q

bile is produced in the _______ and stored in the ________ for most animal species

A

liver, gallbladder

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12
Q

in monogastrics (swine), _____ is the organ (part of small intestine) where most digestion takes place whereas __________ is the organ where most absorption takes place.

A

duodenum, jejunum

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13
Q

how do you find % water

A

forage sample weight - the DM = amount water -> amount water/ weight of sample x 100 = % water

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14
Q

how do you calc % DM

A

DM / sample X 100 = % DM

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15
Q

do you calc % organic matter

A

OM = DM - Ash -> DM - ash = OM -> OM/ sample x 100 = % organic matter

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16
Q

how do you find CP content if N is ___

A

N x 6.25

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17
Q

what are the products of microbial fermentation that are beneficial to the host animal

A

volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate), vitamin B and K, microbial proteins, heat

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18
Q

name 2 greenhouse gases produced through rumen fermentation

A

methane, CO2

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19
Q

how are gases produced through rumen microbial fermentation are removed from the rumen

A

eructation (belching),

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20
Q

between the sheep and horse, who has a more efficeint microbial fermenetation process

A

sheep - sheep rumen makes protein so it doesnt need to find it, horse - slow fermentation and takes a lot of space in digestive tract, and cant reuse nitrogen

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21
Q

what organs are unique to the avain and swine

A

swine - stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas avian - crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, cloaca, vent

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22
Q

what does saliva do in the digestion process

A

breaks down the food and lubricates for food to go down

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23
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do in the digestion process

A

denautres protein and activates pepesin from pepsinogen, provides acidic pH and kills bacteria

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24
Q

what does bile do in digestion process

A

helps digestion and absorption of fats, neutralizes chyme from stomach

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25
pepsin in the digestion process
created from pepsinogen, provides acidic pH, kills bacteria
26
rennin in digestion process
rennin - acts on milk protein to curdle milk
27
trypsin in digestion process
acts on poly peptide proteins to get intermediate protein products
28
lipase in digestion process
acts on lipids
29
maltase in digestion proces
acts on maltose to get glucose
30
sucrase in digestion process
acts on sucrose to get glucose and fructose
31
lactase in digestion process
lactase - acts on lacctose to get glucose and galactose
32
enterokinase in digestion process
activates trypsin
33
how do you find TDN
(feed/ 100 x amount of daily feed) = nutrient consumed; (feces/100 x amount of feces excreted) = nutrient in feces; nutrient consumed - nutrient in feces = digestible nutrient; add all digestible nutrients/ amount of feed daily x 100 = TDN
34
how do you find digestible nutrient
nutriend consumed - nutrient in feces
35
how do you find %DM
all feed amounts added together
36
how do you find %CP on DM basis
total amount of feed in day/ DM x 100
37
what is nutrition
study of how the body uses the nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes
38
what are the 3 types of analytical methods for feed analysis
chemical - use chemicals, biological - use animals, microbiological - use bacteria
39
what is proximate analysis
set of chemical or analystical procedures designed to partition feedstuffs into water, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, and nitrogen free extract
40
what is dry matter
percentage of sample that remains after all water is evaporated
41
what is crude protein
nitrogen content in feed
42
what is ether extract
dry feed extracted with diethyl ether
43
how are carbohydrates measured
crude fiber and nitrogen free extract
44
how is nitrogen free extract found
subtract water, ash, crude protein, fiber and fat in feed from 100
45
what is the crude fiber procedure an attempt of
simulates digestion in true stomach and small intestine
46
what is CF made up
cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble lignin
47
what is the van soest method
fiber analysis to describe forages in response with limitations of proximate analysis, characterizies nutrients use to predict intake and digestibility of feedstuffs
48
what are the digestive systems and list examples of them
monogastric - simple stomach (pig, human, cat, dog), ruminant - multi compartmented stomach (cow, sheep, goat), hund gut fermenter - simple stomach, very large and complex large intestine
49
what are the different digestion actions
mechanical - mastication, muscular contraction; chemical action - hydrochloric acid, bile enzymes; microbial action - bacteria, protozoa, fungi
50
what enzymes are in saliva
salivary amylase, salivary maltase
51
what enzymes are in gastric juice
rennin, pepsin, gastric lipase
52
what enzymes are in pancreatic juice
pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin
53
what enzymes are in intestinal juice
intestinal peptidase, intestinal maltase, lactase, sucrase
54
what expands the area of absorbtion
villi
55
how much does villi expand the absorption area by
about 30%
56
what does a chicken have instead of teeth which helps them break down food
gizzard
57
what is the purpose of the crop in an avian
food storage, enhances breakdown
58
what is antiperistalsis in avains
because of the gizard, the food moves with force to get through it, material goes backward, contraction moves food down gizzard
59
what is the purpose of the cloaca
digestive, urenary - not liquid or solid, reproductive
60
what animals are pseudoruminant
llama, alpaca, camel
61
how long does it take a ruminant to eat
7-8 hrs to graze, rumination about 8-10 hrs
62
where does the milk go in a baby ruminant
through the reticular groove
63
what are the formulas for saliva production
(saliva ml/ min) / eating rate = (ml/1 g feed) for ml/g food; for total day = ml/g food x 16 kg (or 16,000 g)
64
how much of the body weight is being consumed
about 2 -4 %
65
what does caprophagy mean
eat poops to get protein
66
where does fermentation happen in the horse
cecum and colon
67
what are the 3 major types of animal trials
feeding trials, digestion trials, metabolism trials,
68
what are digestion trials
see what feedstuff is digested and absorbed by the animal, feed with known nutrient makeup, then calc digestion coefficient by taking difference in nutrients fed and calc percent disappearance
69
what are metabolism trials
include urine and hair loss; balance trial - measure total intake and excretion so retention in animal's body is calculation, net retention within body is pos balance and net loss is neg balance
70
how do you calculate digestion coefficients
(nutrient intake - nutrient in feces)/ nutrient (intake) x 100 = nutrient digestibility %
71
what is total digestible nutrients
digestible energy content of a feed using crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract portions to calculate it
72
what do you need to mulitply to ether extract
2.25
73
how to find nutrient on a DM basis
nutrient value on air dry basis/ dry matter content of feed x 100
74
what are nutrients
substances required for life processes and are used to maintain the body and for production, provide energy and building material for the body
75
what are the 6 classes of nutrients
water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins
76
what are the uses of water
lubricant, regulates body temp, solvent for body's solid components, transport medium, necessary participant in chemical reactions
77
how much water does an animal require
2x the DM intake
78
what is the equation for a sheeps daily water requirement
W = 0.429 + (0.073T) - (0.013 R); convert F to C, convert avg rain to mm then divide by 365, then divide kg/ day into gal
79
what is the Forbes drinking water calc for sheep
W = (3.86 DMI) - 0.99; turn body weight lb to kg, multiply by 3.0% so 0.03, then plug in, then convert kg/day/ kg to gal/day
80
what is the lactating dairy cow equation
W = (2.15 DMI) + (0.73 MY) + 12.3, turn body weight in lbs to kg, then multiply body weight by 0.03 to get kg, then gal milk yield to kg milk yield, then plug in then turn into gal
81
what is the equation for water for rangle beef cattle
intake in L/day = 7.3 + (0.0805 x SBW) - (0.00008 x SBW2) - (1.225x CETI) + (0.0411 x CETI2) + (0.0023268 x SBW x CETI)
82
a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following feed feces digestible nutrients ash % 7.0 1.0 crude fiber 28.0 6.0 ether extract 2.0 0.2 n free extract 38.0 5.0 crude protein 15.0 2.5 calculate the % TDN of this feed, you must show steps in the calc
CF = ((28/100) x 15) - ((6/100) x 30) = 4.2 -18 = 2.4 EE = ((2/100) x 15) - (0.2/100) x30) = 0.3 - 0.06 = 0.24 x 2.25 = 0.54 NEE = ((38/100) x 15) - (5.0/100) x 30) = 5.7 - 1.5 = 4.2 CP = ((15/100) x 15) - ((2.5/100) x 30) = 2.25 - 0.75 = 1.5 (2.4 + 0.54 + 4.2 + 1.5)/ 15 = 8.64/15 x 100 = 57.6%
83
a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following feed feces digestible nutrients ash % 7.0 1.0 crude fiber 28.0 6.0 ether extract 2.0 0.2 n free extract 38.0 5.0 crude protein 15.0 2.5 find %DM
% DM = 7+28+2+38+15 = 90%
84
a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following feed feces digestible nutrients ash % 7.0 1.0 crude fiber 28.0 6.0 ether extract 2.0 0.2 n free extract 38.0 5.0 crude protein 15.0 2.5 What is the %CP in this feed on DM basis
15/ DM = 15/90 = 0.16666 x 100 = 16.67%
85
5 enzymes active in duodenum/ jejunum of swine/ poultry
lipase, maltase, sucrase, trypsin, maltose,
86
which animal benefits most from microbial fermentation products, sheep or horse
sheep because it takes advantage of microbial fermentation products including microbial proteins horses don't, horses make microbial proteins at the end of GIT after the stomach and intestine where they can be digested for benefit
87
3 functions of water
necessary for chemical reactions, lubricant, regulates body temperature
88
true or false, all gases produced via rumen fermentation are belched out through the mouth
false
89
the rumen pH typically ranges from 6.0-7.0 for cattle on mainly roughage diet
true
90
classify the following animals as true ruminant, pseudo ruminant, or hindgut fermenter Goat llama horse
- true ruminant - pseudo ruminant - hind gut fermenter
91
name 2 organs that are functionally unique to the avian digestive tract compared to pig
gizzard and crop
92
name 3 products of rumen microbial fermentation beneficial to the host animal
microbial proteins, volatile fatty acids, vitamin B and vitamin K
93
name 2 greenhouse gases produced during microbial fermentation in the rumen
methane, CO2
94
which 3 accessory organs secrete chemicals
salivary glands, liver and pancrease
95
2 roles of hydrochloric acid considered crucial In the digestion of proteins
makes ph more acidic, breaks down protein
96
part of gastrointestinal tract where most absorption takes place in swine
jejunum
97
part of the gastrointestinal tract where most microbial fermentation takes place in llama
rumen
98
glandular organ in avian species is similar in function to stomach of swine
proventriculus
99
enzyme that curdles the milk and is functional only in young animals
rennin
100
chemical secreted in liver, plays role in digestion of fats in swine
bile
101
fluid buffers the rumen pH because it is basic or alkaline
saliva
102
feed is crushed and mixed in action similar to chewing in this organ of avian digestive tract
gizzard
103
part of the gastrointestinal tract where microbial fermentation is greatest in rabbit/ ostrich
cecum
104
organ serves as the reservoir or temporary storage for feed in avian species
crop
105
in addition to work of enterokinase this enzyme also activates inactive trypsinogen to trypsin
trypsin
106
a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven calculate the % water or moisture in the browse plant
224 - 56 = 168 168/224 = 0.75 x 100 = 75% moisture
107
a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven calculate % DM
56 = DM = 56/ 224 x 100 = 25% DM
108
a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven calculate % OM if ash content 8 g
OM = DM - ash 56- 8 = 48/224 = 0.2142 x 100 = 21.42% OM

AVS 2101 (5 decks)

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