Exam 1 Flashcards
which nutrients are commonly determined by proximate analysis procedures
water, crude protein, ether extract, crude fuber, ash, nitrogen free extract
which 3 nutrients contribute to the energy pool or total digestible nutrients for livestock
energy, fat, carbohydrates
what is the function of water
lubricant, regulates body temp, solvent for solid components, transport medium in body fluids, necessary participant in chemical reactions
what are the parts of the pigs digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, anus
what are the gastrointestinal tract of avains
Mouth, crop, esophagus, proventriculus, spleen, gizzard, pancrease, liver, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, cloaca, vent
what are the parts in a ruminant’s digestive tract
mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, anus
what are the parts in a baby ruminant’s digestive tract
esophagus, reticular groove, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum
what are the parts of the digestive system of a horse
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, anus
what are the accessory organs in animals
salivary glands- secretion of saliva;
gall bladder - storage of bile;
pancreas- secretes pancreatic juice, enzymes, buffers;
liver - production of bile;
true or false: lignin is a carbohydrate that is part of the cell well carbohydrates
false
bile is produced in the _______ and stored in the ________ for most animal species
liver, gallbladder
in monogastrics (swine), _____ is the organ (part of small intestine) where most digestion takes place whereas __________ is the organ where most absorption takes place.
duodenum, jejunum
how do you find % water
forage sample weight - the DM = amount water -> amount water/ weight of sample x 100 = % water
how do you calc % DM
DM / sample X 100 = % DM
do you calc % organic matter
OM = DM - Ash -> DM - ash = OM -> OM/ sample x 100 = % organic matter
how do you find CP content if N is ___
N x 6.25
what are the products of microbial fermentation that are beneficial to the host animal
volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate), vitamin B and K, microbial proteins, heat
name 2 greenhouse gases produced through rumen fermentation
methane, CO2
how are gases produced through rumen microbial fermentation are removed from the rumen
eructation (belching),
between the sheep and horse, who has a more efficeint microbial fermenetation process
sheep - sheep rumen makes protein so it doesnt need to find it, horse - slow fermentation and takes a lot of space in digestive tract, and cant reuse nitrogen
what organs are unique to the avain and swine
swine - stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas avian - crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, cloaca, vent
what does saliva do in the digestion process
breaks down the food and lubricates for food to go down
what does hydrochloric acid do in the digestion process
denautres protein and activates pepesin from pepsinogen, provides acidic pH and kills bacteria
what does bile do in digestion process
helps digestion and absorption of fats, neutralizes chyme from stomach
pepsin in the digestion process
created from pepsinogen, provides acidic pH, kills bacteria
rennin in digestion process
rennin - acts on milk protein to curdle milk
trypsin in digestion process
acts on poly peptide proteins to get intermediate protein products
lipase in digestion process
acts on lipids
maltase in digestion proces
acts on maltose to get glucose
sucrase in digestion process
acts on sucrose to get glucose and fructose
lactase in digestion process
lactase - acts on lacctose to get glucose and galactose
enterokinase in digestion process
activates trypsin
how do you find TDN
(feed/ 100 x amount of daily feed) = nutrient consumed; (feces/100 x amount of feces excreted) = nutrient in feces; nutrient consumed - nutrient in feces = digestible nutrient; add all digestible nutrients/ amount of feed daily x 100 = TDN
how do you find digestible nutrient
nutriend consumed - nutrient in feces
how do you find %DM
all feed amounts added together
how do you find %CP on DM basis
total amount of feed in day/ DM x 100
what is nutrition
study of how the body uses the nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes
what are the 3 types of analytical methods for feed analysis
chemical - use chemicals, biological - use animals, microbiological - use bacteria
what is proximate analysis
set of chemical or analystical procedures designed to partition feedstuffs into water, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, and nitrogen free extract
what is dry matter
percentage of sample that remains after all water is evaporated
what is crude protein
nitrogen content in feed
what is ether extract
dry feed extracted with diethyl ether
how are carbohydrates measured
crude fiber and nitrogen free extract
how is nitrogen free extract found
subtract water, ash, crude protein, fiber and fat in feed from 100
what is the crude fiber procedure an attempt of
simulates digestion in true stomach and small intestine
what is CF made up
cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble lignin
what is the van soest method
fiber analysis to describe forages in response with limitations of proximate analysis, characterizies nutrients use to predict intake and digestibility of feedstuffs
what are the digestive systems and list examples of them
monogastric - simple stomach (pig, human, cat, dog), ruminant - multi compartmented stomach (cow, sheep, goat), hund gut fermenter - simple stomach, very large and complex large intestine
what are the different digestion actions
mechanical - mastication, muscular contraction; chemical action - hydrochloric acid, bile enzymes; microbial action - bacteria, protozoa, fungi
what enzymes are in saliva
salivary amylase, salivary maltase
what enzymes are in gastric juice
rennin, pepsin, gastric lipase
what enzymes are in pancreatic juice
pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin
what enzymes are in intestinal juice
intestinal peptidase, intestinal maltase, lactase, sucrase
what expands the area of absorbtion
villi
how much does villi expand the absorption area by
about 30%
what does a chicken have instead of teeth which helps them break down food
gizzard
what is the purpose of the crop in an avian
food storage, enhances breakdown
what is antiperistalsis in avains
because of the gizard, the food moves with force to get through it, material goes backward, contraction moves food down gizzard
what is the purpose of the cloaca
digestive, urenary - not liquid or solid, reproductive
what animals are pseudoruminant
llama, alpaca, camel
how long does it take a ruminant to eat
7-8 hrs to graze, rumination about 8-10 hrs
where does the milk go in a baby ruminant
through the reticular groove
what are the formulas for saliva production
(saliva ml/ min) / eating rate = (ml/1 g feed) for ml/g food; for total day = ml/g food x 16 kg (or 16,000 g)
how much of the body weight is being consumed
about 2 -4 %
what does caprophagy mean
eat poops to get protein
where does fermentation happen in the horse
cecum and colon
what are the 3 major types of animal trials
feeding trials, digestion trials, metabolism trials,
what are digestion trials
see what feedstuff is digested and absorbed by the animal, feed with known nutrient makeup, then calc digestion coefficient by taking difference in nutrients fed and calc percent disappearance
what are metabolism trials
include urine and hair loss; balance trial - measure total intake and excretion so retention in animal’s body is calculation, net retention within body is pos balance and net loss is neg balance
how do you calculate digestion coefficients
(nutrient intake - nutrient in feces)/ nutrient (intake) x 100 = nutrient digestibility %
what is total digestible nutrients
digestible energy content of a feed using crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract portions to calculate it
what do you need to mulitply to ether extract
2.25
how to find nutrient on a DM basis
nutrient value on air dry basis/ dry matter content of feed x 100
what are nutrients
substances required for life processes and are used to maintain the body and for production, provide energy and building material for the body
what are the 6 classes of nutrients
water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins
what are the uses of water
lubricant, regulates body temp, solvent for body’s solid components, transport medium, necessary participant in chemical reactions
how much water does an animal require
2x the DM intake
what is the equation for a sheeps daily water requirement
W = 0.429 + (0.073T) - (0.013 R); convert F to C, convert avg rain to mm then divide by 365, then divide kg/ day into gal
what is the Forbes drinking water calc for sheep
W = (3.86 DMI) - 0.99; turn body weight lb to kg, multiply by 3.0% so 0.03, then plug in, then convert kg/day/ kg to gal/day
what is the lactating dairy cow equation
W = (2.15 DMI) + (0.73 MY) + 12.3, turn body weight in lbs to kg, then multiply body weight by 0.03 to get kg, then gal milk yield to kg milk yield, then plug in then turn into gal
what is the equation for water for rangle beef cattle
intake in L/day = 7.3 + (0.0805 x SBW) - (0.00008 x SBW2) - (1.225x CETI) + (0.0411 x CETI2) + (0.0023268 x SBW x CETI)
a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following
feed feces digestible nutrients ash % 7.0 1.0 crude fiber 28.0 6.0 ether extract 2.0 0.2 n free extract 38.0 5.0 crude protein 15.0 2.5
calculate the % TDN of this feed, you must show steps in the calc
CF = ((28/100) x 15) - ((6/100) x 30) = 4.2 -18 = 2.4
EE = ((2/100) x 15) - (0.2/100) x30) = 0.3 - 0.06 = 0.24 x 2.25 = 0.54
NEE = ((38/100) x 15) - (5.0/100) x 30) = 5.7 - 1.5 = 4.2
CP = ((15/100) x 15) - ((2.5/100) x 30) = 2.25 - 0.75 = 1.5
(2.4 + 0.54 + 4.2 + 1.5)/ 15 = 8.64/15 x 100 = 57.6%
a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following
feed feces digestible nutrients ash % 7.0 1.0 crude fiber 28.0 6.0 ether extract 2.0 0.2 n free extract 38.0 5.0 crude protein 15.0 2.5
find %DM
% DM = 7+28+2+38+15 = 90%
a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following
feed feces digestible nutrients ash % 7.0 1.0 crude fiber 28.0 6.0 ether extract 2.0 0.2 n free extract 38.0 5.0 crude protein 15.0 2.5
What is the %CP in this feed on DM basis
15/ DM = 15/90 = 0.16666 x 100 = 16.67%
5 enzymes active in duodenum/ jejunum of swine/ poultry
lipase, maltase, sucrase, trypsin, maltose,
which animal benefits most from microbial fermentation products, sheep or horse
sheep because it takes advantage of microbial fermentation products including microbial proteins horses don’t, horses make microbial proteins at the end of GIT after the stomach and intestine where they can be digested for benefit
3 functions of water
necessary for chemical reactions, lubricant, regulates body temperature
true or false, all gases produced via rumen fermentation are belched out through the mouth
false
the rumen pH typically ranges from 6.0-7.0 for cattle on mainly roughage diet
true
classify the following animals as true ruminant, pseudo ruminant, or hindgut fermenter
Goat llama horse
- true ruminant - pseudo ruminant - hind gut fermenter
name 2 organs that are functionally unique to the avian digestive tract compared to pig
gizzard and crop
name 3 products of rumen microbial fermentation beneficial to the host animal
microbial proteins, volatile fatty acids, vitamin B and vitamin K
name 2 greenhouse gases produced during microbial fermentation in the rumen
methane, CO2
which 3 accessory organs secrete chemicals
salivary glands, liver and pancrease
2 roles of hydrochloric acid considered crucial In the digestion of proteins
makes ph more acidic, breaks down protein
part of gastrointestinal tract where most absorption takes place in swine
jejunum
part of the gastrointestinal tract where most microbial fermentation takes place in llama
rumen
glandular organ in avian species is similar in function to stomach of swine
proventriculus
enzyme that curdles the milk and is functional only in young animals
rennin
chemical secreted in liver, plays role in digestion of fats in swine
bile
fluid buffers the rumen pH because it is basic or alkaline
saliva
feed is crushed and mixed in action similar to chewing in this organ of avian digestive tract
gizzard
part of the gastrointestinal tract where microbial fermentation is greatest in rabbit/ ostrich
cecum
organ serves as the reservoir or temporary storage for feed in avian species
crop
in addition to work of enterokinase this enzyme also activates inactive trypsinogen to trypsin
trypsin
a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven
calculate the % water or moisture in the browse plant
224 - 56 = 168
168/224 = 0.75 x 100 = 75% moisture
a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven
calculate % DM
56 = DM = 56/ 224 x 100 = 25% DM
a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven
calculate % OM if ash content 8 g
OM = DM - ash
56- 8 = 48/224 = 0.2142 x 100 = 21.42% OM
