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AVS 2101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which nutrients are commonly determined by proximate analysis procedures

A

water, crude protein, ether extract, crude fuber, ash, nitrogen free extract

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2
Q

which 3 nutrients contribute to the energy pool or total digestible nutrients for livestock

A

energy, fat, carbohydrates

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3
Q

what is the function of water

A

lubricant, regulates body temp, solvent for solid components, transport medium in body fluids, necessary participant in chemical reactions

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4
Q

what are the parts of the pigs digestive system

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, anus

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5
Q

what are the gastrointestinal tract of avains

A

Mouth, crop, esophagus, proventriculus, spleen, gizzard, pancrease, liver, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, cloaca, vent

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6
Q

what are the parts in a ruminant’s digestive tract

A

mouth, esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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7
Q

what are the parts in a baby ruminant’s digestive tract

A

esophagus, reticular groove, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum

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8
Q

what are the parts of the digestive system of a horse

A

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, anus

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9
Q

what are the accessory organs in animals

A

salivary glands- secretion of saliva;
gall bladder - storage of bile;
pancreas- secretes pancreatic juice, enzymes, buffers;
liver - production of bile;

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10
Q

true or false: lignin is a carbohydrate that is part of the cell well carbohydrates

A

false

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11
Q

bile is produced in the _______ and stored in the ________ for most animal species

A

liver, gallbladder

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12
Q

in monogastrics (swine), _____ is the organ (part of small intestine) where most digestion takes place whereas __________ is the organ where most absorption takes place.

A

duodenum, jejunum

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13
Q

how do you find % water

A

forage sample weight - the DM = amount water -> amount water/ weight of sample x 100 = % water

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14
Q

how do you calc % DM

A

DM / sample X 100 = % DM

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15
Q

do you calc % organic matter

A

OM = DM - Ash -> DM - ash = OM -> OM/ sample x 100 = % organic matter

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16
Q

how do you find CP content if N is ___

A

N x 6.25

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17
Q

what are the products of microbial fermentation that are beneficial to the host animal

A

volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate), vitamin B and K, microbial proteins, heat

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18
Q

name 2 greenhouse gases produced through rumen fermentation

A

methane, CO2

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19
Q

how are gases produced through rumen microbial fermentation are removed from the rumen

A

eructation (belching),

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20
Q

between the sheep and horse, who has a more efficeint microbial fermenetation process

A

sheep - sheep rumen makes protein so it doesnt need to find it, horse - slow fermentation and takes a lot of space in digestive tract, and cant reuse nitrogen

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21
Q

what organs are unique to the avain and swine

A

swine - stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas avian - crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, cloaca, vent

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22
Q

what does saliva do in the digestion process

A

breaks down the food and lubricates for food to go down

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23
Q

what does hydrochloric acid do in the digestion process

A

denautres protein and activates pepesin from pepsinogen, provides acidic pH and kills bacteria

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24
Q

what does bile do in digestion process

A

helps digestion and absorption of fats, neutralizes chyme from stomach

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25
Q

pepsin in the digestion process

A

created from pepsinogen, provides acidic pH, kills bacteria

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26
Q

rennin in digestion process

A

rennin - acts on milk protein to curdle milk

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27
Q

trypsin in digestion process

A

acts on poly peptide proteins to get intermediate protein products

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28
Q

lipase in digestion process

A

acts on lipids

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29
Q

maltase in digestion proces

A

acts on maltose to get glucose

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30
Q

sucrase in digestion process

A

acts on sucrose to get glucose and fructose

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31
Q

lactase in digestion process

A

lactase - acts on lacctose to get glucose and galactose

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32
Q

enterokinase in digestion process

A

activates trypsin

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33
Q

how do you find TDN

A

(feed/ 100 x amount of daily feed) = nutrient consumed; (feces/100 x amount of feces excreted) = nutrient in feces; nutrient consumed - nutrient in feces = digestible nutrient; add all digestible nutrients/ amount of feed daily x 100 = TDN

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34
Q

how do you find digestible nutrient

A

nutriend consumed - nutrient in feces

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35
Q

how do you find %DM

A

all feed amounts added together

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36
Q

how do you find %CP on DM basis

A

total amount of feed in day/ DM x 100

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37
Q

what is nutrition

A

study of how the body uses the nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes

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38
Q

what are the 3 types of analytical methods for feed analysis

A

chemical - use chemicals, biological - use animals, microbiological - use bacteria

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39
Q

what is proximate analysis

A

set of chemical or analystical procedures designed to partition feedstuffs into water, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, and nitrogen free extract

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40
Q

what is dry matter

A

percentage of sample that remains after all water is evaporated

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41
Q

what is crude protein

A

nitrogen content in feed

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42
Q

what is ether extract

A

dry feed extracted with diethyl ether

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43
Q

how are carbohydrates measured

A

crude fiber and nitrogen free extract

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44
Q

how is nitrogen free extract found

A

subtract water, ash, crude protein, fiber and fat in feed from 100

45
Q

what is the crude fiber procedure an attempt of

A

simulates digestion in true stomach and small intestine

46
Q

what is CF made up

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, insoluble lignin

47
Q

what is the van soest method

A

fiber analysis to describe forages in response with limitations of proximate analysis, characterizies nutrients use to predict intake and digestibility of feedstuffs

48
Q

what are the digestive systems and list examples of them

A

monogastric - simple stomach (pig, human, cat, dog), ruminant - multi compartmented stomach (cow, sheep, goat), hund gut fermenter - simple stomach, very large and complex large intestine

49
Q

what are the different digestion actions

A

mechanical - mastication, muscular contraction; chemical action - hydrochloric acid, bile enzymes; microbial action - bacteria, protozoa, fungi

50
Q

what enzymes are in saliva

A

salivary amylase, salivary maltase

51
Q

what enzymes are in gastric juice

A

rennin, pepsin, gastric lipase

52
Q

what enzymes are in pancreatic juice

A

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin

53
Q

what enzymes are in intestinal juice

A

intestinal peptidase, intestinal maltase, lactase, sucrase

54
Q

what expands the area of absorbtion

A

villi

55
Q

how much does villi expand the absorption area by

A

about 30%

56
Q

what does a chicken have instead of teeth which helps them break down food

A

gizzard

57
Q

what is the purpose of the crop in an avian

A

food storage, enhances breakdown

58
Q

what is antiperistalsis in avains

A

because of the gizard, the food moves with force to get through it, material goes backward, contraction moves food down gizzard

59
Q

what is the purpose of the cloaca

A

digestive, urenary - not liquid or solid, reproductive

60
Q

what animals are pseudoruminant

A

llama, alpaca, camel

61
Q

how long does it take a ruminant to eat

A

7-8 hrs to graze, rumination about 8-10 hrs

62
Q

where does the milk go in a baby ruminant

A

through the reticular groove

63
Q

what are the formulas for saliva production

A

(saliva ml/ min) / eating rate = (ml/1 g feed) for ml/g food; for total day = ml/g food x 16 kg (or 16,000 g)

64
Q

how much of the body weight is being consumed

A

about 2 -4 %

65
Q

what does caprophagy mean

A

eat poops to get protein

66
Q

where does fermentation happen in the horse

A

cecum and colon

67
Q

what are the 3 major types of animal trials

A

feeding trials, digestion trials, metabolism trials,

68
Q

what are digestion trials

A

see what feedstuff is digested and absorbed by the animal, feed with known nutrient makeup, then calc digestion coefficient by taking difference in nutrients fed and calc percent disappearance

69
Q

what are metabolism trials

A

include urine and hair loss; balance trial - measure total intake and excretion so retention in animal’s body is calculation, net retention within body is pos balance and net loss is neg balance

70
Q

how do you calculate digestion coefficients

A

(nutrient intake - nutrient in feces)/ nutrient (intake) x 100 = nutrient digestibility %

71
Q

what is total digestible nutrients

A

digestible energy content of a feed using crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract portions to calculate it

72
Q

what do you need to mulitply to ether extract

A

2.25

73
Q

how to find nutrient on a DM basis

A

nutrient value on air dry basis/ dry matter content of feed x 100

74
Q

what are nutrients

A

substances required for life processes and are used to maintain the body and for production, provide energy and building material for the body

75
Q

what are the 6 classes of nutrients

A

water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins

76
Q

what are the uses of water

A

lubricant, regulates body temp, solvent for body’s solid components, transport medium, necessary participant in chemical reactions

77
Q

how much water does an animal require

A

2x the DM intake

78
Q

what is the equation for a sheeps daily water requirement

A

W = 0.429 + (0.073T) - (0.013 R); convert F to C, convert avg rain to mm then divide by 365, then divide kg/ day into gal

79
Q

what is the Forbes drinking water calc for sheep

A

W = (3.86 DMI) - 0.99; turn body weight lb to kg, multiply by 3.0% so 0.03, then plug in, then convert kg/day/ kg to gal/day

80
Q

what is the lactating dairy cow equation

A

W = (2.15 DMI) + (0.73 MY) + 12.3, turn body weight in lbs to kg, then multiply body weight by 0.03 to get kg, then gal milk yield to kg milk yield, then plug in then turn into gal

81
Q

what is the equation for water for rangle beef cattle

A

intake in L/day = 7.3 + (0.0805 x SBW) - (0.00008 x SBW2) - (1.225x CETI) + (0.0411 x CETI2) + (0.0023268 x SBW x CETI)

82
Q

a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following

                        feed                 feces                 digestible nutrients  ash %                    7.0                   1.0  crude fiber           28.0                 6.0  ether extract        2.0                    0.2  n free extract       38.0                  5.0  crude protein       15.0                 2.5

calculate the % TDN of this feed, you must show steps in the calc

A

CF = ((28/100) x 15) - ((6/100) x 30) = 4.2 -18 = 2.4
EE = ((2/100) x 15) - (0.2/100) x30) = 0.3 - 0.06 = 0.24 x 2.25 = 0.54
NEE = ((38/100) x 15) - (5.0/100) x 30) = 5.7 - 1.5 = 4.2
CP = ((15/100) x 15) - ((2.5/100) x 30) = 2.25 - 0.75 = 1.5

(2.4 + 0.54 + 4.2 + 1.5)/ 15 = 8.64/15 x 100 = 57.6%

83
Q

a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following

                        feed                 feces                 digestible nutrients  ash %                    7.0                   1.0  crude fiber           28.0                 6.0  ether extract        2.0                    0.2  n free extract       38.0                  5.0  crude protein       15.0                 2.5

find %DM

A

% DM = 7+28+2+38+15 = 90%

84
Q

a cow consumes 15.0 kg of feed and excretes 30.0 kg of feces daily; feed and feces contain the following

                        feed                 feces                 digestible nutrients  ash %                    7.0                   1.0  crude fiber           28.0                 6.0  ether extract        2.0                    0.2  n free extract       38.0                  5.0  crude protein       15.0                 2.5

What is the %CP in this feed on DM basis

A

15/ DM = 15/90 = 0.16666 x 100 = 16.67%

85
Q

5 enzymes active in duodenum/ jejunum of swine/ poultry

A

lipase, maltase, sucrase, trypsin, maltose,

86
Q

which animal benefits most from microbial fermentation products, sheep or horse

A

sheep because it takes advantage of microbial fermentation products including microbial proteins horses don’t, horses make microbial proteins at the end of GIT after the stomach and intestine where they can be digested for benefit

87
Q

3 functions of water

A

necessary for chemical reactions, lubricant, regulates body temperature

88
Q

true or false, all gases produced via rumen fermentation are belched out through the mouth

A

false

89
Q

the rumen pH typically ranges from 6.0-7.0 for cattle on mainly roughage diet

A

true

90
Q

classify the following animals as true ruminant, pseudo ruminant, or hindgut fermenter

Goat llama horse

A
  • true ruminant - pseudo ruminant - hind gut fermenter
91
Q

name 2 organs that are functionally unique to the avian digestive tract compared to pig

A

gizzard and crop

92
Q

name 3 products of rumen microbial fermentation beneficial to the host animal

A

microbial proteins, volatile fatty acids, vitamin B and vitamin K

93
Q

name 2 greenhouse gases produced during microbial fermentation in the rumen

A

methane, CO2

94
Q

which 3 accessory organs secrete chemicals

A

salivary glands, liver and pancrease

95
Q

2 roles of hydrochloric acid considered crucial In the digestion of proteins

A

makes ph more acidic, breaks down protein

96
Q

part of gastrointestinal tract where most absorption takes place in swine

A

jejunum

97
Q

part of the gastrointestinal tract where most microbial fermentation takes place in llama

A

rumen

98
Q

glandular organ in avian species is similar in function to stomach of swine

A

proventriculus

99
Q

enzyme that curdles the milk and is functional only in young animals

A

rennin

100
Q

chemical secreted in liver, plays role in digestion of fats in swine

A

bile

101
Q

fluid buffers the rumen pH because it is basic or alkaline

A

saliva

102
Q

feed is crushed and mixed in action similar to chewing in this organ of avian digestive tract

A

gizzard

103
Q

part of the gastrointestinal tract where microbial fermentation is greatest in rabbit/ ostrich

A

cecum

104
Q

organ serves as the reservoir or temporary storage for feed in avian species

A

crop

105
Q

in addition to work of enterokinase this enzyme also activates inactive trypsinogen to trypsin

A

trypsin

106
Q

a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven

calculate the % water or moisture in the browse plant

A

224 - 56 = 168
168/224 = 0.75 x 100 = 75% moisture

107
Q

a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven

calculate % DM

A

56 = DM = 56/ 224 x 100 = 25% DM

108
Q

a browse plant weighs 224 grams when fresh (as fed) and 56 grams after drying in the oven

calculate % OM if ash content 8 g

A

OM = DM - ash
56- 8 = 48/224 = 0.2142 x 100 = 21.42% OM

AVS 2101 (5 decks)

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