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PSY 100 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

ID

A

unconscious drives

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2
Q

Ego

A

deals with the demands of reality

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3
Q

Superego

A

serves as judge of the individuals behavior, also known as as conscience

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4
Q

iceberg analogy

A

conscious mind is the part of the iceberg that is above water (mainly ego and little bit of superego) and unconscious mind is part of iceberg under the water (ID and superego)

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5
Q

defense mechanism

A

when conflicts between ID, Ego, and Superego results in anxiety and in order to reduce, unconsciously distorting reality

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6
Q

Sublimation

A

transform vile to valuable (surgeon is way to sublimate a person desire to cut into people)

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7
Q

denial

A

disbelieve present reality (someone refusing to accept diagnosis of cancer)

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8
Q

projection

A

attribute own faults to others (been used to explain prejudice)

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9
Q

reaction formation

A

experience opposite of actual desires (helps explain hypocrisy)

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10
Q

repression

A

push unacceptable impulses out of awareness (most powerful and pervasive) (reduce anxiety of childhood conflict)

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11
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

problem centered not self centered, goal is self actualiztions

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12
Q
  1. physiological needs
A

air, water, food, sleep, reproduction, etc

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13
Q
  1. safety needs
A

personal security, employment, health, etc

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14
Q
  1. love and belonging
A

friendship, intimacy, family, connection, etc

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15
Q
  1. esteem
A

respect, self esteem, status, recognition, strength, etc

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16
Q
  1. self actualization
A

desire to become the most one can be

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17
Q

carl rogers person centered therapy

A

client led, promotes therapeutic relationship, people create their own self growth

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18
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

no judgement

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19
Q

conditions of worth

A

external factors could affect how we value or affect our self worth based on our ability to meet certain conditions we believe are essential

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20
Q

the big five

A

broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality

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21
Q
  1. openness to experience
A

high: curious, wide range of interests, independent
low: pratical, conventional, prefers routine

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22
Q
  1. conscientiousness
A

high: hardworking, dependable, organized
low: impulsive, carless, disorganized

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23
Q
  1. extraversion
A

high: outgoing, warm, seeks adventure
low: quiet, reserved, withdrawn

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24
Q
  1. agreeableness
A

high: helpful, trusting, empathetic
low: critical, uncooperative, suspicious

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25
Q
  1. neuroticism
A

high: anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotion
low: clam, even tempered, secure

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26
Q

bandura’s social cognition theory

A

behavior, environment, and persons cognitive factors are all important to understanding personality

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27
Q

Piagets theory of cognitive development

A

human beings use schemas to make sense of their experience

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28
Q

schema

A

mental concept or framework that organizes information and provides a structure for interpreting it

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29
Q

assimilation

A

incorporation of new information into preexisting schemas

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30
Q

accommodation

A

adjustment of ones schemas to new information

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31
Q

attachment theory

A

close emotional bond between infant and the caregiver (mother)

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32
Q

erikson stage 1: trust vs. mistrust

A

birth to 1.5 years
feels either secure in world/trusts others or feels fear and believes world is unpredictable

33
Q

erikson stage 2: autonomy vs. shame & doubt

A

1 to 3 years (toddler)
need to assert their wills and do things for themselves, if not they will develop co-dependency

34
Q

erikson stage 3: initiative vs. guilt

A

3 to 6 years (preschool)
continue to experience, play, explore, discover, guilt occurs if parents criticize, prevent play, discourage

35
Q

erikson stage 4: industry vs. inferiority

A

6 to puberty
develop sense of pride in accomplishments, inferiority develops if child unable to masters tasks or receives negative responses

36
Q

erikson stage 5: identity vs. role confusion

A

11-18 years (adolescent)
integrated sense of self & peers are highly influential
role confusion is the inability to integrate beliefs

37
Q

erikson stage 6: intimacy vs. isolation

A

20 to 40 years
undertake productive work and establish intimate relationships
may develop fear of intimacy, social withdraw

38
Q

erikson stage 7: generatively vs. stagnation

A

40 to 65 years
continue development of family and career
stagnation develops when one feels they have done nothing for next generation

39
Q

erikson stage 8: ego integrity vs. despair

A

65 to death
reflection on the acceptance of ones life
dissatisfaction and feelings of missed opportunities

40
Q

identity diffusion

A

low commitment towards considering a new career and low motivation to explore new options

41
Q

identity foreclosure

A

high commitment towards the prospect of a new career identity but low exploration activity

42
Q

identity moratorium

A

low commitment to the prospect of new career identity but high level of engagement in exploring

43
Q

identity achievement

A

high commitment to a new career identity and high exploration of possible new career options

44
Q

narrative identity

A

internalized and evolving story of the self that a person constructs to make sense and meaning out of his/her life

45
Q

authoritative parenting

A

encourages child to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior

46
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

strict punitive style

47
Q

neglectful parenting

A

lack of parental involvement in the child’s life

48
Q

permissive parenting

A

places few limits on child’s behavior

49
Q

brain development in adolescence
does the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala develop first? why is this impactful

A

amygdala (limbic system) develops faster then the prefrontal cortex which is impactful because it explains why adolescence express strong emotions, seek immediate rewards and have trouble regulating their passions

50
Q

what development stage are synaptic connections at their peak? why is this important?

A

the synaptic connections are at their peak during childhood development and this is important these connections made and used become stronger and survive

51
Q

social comparison

A

process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and abilities in relation to others

52
Q

self serving bias

A

tendency to to take credit for ones own successes and to deny responsibility for ones own failures

53
Q

stereotypes

A

generalization about a groups characteristics that doesn’t consider any variations from one individual to another

54
Q

self fulfilling prophecies

A

social expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make their expectations come true

55
Q

stereotype threat

A

self fulfilling fear of being judged based on negative stereotype about their group

56
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

psychological discomfort cause by two inconsistent thoughts

57
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

identifies two pathways of persuasion:
a central route and a peripheral route

58
Q

the foot in the door technique

A

if one agrees to small request, then they are more likely to agree to larger request

59
Q

lowball technique

A

agree to initial decision the gradually increase stakes

60
Q

door in the face technique

A

refuse initial large request then more likely to accept small request

61
Q

bystander effect

A

individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present (diffusion of responsibility)

62
Q

aggression

A

social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally

63
Q

overt aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior that directly harms someone, either physically or verbally

64
Q

relational agression

A

to harm the social standing of another person

65
Q

Milgrim’s experiment

A

subject was instructed to shock someone they couldn’t see, testing obedience

66
Q

types of conformity

A

normative: want to be liked/fit in
informational: want to be right

67
Q

upward social comparison

A

compare to someone who is better then you, make you feel worse (social media)

68
Q

downward social comparison

A

compare to someone who is worse then you, make you feel better

69
Q

altrusim

A

providing aid to someone else with the ultimate goal to benefit that person, even if it come at the cost to oneself

70
Q

models of close relationships

A

attraction, love and intimacy

71
Q

biological factors in prosocial behaviors

A

high levels or serotonin, dopamine receptors, balance of GABA (higher=negatively related), oxytocin

72
Q

psychological factors in prosocial behaviors

A

empathy, personality, mood

73
Q

sociocultural factors in prosocial behaviors

A

socioeconomic status, gender, media

74
Q

deindividuation

A

the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group

75
Q

dispositional attribution

A

made by internal attribution (observe someones personality)

76
Q

situational attribution

A

made by external attribution (observe someones situation)

77
Q

dual cycle approach

A

exploration in breadth —> commitment making —> either exploration in depth —> identification with commitment or reconsideration of commitment —> back to exploration in breadth

78
Q

what was in freud’s opinion the most important motivator of all human activity

A

sexual drive

PSY 100 (4 decks)

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