Exam #2 Flashcards
ID
unconscious drives
Ego
deals with the demands of reality
Superego
serves as judge of the individuals behavior, also known as as conscience
iceberg analogy
conscious mind is the part of the iceberg that is above water (mainly ego and little bit of superego) and unconscious mind is part of iceberg under the water (ID and superego)
defense mechanism
when conflicts between ID, Ego, and Superego results in anxiety and in order to reduce, unconsciously distorting reality
Sublimation
transform vile to valuable (surgeon is way to sublimate a person desire to cut into people)
denial
disbelieve present reality (someone refusing to accept diagnosis of cancer)
projection
attribute own faults to others (been used to explain prejudice)
reaction formation
experience opposite of actual desires (helps explain hypocrisy)
repression
push unacceptable impulses out of awareness (most powerful and pervasive) (reduce anxiety of childhood conflict)
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
problem centered not self centered, goal is self actualiztions
- physiological needs
air, water, food, sleep, reproduction, etc
- safety needs
personal security, employment, health, etc
- love and belonging
friendship, intimacy, family, connection, etc
- esteem
respect, self esteem, status, recognition, strength, etc
- self actualization
desire to become the most one can be
carl rogers person centered therapy
client led, promotes therapeutic relationship, people create their own self growth
unconditional positive regard
no judgement
conditions of worth
external factors could affect how we value or affect our self worth based on our ability to meet certain conditions we believe are essential
the big five
broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality
- openness to experience
high: curious, wide range of interests, independent
low: pratical, conventional, prefers routine
- conscientiousness
high: hardworking, dependable, organized
low: impulsive, carless, disorganized
- extraversion
high: outgoing, warm, seeks adventure
low: quiet, reserved, withdrawn
- agreeableness
high: helpful, trusting, empathetic
low: critical, uncooperative, suspicious
- neuroticism
high: anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotion
low: clam, even tempered, secure
bandura’s social cognition theory
behavior, environment, and persons cognitive factors are all important to understanding personality
Piagets theory of cognitive development
human beings use schemas to make sense of their experience
schema
mental concept or framework that organizes information and provides a structure for interpreting it
assimilation
incorporation of new information into preexisting schemas
accommodation
adjustment of ones schemas to new information
attachment theory
close emotional bond between infant and the caregiver (mother)
erikson stage 1: trust vs. mistrust
birth to 1.5 years
feels either secure in world/trusts others or feels fear and believes world is unpredictable
erikson stage 2: autonomy vs. shame & doubt
1 to 3 years (toddler)
need to assert their wills and do things for themselves, if not they will develop co-dependency
erikson stage 3: initiative vs. guilt
3 to 6 years (preschool)
continue to experience, play, explore, discover, guilt occurs if parents criticize, prevent play, discourage
erikson stage 4: industry vs. inferiority
6 to puberty
develop sense of pride in accomplishments, inferiority develops if child unable to masters tasks or receives negative responses
erikson stage 5: identity vs. role confusion
11-18 years (adolescent)
integrated sense of self & peers are highly influential
role confusion is the inability to integrate beliefs
erikson stage 6: intimacy vs. isolation
20 to 40 years
undertake productive work and establish intimate relationships
may develop fear of intimacy, social withdraw
erikson stage 7: generatively vs. stagnation
40 to 65 years
continue development of family and career
stagnation develops when one feels they have done nothing for next generation
erikson stage 8: ego integrity vs. despair
65 to death
reflection on the acceptance of ones life
dissatisfaction and feelings of missed opportunities
identity diffusion
low commitment towards considering a new career and low motivation to explore new options
identity foreclosure
high commitment towards the prospect of a new career identity but low exploration activity
identity moratorium
low commitment to the prospect of new career identity but high level of engagement in exploring
identity achievement
high commitment to a new career identity and high exploration of possible new career options
narrative identity
internalized and evolving story of the self that a person constructs to make sense and meaning out of his/her life
authoritative parenting
encourages child to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior
authoritarian parenting
strict punitive style
neglectful parenting
lack of parental involvement in the child’s life
permissive parenting
places few limits on child’s behavior
brain development in adolescence
does the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala develop first? why is this impactful
amygdala (limbic system) develops faster then the prefrontal cortex which is impactful because it explains why adolescence express strong emotions, seek immediate rewards and have trouble regulating their passions
what development stage are synaptic connections at their peak? why is this important?
the synaptic connections are at their peak during childhood development and this is important these connections made and used become stronger and survive
social comparison
process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and abilities in relation to others
self serving bias
tendency to to take credit for ones own successes and to deny responsibility for ones own failures
stereotypes
generalization about a groups characteristics that doesn’t consider any variations from one individual to another
self fulfilling prophecies
social expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make their expectations come true
stereotype threat
self fulfilling fear of being judged based on negative stereotype about their group
cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort cause by two inconsistent thoughts
elaboration likelihood model
identifies two pathways of persuasion:
a central route and a peripheral route
the foot in the door technique
if one agrees to small request, then they are more likely to agree to larger request
lowball technique
agree to initial decision the gradually increase stakes
door in the face technique
refuse initial large request then more likely to accept small request
bystander effect
individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present (diffusion of responsibility)
aggression
social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally
overt aggression
physical or verbal behavior that directly harms someone, either physically or verbally
relational agression
to harm the social standing of another person
Milgrim’s experiment
subject was instructed to shock someone they couldn’t see, testing obedience
types of conformity
normative: want to be liked/fit in
informational: want to be right
upward social comparison
compare to someone who is better then you, make you feel worse (social media)
downward social comparison
compare to someone who is worse then you, make you feel better
altrusim
providing aid to someone else with the ultimate goal to benefit that person, even if it come at the cost to oneself
models of close relationships
attraction, love and intimacy
biological factors in prosocial behaviors
high levels or serotonin, dopamine receptors, balance of GABA (higher=negatively related), oxytocin
psychological factors in prosocial behaviors
empathy, personality, mood
sociocultural factors in prosocial behaviors
socioeconomic status, gender, media
deindividuation
the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group
dispositional attribution
made by internal attribution (observe someones personality)
situational attribution
made by external attribution (observe someones situation)
dual cycle approach
exploration in breadth —> commitment making —> either exploration in depth —> identification with commitment or reconsideration of commitment —> back to exploration in breadth
what was in freud’s opinion the most important motivator of all human activity
sexual drive
