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PSY 100 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

the nervous system

A

the body’s electrochemical circuitry

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2
Q

afferent nerves

A

carry info to the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

efferent nerves

A

carry info out of the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

neural networks

A

interconnected groups of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output

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5
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord (99% in CNS)

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6
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body

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7
Q

somatic nervous system

A

sensory waves, convey info from skin & muscles to the CNS about pain and temp and motor nerves

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

takes messages from body’s internal organs

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9
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses the body to mobilize it for action (involved in experience of stress)

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10
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body

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11
Q

flight or fight reaction

A

sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that handle info processing function (brain contains about 100 billion neurons)

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13
Q

mirror neurons

A

play a role of imitation

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14
Q

glial cells

A

provide support, nutritional benefits and other functions in nervous system (most common)

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15
Q

cell body

A

contains the nucleus

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16
Q

dendrites

A

treelike fiber projecting from neuron, receives info and directs it to cell body

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17
Q

axon

A

part that carries info away from cell body toward other cells

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18
Q

synapses

A

tiny spaces between neurons (synaptic gap)

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

carry info across a synaptic gap to the next neuron

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20
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

electrically records the brains electrical activity

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21
Q

computer axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan

A

provides info about location and extent of damage

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22
Q

position emission tomography (PET scan)

A

metabolic changes in the brains related to activity

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23
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

using radio waves to construct images of the persons tissue and biochemical activities, creating a magnetic field around someone

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24
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

sending

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25
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receiving

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26
Q

dopamine

A

motivation, movement, learning, attention, emotion

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27
Q

aceytlcholine (ACH)

A

learning, memory, allows muscles to contract

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28
Q

serotonin

A

sleep, mood, hunger, arousal

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29
Q

endorphins

A

natural opiates

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30
Q

agonist drugs

A

mimics and increases effect (excites)

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31
Q

antagonist drugs

A

blocks and inhibits (less likely it will occur)

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32
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability to recover, depends on age/extent of damage/intervention

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33
Q

embryonic nervous system

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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34
Q

sensation

A

process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neutral energy

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35
Q

perception

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info so it makes sense

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36
Q

bottom up processing

A

sensory receptors register info about external environment and send it to the brain for interpretation

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37
Q

top down processing

A

cognitive processing in the brain

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38
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect

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39
Q

difference threshold

A

degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected

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40
Q

webers law

A

two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to be perceived as different

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41
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on specific aspect of experience while ignoring others

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42
Q

sensory adaption

A

a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation

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43
Q

visual system

A

part of the CNS that is required for visual perception

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44
Q

auditory system

A

processes how we hear and understand sounds within the environment

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45
Q

trichromatic theory

A

color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina

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46
Q

opponent process theory

A

cells in visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green, and blue-yellow colors

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47
Q

place theory

A

each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane

48
Q

frequency theory

A

perception of a sounds frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires

49
Q

short wavelengths

A

high frequency (high pitched)

50
Q

long wavelengths

A

low frequency (low pitched)

51
Q

great amplitude

A

loud sounds (tall waves)

52
Q

small amplitude

A

soft sounds (small waves)

53
Q

consciousness

A

persons awareness of external events and internal sensations under condition of arousal

54
Q

reticular activating system

A

network of structures including the brain stem, medulla and thalamus

55
Q

higher level of consciousness

A

controlled process, most alert state of consciousness, actively focus efforts towards a goal

56
Q

automatic process

A

states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activity (lower level)

57
Q

executive process

A

higher order, complex cognitive processes including thinking/planning/problem solving (higher level)

58
Q

lower level consciousness

A

automatic process

59
Q

circadian rhythms

A

physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle (controlled by master biological clock)

60
Q

REM sleep

A

active stage of sleep during which the most vivid dreaming occurs

61
Q

five stages of sleep

A

stage W, stage N1, Stage N2, Stage N3, Stage R

62
Q

stage N1

A

non-REM1 sleep, theta waves (light sleep)

63
Q

stage N2

A

non-REM2 sleep, light sleep

64
Q

stage N3

A

non-REM3 sleep, delta waves (slow wave sleep)

65
Q

Stage R

A

REM sleep

66
Q

insomnia

A

inability to sleep

67
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden, overpowering urge to sleep

68
Q

sleep apnea

A

when individuals stop breathing due to the windpipe failing to open or brain processes include respiration failure

69
Q

conditioning

A

process of learning associations made

70
Q

classical conditioning

A

learned association between two stimuli

71
Q

operant conditioning

A

learned association between a behavior and a consequence

72
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

produces no reaction

73
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

74
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being pared with the unconditioned stimulus

75
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to the conditioned stimulus

76
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

produces a response without prior learning

77
Q

what are the NS, UR, CS, CR, and US of Pavlov experiment

A

unconditioned stimulus = food
unconditioned response = salivation
neutral stimulus = bell
conditioned stimulus = food + bell
unconditioned response = salivation
conditioned stimulus = bell
conditioned response = salivation

78
Q

extinction of classical conditioning

A

weakening of conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

79
Q

aquisitim

A

initial learning of connection between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

80
Q

counterconditioning

A

changing the relationship between and conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response

81
Q

aversive conditioning

A

repeated pairings of a stimulus with unpleasant stimulus

82
Q

what are NS, UR, CS, CR and US in little albert experiment

A

neutral stimulus = rat
unconditioned stimulus = loud bang
unconditioned response = afraid of loud bang
conditioned stimulus = rat
conditioned response = albert is now afraid of rat because he associations it with loud bang

83
Q

contiguity

A

conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together

84
Q

contingency

A

conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are not only close in time but a reliable indicator guarantees that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way

85
Q

the placebo effect

A

NS = pill
US = medicine in pill
UR = pain relief
pill becomes CS and through learned association, pain relief becomes a CR

86
Q

reinforcement

A

process by which a stimulus or event (reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

87
Q

positive reinforcement

A

strengthens response presenting something desirable

88
Q

negative reinforcement

A

strengthens response removing aversive

89
Q

punishment

A

consequence that decreases the likelihood the behavior will occur

90
Q

positive punishment

A

weakens a response by presenting something you don’t like or is aversive

91
Q

negative punishment

A

weakens a response by removing something you like

92
Q

learned helplessness

A

organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes

93
Q

memory

A

retention of info or experience over time

94
Q

encoding

A

process by which info gets into memory storage

95
Q

divided attention

A

concentrating on more then one activity at the same time

96
Q

sustained attention

A

ability to maintain attention to selected stimulus for prolonged period of time

97
Q

executive attention

A

directing attention to engage in higher level cognitive functioning

98
Q

levels of processing

A

continuing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deep processing producing better memory

99
Q

eleboration

A

formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

100
Q

sensory memory

A

holds info from world in its original sensory for only a instant

101
Q

short term memory

A

limited capacity memory system, only holds info for 30 seconds unless strategies used to hold for longer

102
Q

working memory

A

combination of components that allow us to hold info temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks

103
Q

long term memory

A

relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of info for a long time

104
Q

explicit memory (declarative memory)

A

the conscious recollection of info, info that can be verbally communicated

105
Q

episodic memory

A

retention of info about the where, when and what of life’s happenings (explicit memory)

106
Q

semantic memory

A

persons knowledge about the world (explicit)

107
Q

implicit memory (non-declarative memory)

A

unconscious, procedural memory/priming/classical conditioning

108
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t remember what happened before the onset of amnesia

109
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can’t remember what happened after the onset of amnesia

110
Q

serial position effect

A

remember items at the beginning and end of a list rather then middle of list (primacy = beginning & receny effect = end)

111
Q

autobiographical memory

A

episodic memory, persons recollection of their own life experiences

112
Q

flashbulb memory

A

memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery then everyday events

113
Q

reasons for forgetting

A

encoding failure, storage decay, & interference

114
Q

encoding failure

A

occurs when info was never entered into long term memory

115
Q

decay theory

A

when we learn something new a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates

116
Q

interference

A

proactive = old info hinders new info
retroactive = new info hinders old info

117
Q

tip of tongue phenomenon

A

effortful retrieval that occurs when we are confident that we know something but can’t quite pull it out of memory

PSY 100 (4 decks)

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