Exam 2 Flashcards
Freud’s most important motivator of human activity
the ID
psychoanalytic theory
Freud’s approach to personality; 3 structures
ID
unconscious drives
Ego
deals with the demands of reality
Superego
serves as judge of the individual’s behavior; also known as conscience
Iceberg analogy
more to people’s personality under the surface (iceberg below the water)
defense mechanisms
conflict between the id, ego, and superego results in anxiety
sublimation
transform vile to valuable (ex. going to the gym when angry)
denial
disbelieve present reality (smoker refusing to acknowledge a cough)
projection
attribute own faults to others (blaming someone for being angry when you are)
reaction formation
experience opposite of actual desires (child being mean or aggressive to show attraction)
repression
push unacceptable impulses out of awareness (repressing feelings of liking your friends’ SO)
humanistic perspectives
highlights a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
problem-centered instead of self-centered (self-actualization)
person centered therapy
promotes the therapeutic relationship, people create own self-growth
unconditional positive regard
no judgement, empathy, congruence, incongruence
conditions of worth
The standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.
trait theories
trait theorists agree that traits are the fundamental building blocks of personality
big five
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness
openness to experience
imagination, feelings, actions, ideas
conscientiousness
competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven
extraversion
sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
agreeableness
cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured
neuroticism
tendency toward unstable emotions
bandura’s social cognitive theory
behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors all help to understand personality
human development
the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life
attachment theory
close emotional bonds between an infant and its caregiver
piaget’s theory of cognitive development
humans use schemas to make sense of their experience
erickson’s stages of psychosocial development
each stage represents a development task with two possible outcomes
identity development
age, geographic areas lived, national identity, ethnicity/race, religious/spiritual orientation
marcia’s four identity statuses
foreclosure, moratorium, diffusion, achievement
identity diffusion
low commitment, low motivation
foreclosure
high commitment, low exploration
moratorium
low commitment, high level of engagement
identity achievement
high commitment, high exploration
dual cycle approach
commitment formation, commitment evaluation
narrative identity
the internalized and evolving story of the self that a person constructs to make sense and meaning out of their life
selective optimization w/ compensation
when older adults change their goals and develop new ways to engage in desired activities
parenting styles
demanding, undemanding, supportive, unsupportive
authoritative
relationship is reciprocal, responsive
neglectful
relationship is rejecting or neglecting; uninvolved
permissive
relationship is indulgent; low in control attempts
authoritarian
relationship is controlling; power-assertive
brain development in adolescence
changes first occur at the subcortical level in the limbic system; structures essential to memory, emotion, and reward processing
which develops first, prefrontal cortex or amygdala?
the amygdala, it controls our impulsive actions; acting before logically thinking
what development state are synaptic connections at their peak?
during childhood, around age 3
social psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
social comparison
the process of evaluating our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others
self-serving bias
tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure
stereotypes
A generalization about a group’s characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.
self-fulfilling prophecies
Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectations are realized.
stereotype threat
when people are aware of a negative stereotype about their social group
cognitive dissonance
An individual’s psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.
elaboration likelihood model
Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.
the social facilitation effect
improvement in an individual’s performance because of the presence of others.
the foot-in-the-door technique
agree to small request, more likely to agree to larger request
the bystander effect
individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present
overt aggression
physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person
relational aggression
to harm the social standing of another person
milgrim’s experiment
forcing people to shock a “learner” in order to see if they would conform to the experimenter’s requests
altruism
Giving to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.
biological factors in prosocial behavior
genetic factors; high levels of serotonin and dopamine
sociocultural factors in prosocial behavior
socioeconomic status, gender, and media
psychological factors in prosocial behavior
empathy, personality, and mood
deindividuation
the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group
social contagion
Imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.
