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PSY 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

___ are interconnected groups of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output.

A

Neural Networks

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2
Q

While walking barefoot on a beach, the physical pain that one experiences when stepping on a jellyfish most accurately exemplifies…

A

Sensation

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3
Q

___ are periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated/decelerated cycles of the brain activity, that can influence behavior.

A

Biological Rhythms

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4
Q

You arrive at your friends’ apartment for a party. When you first arrive, the music so loud that it hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still as loud, it no longer bothers you or seems loud. This change in your sensations describes the process of…

A

Sensory adaptation

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5
Q

What best represents the fluctuations of body temp in a 24 hour day.

A

Circadian Rhythm

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6
Q

The brain’s special capacity for change…

A

Plasticity

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7
Q

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the…

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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8
Q

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere w/ other ongoing activities are called…

A

Automatic processes

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9
Q

What sleep disorder involves difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night or waking up too early?

A

Insomnia

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10
Q

The brain and spinal cord make up the…

A

Central Nervous System

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11
Q

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the…

A

Autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

The nervous system

A

the body’s electrochemical communication circuitry

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13
Q

Neural networks

A

Neural networks are not static. They can be altered through changes in the strength of synaptic connections

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14
Q

Central vs. Peripheral nervous system

A

C - brain & spinal cord
P - autonomic & somatic

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15
Q

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic nervous system

A

S - arousing
P - calming

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16
Q

cell body

A

the cell’s life support center

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17
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages from other cells

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18
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell to body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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19
Q

synopsis

A

Tiny spaces between neurons; the gaps between neurons are referred to as synaptic gaps

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20
Q

antagonist drugs

A

A drug that blocks a neurotransmitter’s effects

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21
Q

agonist drugs

A

A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter’s effects.

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22
Q

sensation

A

receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming those energies into neural energy

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23
Q

perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it makes sense

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24
Q

bottom-up processing

A

Taking sensory information and then assembling and integrating it

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25
Q

top-down processing

A

Using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information

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26
Q

absolute threshold

A

The weakest amount of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time

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27
Q

difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, also called just noticeable difference (JND)

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28
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity because of constant stimulation

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29
Q

visual system

A

the eye, providing us with info about the environment through sight

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30
Q

auditory system

A

sounds, providing us with info about the environment from our ears

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31
Q

place theory

A
  • auditory
  • Theory that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane.
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32
Q

opponent-process theory

A
  • visual
  • Theory that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors
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33
Q

trichromatic theory

A
  • visual
  • Theory that color perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.
34
Q

frequency theory

A
  • auditory
  • Theory that the perception of a sound’s frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires.
35
Q

definition of consciousness

A

awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal

36
Q

what components are essential to consciousness

A

wakefulness and awareness

37
Q

arousal

A

being engaged with the environment.

38
Q

awareness

A

awareness of external events and internal sensations

39
Q

automatic processes

A

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities

40
Q

executive function

A

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving

41
Q

circadian rhythms

A

Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level

42
Q

REM sleep

A

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement when most vivid dreams occur

43
Q

5 stages of sleep

A

N1, N2, N3, R, W

44
Q

insomnia

A

The inability to sleep.

45
Q

narcolepsy

A

Involves the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep.

46
Q

classical conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and creates a similar response

47
Q

operant conditioning

A

the consequences change the behavior

48
Q

observational learning

A

Observational learning occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else’s behavior.

49
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Produces no reaction

50
Q

Unconditional Response (UR)

A

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

51
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

a neutral stimulus creates a conditioned response

52
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus

53
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Produces a response without prior learning

54
Q

Pavlov experiment

A

conditioning a dog to salivate at the ring of a bell.

55
Q

extinction

A

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

56
Q

acquisition

A

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus

57
Q

little albert experiment

A

They conditioned Albert to be scared of small animals by making him associate a white rat with a loud noise.

58
Q

counterconditioning

A

A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

59
Q

aversive conditioning

A

repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

60
Q

the placebo effect

A

the participants’ expectations produce an experimental outcome.

61
Q

reinforcement

A

The process by which a stimulus or an event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.

62
Q

punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

63
Q

negative punishment

A

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

64
Q

positive punishment

A

The presentation of a stimulus to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

65
Q

negative reinforcement

A

The removal of a stimulus to increase a behavior.

66
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the presentation of a stimulus to increase a behavior

67
Q

encoding

A

The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage.

68
Q

divided attention

A

Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

69
Q

sustained attention

A

The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

70
Q

levels of processing

A

shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.

71
Q

elaboration

A

The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding.

72
Q

recall

A

A memory task in which the person must retrieve previously learned information (ex. essays)

73
Q

recognition

A

A memory task in which the person only has to identify (recognize) learned terms (ex. multiple choice test)

74
Q

short-term memory

A

Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer

75
Q

long-term memory

A

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time

76
Q

memory storage

A

The retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory.

77
Q

sensory memory

A

Holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

78
Q

explicit memory

A

the recollection of information

79
Q

implicit memory

A

Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.

80
Q

opponent-process theory

A
  • visual
  • Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors

PSY 100 (3 decks)

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