Exam 2 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What term is used to describe the infolding of cell sheets into an embryo?
A
invagination
2
Q
Every mammal has a similar gestation growth curve, it only varies by time. T/F?
A
true
3
Q
What happens to an Oocyte upon fertilization (Oocyte Activation)?
A
massive cell division
4
Q
Which of the following is not a step in prenatal development?
A
structural phase
5
Q
What term is used to describe cells that replicate inside of an embryo resulting in new cell layers?
A
ingression
6
Q
What is the name of the first embryonic structure that is associated with the nervous system?
A
hensen’s node
7
Q
Which of the following is not a primary germ layer
A
sclerotome
8
Q
What is the name of the tissue that lies along the back of an embryo and forms from the head to tail
A
somite
9
Q
What tissues are formed from the Myotome
A
muscle
10
Q
What tissue is formed from the Sclerotome
A
bone
11
Q
what part of the dog do you see the most injuries occuring?
A
stifle
12
Q
length of forearm should be ____ _____ as the shoulder bone
A
same length
13
Q
what is a way you can observe a dog’s hip and bone formation?
A
make them sit
14
Q
what is the correct way for a dog to sit?
A
dog should sit squarely; should be a straight angle from head to butt
hips should be round, smooth NOT too large
15
Q
what is the function of the dog?
A
to work
16
Q
where is the most work done on the dog?
A
withers + shoulder (front side of body)
17
Q
where is most work done on horse/cattle?
A
hind legs
18
Q
we judge animals by their ___?
A
function
19
Q
dog breed matters, T/F?
A
False
20
Q
a working dog should have their head + shoulder ___ than the back
A
higher
21
Q
great danes function as what kind of dog?
A
working
22
Q
pit bulls function as
A
23
Q
pit bulls function as what kind of dog?
A
working
24
Q
in the dog, the shoulder joint should lay at what angle, so that the point of shoulder needs to be directly aligned with front toe
A
30 degree angle
25
what is the dog's most efficient gait?
trot
26
which gait correlates with the dog's run
rotary gallop
27
how many gaits does the dog have?
7
28
totipotent/stem cells are?
not determined, can become anything; cancerous unless regulated
29
embryonic growth
development of all tissues of body
30
the larger the body size, the ____ the gestation
longer
31
the ___ developed the animal, the longer gestation
more
32
fertilization to implantation
ovum phase
33
implantation until organism resembles mature form
embryonic phase
34
point where species identification can be established
fetal phase
35
unfertilized egg
ovum
36
protective layer surrounding ovum that sperm must penetrate in order for fertilization to occur
zona pellucida
37
once ovum is fertilized it is called...
zygote
38
increased metabolism due to fertilization; massive cellular division occurs; haploid division or pronuclei; high levels of cell activity instantly
oocyte activation
39
how long does the ovum phase take?
11-14 days
40
part of ovum phase where there is rapid cell division with no increase in size; DNA synthesis, but no protein synthesis; increase in cell numbers with decrease in cell size; preparing for rapid protein synthesis; stops when ovum contacts uterine wall
cleavage
41
what cell forms every tissue of the body?
blastocyst
42
tissue that is wrapped around the zygote to prevent immune response and implants to the uterine wall
placenta
43
cavity inside blastocyst that holds growth hormone
blastocoel
44
what cell layer start becoming the placenta during the ovum phase?
trophectoderm
45
where inner cell mass becomes closely associated
compaction
46
embryo splitting yields many twins (clones) - more susceptible to disease
inner cell mass
47
ability to change, can become any tissue in body (totipotent/stem cells or pluripotent)
plasticity
48
pregnancy that occurs outside the womb, outside the uterine wall
ectopic
49
what do you need before implantation can happen?
developed animal pole
50
what muscle controls how close the testicles are to the body to regulate temperature
cremaster muscle
51
infolding of cell sheets into embryo
invagination
52
creation of shape
morphogenesis
53
formation of new layers by inward rolling of cells along an existing membrane
involution
54
cells replicate on the internal aspects of existing cellular layers and form a new layer
ingression
55
splitting of one sheet into two sheets; dividing an existing cell layer into two separate layers
delamination
56
the expansion of one cell sheet over other cells; increase cell numbers on the surface of an embryo
epiboly
57
what is the first stage of embryonic phase?
formation of blastocyst
58
what is the origin, progenitor cell; trophectoderm turns into this...
trophoblast
59
what are the 3 primary tissue layers during epiblast formation
1. epiblast: forms all tissue of body at this stage
2. hypoblast: becomes all extracellular bodies of animal in the womb
3. trophoblast: group of cells that resides around the embryo
60
what is the first stage of head development; the development of head and neural tissues
gastrulation
61
part of embryonic phase where regions begin to control development NOT individual cell control; cells begin first steps of determination
gastrulation
62
what are the two new layers formed during/after gastrulation?
endoderm: becomes inside
ectoderm: becomes outside
63
what are the two new layers formed during/after gastrulation?
endoderm: becomes inside
ectoderm: becomes outside
64
inner cell mass = ___ pole
animal
65
where does head formation occur?
in front of Henson's node
66
what is the 1st signs of nervous system
development of Henson's node
67
as epiblast replicates cells begin to migrate in towards center of embryo; this migration causes development of the what...
primitive groove
68
primitive groove --> ___ and ___
notochord; neural chord
69
what are the primary germ layers
1. ectoderm: cells that form the skin and neuronal tissue
2. mesoderm: cells that form muscle, fat, and bone; important to animal scientists
3. endoderm: form respiratory and digestive systems
70
hypoblast --> ___ + ____
ectoderm + mesoderm
71
what increases ectodermal development, where brain development comes from?
melatonin
72
when a cell can only be one specific thing, other genes are still present but turned off
determined
73
event during development that results in the formation of the spinal cord precursors; occurs during gastrulation
neurulation
74
when ectodermic cells have become determined, what do they form?
spinal chord precursors
75
what species is so extremely inbred that they are more likely to be born with two heads than beef cattle
dairy cattle
76
are humans relatively inbred?
yes, we are traced back to 4 individual lineages
77
during neuralation, there is further differentiation into 3 tissues:
neural ectoderm, neural tube, notochord
78
the progenitor cell for neural ectoderm are ___ cells
epiblastic
79
neural tube becomes what?
spinal chord - nerves of the body
80
notochord becomes what?
spinal column
81
where is the notochord located?
directly below the neural tube
82
development occurs from ___ to ___
head to tail
83
all external tissues come from ___ structures
somite
84
mesodermal cells come from ____ cells; becomes muscle and bone
epiblast
85
the minute the nerves attach to the somite, it is spatially determined to the animal; they develop from head to toe once there is neural connection
somites
86
mesodermal cells form two cell layers:
paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm
87
the paraxial and lateral mesoderm form the ___ as embryo matures; all tissue in the body originate from these structures
somites
88
somites form from caudal to rostral
directional formation
89
somite forms its own ___, which is formed from the alignment of columnar cells and contains high concentration of growth factors (EGF + IGF)
Somitocoele
90
dermatome form what?
skin + hair
91
sclerotome forms what?
bone
92
what causes replication of dermatome and myotome?
hyaluronic acid
93
what controls development from a very young age
neural tissue
94
what is the major function of fetal development?
increase in size
95
what is the minor function of fetal development?
maturation and specialization of some tissues
96
measurement of prenatal development that is best for use in early stages, count number of paired somites, and is well defined in poultry and mice
somite formation
97
measurement of prenatal development that is a poor estimator and is unreliable in the 3rd trimester
weight
98
measurement of prenatal development that measures crown-rump length (poll to ishium); measure hips to determine how old the animal is; it is not very reliable
age (months) = (CLR(inch) x 2)1/2
length
99
Which of the following can replace Myf-5
MyoD
100
Myoblasts are non-determined cells that can contribute to muscle formation or connective tissue formation depending upon where they originate from the somite? True or false?
false
101
Which of the following is NOT a MRF
myostatin
102
How do E proteins regulate muscle formation
dimer with MRF's and prevent DNA binding
103
which stage of the mitotic cycle is the most variable
G1
