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ANSC 301 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the predominant cell type in humans?

A

eukaryotes

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2
Q

which of the following organelles are responsible for protein processing?

A

golgi apparatus

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3
Q

what type of cellular reproduction do humans primarily use?

A

mitosis

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4
Q

is fat a connective tissue?

A

yes

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5
Q

where does bone grow?

A

epiphyseal plate

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6
Q

what type of epithelial cells are in the bladder?

A

transitional

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7
Q

what does epithelial not do?

A

hair growth

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8
Q

what is required for muscle contraction?

A

calcium

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9
Q

what is required for muscle relaxation?

A

ATP

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10
Q

what is the functional unit of the muscle fiber?

A

sarcomere

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11
Q

what is the main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium storage and release

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12
Q

what acts as a barrier to contract?

A

tropomyosin

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13
Q

which part of the neuron forms a synaptic junction?

A

dendrite

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14
Q

to ensure rapid transmission of neural signal, the axon must be very short in length…T/F?

A

False

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15
Q

what muscle type is voluntary and striated?

A

skeletal

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16
Q

when neurons are in rest what is in the extracellular matrix?

A

sodium

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17
Q

what structure contains a muscle bundle?

A

perimysium

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18
Q

composed of a phospholipid bilayer
hydrophobic tail + hydrophilic head
phosphate present –> can do work (ADP to ATP)
in between layers are important for signal transduction
functions: contains cytoplasm, receptor recognition, pores (chaperones), and energy/growth

A

cell membrane

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19
Q

brain of the cell
functions: stores/organizes DNA, mRNA production, responds to environment
CONDUCTOR NOT DIRECTOR

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

powerhouse of cell
abundant in active tissue
= outer membrane (molecular + ion exchange) + inner membrane (many folds)
functions: oxidative phosphorylation (slow-acting), glycolysis (limited in time)

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

functions include: translation, protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, calcium storage

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

functions include: protein processing, packaging, and transport, lipid transport
composed of stacks of proteins
maintains tertiary structure

A

golgi apparatus

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23
Q

cell garbage disposal
contain suicide bags: contains digestive enzymes, apoptosis
every 2s, we develop cancer cells but this organelle fixes it
this organelle also controls process of not having webbed feet for humans, etc

A

lysosomes

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24
Q

cell type that is the simplest life form
includes common bacteria
rarely organelles present
has no distinct nucleus with membrane
#1 killer in world

A

prokaryote

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25
Q

cell type that includes animals + plants
differentiates animals and plants by cell wall and chloroplast
nucleus coordinates activity
organelles have specific jobs –> division of labor

A

eukaryote

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26
Q

epithelial cell type that is located in areas of max secretion + absorption
can change what it absorbs based on location

A

simple epithelial

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27
Q

epithelial cells found in air sacs of lungs

A

simple squamous

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28
Q

epithelial cells found in kidney

A

simple cuboidal

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29
Q

epithelial cell type found in intestine

A

simple columnar

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30
Q

epithelial cell type that is thin and flat

A

squamous

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31
Q

epithelial cell type that is cube-shaped

A

cuboidal

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32
Q

these 3 simple epithelial cell types are found near basement membrane, function to attach tissue in place, and are sticky

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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33
Q

epithelial cell type that is a protection type cell
found where there is significant friction (mechanical and chemical)
found in skin and digestive tissue
shed often, very stable

A

stratified

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34
Q

epithelial cell type that resembles a stratified squamous but is able to stretch and bend
found in bladder and urinary tract

A

transitional

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35
Q

type of epithelial cell that improves absorption and secretion, aids in movement of materials along boarders, cilia present surface area by 20x
located: digestive sys., reproductive sys., pulmonary sys.

A

ciliated

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36
Q

a group of closely associated cells and cell products that act synergistically to perform specific functions

A

tissue

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37
Q

the general and normal expansion of size produced by the accretion of tissues similar in constitution to that of the original tissue;
where muscle and bone increase in size through hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A

growth

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38
Q

increase in cell size

A

hypertrophy

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39
Q

increase in cellular number

A

hyperplasia

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40
Q

increase in fat cell size

A

accretion

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41
Q

increases body size through the process of accretion

A

fattening

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42
Q

what is animal fat important for?

A

brain development

43
Q

what do we like to eat?

A

FAT (slightly rotten)

44
Q

how much protein do we digest?

A

80%

45
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

46
Q

a combo of 3 nucleotides (codon) that specifies the structure of a single peptide chain
= physical unit of inheritance
environment + DNA

A

gene

47
Q

4 nucleic acids

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

48
Q

non-coding portion DNA that doesn’t contain a message; transposing elements
responsible for folding DNA
CRSPR

A

Intron

49
Q

coding portion of DNA that contains message for mRNA production

A

exon

50
Q

form of genetic information that makes protein (translation and transcription)
3 base pairs = equal one protein
nucleic acids include: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

51
Q

breeding two highly unrelated individuals that produce offspring that is significantly better than either of the parents

A

hybrid vigor

52
Q

also called line-breeding
produces purebreds
25% of time produces something much worse

A

inbreeding

53
Q

copy the DNA

A

mRNA

54
Q

bring in amino acids

A

tRNA

55
Q

ribosome function

A

rRNA

56
Q

what are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

57
Q

what hormone prohibits bone growth?

A

progesterone

58
Q

what is a strong growth hormone?

A

estrogen

59
Q

asexual reproduction that makes 2 identical cells
IPMAT
technically more common used form of reproduction in humans

A

mitosis

60
Q

sexual reproduction that makes 4 combinations of gametes
occurs in testicles and ovaries –> forms sperm + egg

A

meiosis

61
Q

tissue type:
hallmark: the existence of a rich, extensive extracellular matrix that contains relatively few active cells
as you get older, you lose these cells –> can’t bend as easily
highly dependent on hormones

A

connective

62
Q

what tissue is the extracellular substance that ranges from a semi-solid, glue-like substance to a rigid, amorphous material?

A

connective tissue

63
Q

what cells are dispersed throughout connective tissue?

A

fixed and wandering cells

64
Q

these cells are found in blood and fat that forms extracellular matrix?

A

fixed and wandering cells

65
Q

these cells fill in gaps with collagen

A

wandering cells

66
Q

do fixed cells replicate? do wandering cells?

A

fixed cells do NOT
wandering cells DO

67
Q

tissue fibers that are utilized for structural support and protection

A

connective tissue fibers

68
Q

type of fibers that are the most abundant protein in animals (20-30%)
structural protein - tendons

A

collagen fibers

69
Q

which collagen type is the most abundant collagen type?

A

type 1 (comprises 80% of skin)

70
Q

what is the base form of collagen that forms a triple helix, hangs outside tendons, and involves disulfide bonds (very strong)?

A

pro-collagen

71
Q

when does pro-collagen become reactive?

A

when N- and C- terminal ends are removed

72
Q

bones are only strong in one direction…T/F?

A

true

73
Q

what determined cell works to create bone?

A

fiberblasts

74
Q

stem cells that can create anything

A

pluripotent

75
Q

a stem cell that decides what it is going to be

A

determined

76
Q

what type of cell does cancer act as?

A

pluripotent; it never stops growing

77
Q

bone type that are strong when force is going down, weight carriers, attached to muscle that is touch to eat
example: femur
the thicker, the tougher

A

long bone

78
Q

bone type that is a common muscle attachment point, classified as a “flat” bone
example: spinal processes

A

irregular bone

79
Q

bone type that is very strong, functions in protection, not very reactive
example: scapula, hip, skull, ribs, collar bone (clavicle)

A

flat bone

80
Q

what is the collar bone used for in humans?

A

to raise arms

81
Q

do animals have a clavicle?

A

no; their legs are attached to their bond more firmly by muscle

82
Q

bone type that are small and round, located where tendons pass over bone
wrap/stretch around tendons, help reduce friction
example: kneecap, fingers, toes

A

sesamoid bone

83
Q

bone tissue type that is very dense and found at the periphery

A

compact bone tissue

84
Q

bone tissue type that is compact bone that arranges as Spicules and Trabeculae
located within bone matrix to resist stress
this is where strength in bone comes from
eventually becomes hard bone

A

spongy (cancellous) bone

85
Q

is bone marrow officially a bone tissue?

A

no

86
Q

1 out of 4 cells that make up bone: determined stem cell

A

osteogenic

87
Q

2 out of 4 cells that make up bone:
forms bone matrix; makes bone until born

A

osteoblast

88
Q

3 out of 4 cells that make up bone:
adult stem cell; can create osteogenic and osteoblast; make most of bone after birth; from cellular basis, it is a fluid tissue

A

osteocyte

89
Q

4 out of 4 cells that make up bone:
destroy bone to allow it to grow; digest bone

A

osteoclast

90
Q

how does bone grow?

A

by lengthening

91
Q

where does bone growth occur

A

epiphyseal (growth) plate

92
Q

what does the epiphyseal plate consist of?

A

cartilage

93
Q

action potential is stored in the …

A

axon

94
Q

cells that speed up reaction on nerve cells; “insulator on wire”; 10x faster

A

Schwann cells

95
Q

speeds up reaction as well on the nerve cell; “super charger”

A

node of ranvier

96
Q

part of nerve cell that penetrates deep into tissue and contains cytoplasm

A

axon

97
Q

do nerve cells replicate or repair?

A

repair, but very slowly

98
Q

what part of the nerve cell forms the synaptic juntion?

A

dendrite

99
Q

what happens when you pinch a nerve?

A

it never depolarizes

100
Q

what cells function to insulate neurons and are 50% of total nerve mass?

A

glial cells

101
Q

autonomic nerves are controlled by what 3 things…

A

acetylcholine, acetylcholine receptors, and acetylcholine esterase

102
Q

muscle type that is striated and voluntary

A

skeletal

103
Q

muscle type that is involuntary and non-striated

A

cardiac

104
Q

muscle type that is semi-voluntary and non-striated

A

smooth

ANSC 301 (5 decks)

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