Exam 1 Flashcards
what is the predominant cell type in humans?
eukaryotes
which of the following organelles are responsible for protein processing?
golgi apparatus
what type of cellular reproduction do humans primarily use?
mitosis
is fat a connective tissue?
yes
where does bone grow?
epiphyseal plate
what type of epithelial cells are in the bladder?
transitional
what does epithelial not do?
hair growth
what is required for muscle contraction?
calcium
what is required for muscle relaxation?
ATP
what is the functional unit of the muscle fiber?
sarcomere
what is the main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
calcium storage and release
what acts as a barrier to contract?
tropomyosin
which part of the neuron forms a synaptic junction?
dendrite
to ensure rapid transmission of neural signal, the axon must be very short in length…T/F?
False
what muscle type is voluntary and striated?
skeletal
when neurons are in rest what is in the extracellular matrix?
sodium
what structure contains a muscle bundle?
perimysium
composed of a phospholipid bilayer
hydrophobic tail + hydrophilic head
phosphate present –> can do work (ADP to ATP)
in between layers are important for signal transduction
functions: contains cytoplasm, receptor recognition, pores (chaperones), and energy/growth
cell membrane
brain of the cell
functions: stores/organizes DNA, mRNA production, responds to environment
CONDUCTOR NOT DIRECTOR
Nucleus
powerhouse of cell
abundant in active tissue
= outer membrane (molecular + ion exchange) + inner membrane (many folds)
functions: oxidative phosphorylation (slow-acting), glycolysis (limited in time)
mitochondria
functions include: translation, protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, calcium storage
endoplasmic reticulum
functions include: protein processing, packaging, and transport, lipid transport
composed of stacks of proteins
maintains tertiary structure
golgi apparatus
cell garbage disposal
contain suicide bags: contains digestive enzymes, apoptosis
every 2s, we develop cancer cells but this organelle fixes it
this organelle also controls process of not having webbed feet for humans, etc
lysosomes
cell type that is the simplest life form
includes common bacteria
rarely organelles present
has no distinct nucleus with membrane
#1 killer in world
prokaryote
cell type that includes animals + plants
differentiates animals and plants by cell wall and chloroplast
nucleus coordinates activity
organelles have specific jobs –> division of labor
eukaryote
epithelial cell type that is located in areas of max secretion + absorption
can change what it absorbs based on location
simple epithelial
epithelial cells found in air sacs of lungs
simple squamous
epithelial cells found in kidney
simple cuboidal
epithelial cell type found in intestine
simple columnar
epithelial cell type that is thin and flat
squamous
epithelial cell type that is cube-shaped
cuboidal
these 3 simple epithelial cell types are found near basement membrane, function to attach tissue in place, and are sticky
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
epithelial cell type that is a protection type cell
found where there is significant friction (mechanical and chemical)
found in skin and digestive tissue
shed often, very stable
stratified
epithelial cell type that resembles a stratified squamous but is able to stretch and bend
found in bladder and urinary tract
transitional
type of epithelial cell that improves absorption and secretion, aids in movement of materials along boarders, cilia present surface area by 20x
located: digestive sys., reproductive sys., pulmonary sys.
ciliated
a group of closely associated cells and cell products that act synergistically to perform specific functions
tissue
the general and normal expansion of size produced by the accretion of tissues similar in constitution to that of the original tissue;
where muscle and bone increase in size through hypertrophy and hyperplasia
growth
increase in cell size
hypertrophy
increase in cellular number
hyperplasia
increase in fat cell size
accretion
increases body size through the process of accretion
fattening
what is animal fat important for?
brain development
what do we like to eat?
FAT (slightly rotten)
how much protein do we digest?
80%
how many chromosomes do humans have?
23
a combo of 3 nucleotides (codon) that specifies the structure of a single peptide chain
= physical unit of inheritance
environment + DNA
gene
4 nucleic acids
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
non-coding portion DNA that doesn’t contain a message; transposing elements
responsible for folding DNA
CRSPR
Intron
coding portion of DNA that contains message for mRNA production
exon
form of genetic information that makes protein (translation and transcription)
3 base pairs = equal one protein
nucleic acids include: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
breeding two highly unrelated individuals that produce offspring that is significantly better than either of the parents
hybrid vigor
also called line-breeding
produces purebreds
25% of time produces something much worse
inbreeding
copy the DNA
mRNA
bring in amino acids
tRNA
ribosome function
rRNA
what are the 3 stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
what hormone prohibits bone growth?
progesterone
what is a strong growth hormone?
estrogen
asexual reproduction that makes 2 identical cells
IPMAT
technically more common used form of reproduction in humans
mitosis
sexual reproduction that makes 4 combinations of gametes
occurs in testicles and ovaries –> forms sperm + egg
meiosis
tissue type:
hallmark: the existence of a rich, extensive extracellular matrix that contains relatively few active cells
as you get older, you lose these cells –> can’t bend as easily
highly dependent on hormones
connective
what tissue is the extracellular substance that ranges from a semi-solid, glue-like substance to a rigid, amorphous material?
connective tissue
what cells are dispersed throughout connective tissue?
fixed and wandering cells
these cells are found in blood and fat that forms extracellular matrix?
fixed and wandering cells
these cells fill in gaps with collagen
wandering cells
do fixed cells replicate? do wandering cells?
fixed cells do NOT
wandering cells DO
tissue fibers that are utilized for structural support and protection
connective tissue fibers
type of fibers that are the most abundant protein in animals (20-30%)
structural protein - tendons
collagen fibers
which collagen type is the most abundant collagen type?
type 1 (comprises 80% of skin)
what is the base form of collagen that forms a triple helix, hangs outside tendons, and involves disulfide bonds (very strong)?
pro-collagen
when does pro-collagen become reactive?
when N- and C- terminal ends are removed
bones are only strong in one direction…T/F?
true
what determined cell works to create bone?
fiberblasts
stem cells that can create anything
pluripotent
a stem cell that decides what it is going to be
determined
what type of cell does cancer act as?
pluripotent; it never stops growing
bone type that are strong when force is going down, weight carriers, attached to muscle that is touch to eat
example: femur
the thicker, the tougher
long bone
bone type that is a common muscle attachment point, classified as a “flat” bone
example: spinal processes
irregular bone
bone type that is very strong, functions in protection, not very reactive
example: scapula, hip, skull, ribs, collar bone (clavicle)
flat bone
what is the collar bone used for in humans?
to raise arms
do animals have a clavicle?
no; their legs are attached to their bond more firmly by muscle
bone type that are small and round, located where tendons pass over bone
wrap/stretch around tendons, help reduce friction
example: kneecap, fingers, toes
sesamoid bone
bone tissue type that is very dense and found at the periphery
compact bone tissue
bone tissue type that is compact bone that arranges as Spicules and Trabeculae
located within bone matrix to resist stress
this is where strength in bone comes from
eventually becomes hard bone
spongy (cancellous) bone
is bone marrow officially a bone tissue?
no
1 out of 4 cells that make up bone: determined stem cell
osteogenic
2 out of 4 cells that make up bone:
forms bone matrix; makes bone until born
osteoblast
3 out of 4 cells that make up bone:
adult stem cell; can create osteogenic and osteoblast; make most of bone after birth; from cellular basis, it is a fluid tissue
osteocyte
4 out of 4 cells that make up bone:
destroy bone to allow it to grow; digest bone
osteoclast
how does bone grow?
by lengthening
where does bone growth occur
epiphyseal (growth) plate
what does the epiphyseal plate consist of?
cartilage
action potential is stored in the …
axon
cells that speed up reaction on nerve cells; “insulator on wire”; 10x faster
Schwann cells
speeds up reaction as well on the nerve cell; “super charger”
node of ranvier
part of nerve cell that penetrates deep into tissue and contains cytoplasm
axon
do nerve cells replicate or repair?
repair, but very slowly
what part of the nerve cell forms the synaptic juntion?
dendrite
what happens when you pinch a nerve?
it never depolarizes
what cells function to insulate neurons and are 50% of total nerve mass?
glial cells
autonomic nerves are controlled by what 3 things…
acetylcholine, acetylcholine receptors, and acetylcholine esterase
muscle type that is striated and voluntary
skeletal
muscle type that is involuntary and non-striated
cardiac
muscle type that is semi-voluntary and non-striated
smooth
